Indenter tectonics explained
Indenter tectonics, also known as escape tectonics, is a branch of strike-slip tectonics that involves the collision and deformation of two continental plates. It can be observed in many situations around the world, and is associated with high-grade metamorphism and extensive lateral displacement of strata along oblique strike-slip faults[1]
Model
The concept of indenter tectonics was first introduced by Molnar and Tapponnier in 1975, with reference to the Himalayan orogeny. Various experiments have illustrated the process by which deformation occurs.[2]
A continent-continent collision can be visualized as a 'die-and-metal' model, with a rigid die (the 'indenter') moving into a softer, rigid-plastic metal (the 'host').[3] In a tectonic setting, the terms 'rigid' and 'soft' refer to the strength of the lithosphere. The strong lithosphere of the indenter remains relatively undeformed and its boundaries are preserved, while the host allows deformation by lateral movement of crust both along the contact with the indenter and within the host.[4] The indenter block is too buoyant to subduct, so crustal accommodation is achieved by either shallow underthrusting and crustal thickening, or formation and later lateral displacement of several microplates. It is possible to have a combination of the two models.
Examples
Real-world examples differ by the rigidity of the indenter, the size and rheology of both the host and the indenter, and the extent of lateral confinement. The best known active example is the system of strike-slip structures observed in the Eurasian plate as it responds to collision with the Indian plate, but similar events can be found all over the Earth.
Asia
North America
Europe
Further reading
- Redfield . T. F. . Scholl . David W. . Fitzgerald . Paul G. . Beck . Myrl E. Jr. . Escape tectonics and the extrusion of Alaska: Past, present, and future . Geology . 1 November 2007 . 35 . 11 . 1039–1042 . 10.1130/G23799A.1 . 2007Geo....35.1039R .
- Jacobs . Joachim . Thomas . Robert J. . Himalayan-type indenter-escape tectonics model for the southern part of the late Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic East African– Antarctic orogen . Geology . 1 August 2004 . 32 . 8 . 721–724 . 10.1130/G20516.1 . 2004Geo....32..721J .
- Walls . Christian . Rockwell . Thomas . Mueller . Karl . Bock . Yehuda . Williams . Simon . Pfanner . John . Dolan . James . Fang . Peng . Escape tectonics in the Los Angeles metropolitan region and implications for seismic risk . Nature . July 1998 . 394 . 6691 . 356–360 . 10.1038/28590 . 1998Natur.394..356W . 4428612 .
- Book: 10.1130/2006.2409(26) . Contrasting styles of convergence in the Arabia-Eurasia collision: Why escape tectonics does not occur in Iran . Postcollisional Tectonics and Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region and Asia . 2006 . Allen . Mark B. . Blanc . Eric J.-P. . Walker . Richard . Jackson . James . Talebian . Morteza . Ghassemi . Mohammad R. . 978-0-8137-2409-6 .
Notes and References
- Molnar . Peter . Tapponnier . Paul . Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision . Science . 8 August 1975 . 189 . 4201 . 419–426 . 10.1126/science.189.4201.419 . 17781869 . 1975Sci...189..419M .
- Gibb. R. A.. 1978. Slave-Churchill collision tectonics. Nature. 271. 50–52. 10.1038/271050a0. 5640. 1978Natur.271...50G. 4295459.
- McKenzie. D. 1972. Active Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region. Geophysical Journal International. 30. 2. 109–185. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1972.tb02351.x. 1972GeoJ...30..109M. free.
- Cobbold . P. R. . Davy . P. . Indentation tectonics in nature and experiment; II, Central Asia . Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala . New Series . 1988 . 14 . 143–162 .
- Cox . Randel Tom . Ouachita, Appalachian, and Ancestral Rockies deformations recorded in mesoscale structures on the foreland Ozark plateaus . Tectonophysics . 10 September 2009 . 474 . 3 . 674–683 . 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.05.005 . 2009Tectp.474..674C .
