Esmodafinil Explained

Esmodafinil (also known as (S)-modafinil or (+)-Modafinil) is the enantiopure isolation of the (S) enantiomer of modafinil. Unlike armodafinil, esmodafinil has never been marketed on its own.[1]

Esmodafinil is suspected to be less clinically useful for treating conditions that modafinil and armodafinil are marketed for, such as narcolepsy, sleep-shift work disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea.[2]

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Esmodafinil possesses a substantially shorter half life (3–5 hours) compared to armodafinil (10–13 hours).[3]

Pharmacodynamics

Esmodafinil has a 3 times lower affinity for the dopamine transporter compared to armodafinil. Both enantiomers of modafinil preferentially bind to the dopamine transporter in an inward facing conformation.[4]

Preclinical research

Esmodafinil has been researched for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Like armodafinil, esmodafinil attenuates the effects of cocaine by occupying the dopamine transporter. While doing so, esmodafinil increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens to a lesser extent than cocaine. However, the short half-life of esmodafinil has been cited as reason to investigate armodafinil as a cocaine addiction treatment instead.

Analysis in biological samples

Modafinil is considered a stimulant doping agent and as such is prohibited by World Anti-Doping Agency in sports competitions.[5] Modafinil enantiomers can be separately quantified in biological samples.[6]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NCATS Inxight Drugs — MODAFINIL, (S)- . 2023-06-28 . drugs.ncats.io . en.
  2. Tembe . D. V. . Dhavale . A. . Desai . H. . Mane . D. N. . Raut . S. K. . Dhingra . G. . Sardesai . U. . Saoji . S. . Rohra . M. . Shinde . V. G. . Padsalge . M. . Paliwal . A. . Abbasi . K. . Devnani . P. . Papinwar . S. . 2011-06-01 . Armodafinil versus Modafinil in Patients of Excessive Sleepiness Associated with Shift Work Sleep Disorder: A Randomized Double Blind Multicentric Clinical Trial . Neurology Research International . en . 2011 . e514351 . 10.1155/2011/514351 . 21766023 . 3135062 . 2090-1852 . free .
  3. Loland . Claus J. . Mereu . Maddalena . Okunola . Oluyomi M. . Cao . Jianjing . Prisinzano . Thomas E. . Mazier . Sonia . Kopajtic . Theresa . Shi . Lei . Katz . Jonathan L. . Tanda . Gianluigi . Newman . Amy Hauck . September 2012 . R-Modafinil (Armodafinil): A Unique Dopamine Uptake Inhibitor and Potential Medication for Psychostimulant Abuse . Biological Psychiatry . en . 72 . 5 . 405–413 . 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.022 . 3413742 . 22537794.
  4. Schmitt . Kyle C. . Reith . Maarten E. A. . 2011 . The atypical stimulant and nootropic modafinil interacts with the dopamine transporter in a different manner than classical cocaine-like inhibitors . PLOS ONE . 6 . 10 . e25790 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0025790 . 1932-6203 . 3197159 . 22043293 . 2011PLoSO...625790S . free .
  5. Web site: The Prohibited List.
  6. Harvanová M, Gondová T . New enantioselective LC method development and validation for the assay of modafinil . J Pharm Biomed Anal . 138 . 267–271 . May 2017 . 28231529 . 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.028 . 43492396 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Esmodafinil".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.