| Royal Title: | Emperor |
| Native Name: | Kaisar-i-Hind |
| Coatofarms: | Star-of-India-gold-centre.svg |
| Coatofarmscaption: | The Star of India |
| Realm: | India |
| Border: | imperial |
| First Monarch: | Victoria |
| Last Monarch: | George VI (continued as monarch of India and Pakistan) |
| Began: | 1 May 1876 |
| Ended: | 22 June 1948 |
Emperor or Empress of India was a title used by British monarchs from 1 May 1876 (with the Royal Titles Act 1876) to 22 June 1948[1] [2] [3] to signify their sovereignty over the Indian Empire as its imperial head of state. The image of the emperor or empress appeared on Indian currency, in government buildings, railway stations, courts, on statues etc. Oaths of allegiance were made to the emperor or empress and the lawful successors by the governors-general, princes, governors, commissioners in India in events such as imperial durbars.
The title was abolished on 22 June 1948, with the Indian Independence Act 1947, under which George VI made a royal proclamation that the words "Emperor of India" were to be omitted in styles of address and from customary titles. This was almost a year after he became the titular head of the newly partitioned and independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. These were abolished upon the establishment of the Republic of India in 1950 and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956.
See also: Style of the British sovereign.
After the nominal Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was deposed at the conclusion of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (10 May 1857 – 1 November 1858), the government of the United Kingdom decided to transfer control of British India and the princely states from the mercantile East India Company (EIC) to the Crown, thus marking the beginning of the British Raj. The EIC was officially dissolved on 1 June 1874, and the British prime minister, Benjamin Disraeli, decided to offer Queen Victoria the title "Empress of India" shortly afterwards. Victoria accepted this style on 1 May 1876. The first Delhi Durbar (which served as an imperial coronation) was held in her honour eight months later on 1 January 1877.[4]
The idea of having Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India was not particularly new, as Lord Ellenborough had already suggested it in 1843 upon becoming the governor-general of India. By 1874, Major-General Sir Henry Ponsonby, the Queen's private secretary, had ordered English charters to be scrutinised for imperial titles, with Edgar and Stephen mentioned as sound precedents. The Queen, possibly irritated by the sallies of the republicans, the tendency to democracy, and the realisation that her influence was manifestly on the decline, was urging the move.[5] Another factor may have been that the Queen's first child, Victoria, was married to Frederick, the heir apparent to the German Empire. Upon becoming empress, she would outrank her mother.[6] By January 1876, the Queen's insistence was so great that Benjamin Disraeli felt that he could procrastinate no longer. Initially, Victoria had considered the style "Empress of Great Britain, Ireland, and India", but Disraeli had persuaded the Queen to limit the title to India in order to avoid controversy.[7] Hence, the title Kaisar-i-Hind was coined in 1876 by the orientalist G.W. Leitner as the official imperial title for the British monarch in India.[8] The term Kaisar-i-Hind means emperor of India in the vernacular of the Hindi and Urdu languages. The word kaisar, meaning 'emperor', is a derivative of the Roman imperial title Italian: [[caesar (title)|caesar]] (via Persian and Ottoman Turkish – see Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: [[Kaiser-i-Rum]]), and is cognate with the German title German: [[Kaiser]], which was borrowed from the Latin at an earlier date.[9]
Many in the United Kingdom, however, regarded the assumption of the title as an obvious development from the Government of India Act 1858, which resulted in the founding of British India, ruled directly by the Crown. The public were of the opinion that the title of "queen" was no longer adequate for the ceremonial ruler of what was often referred to informally as the "Indian Empire". The new styling underlined the fact that the native states were no longer a mere agglomeration but a collective entity.[10]
When Edward VII ascended to the throne on 22 January 1901, he continued the imperial tradition laid down by his mother, Queen Victoria, by adopting the title Emperor of India. Three subsequent British monarchs followed in his footsteps, and the title continued to be used after India and Pakistan had become independent on 15 August 1947. It was not until 22 June 1948 that the style was officially abolished during the reign of George VI.
The first emperor to visit India was George V. For his imperial coronation ceremony at the Delhi Durbar, the Imperial Crown of India was created. The Crown weighs 920g and is set with 6,170 diamonds, 9 emeralds, 4 rubies, and 4 sapphires. At the front is a very fine emerald weighing 32carat.[11] The king wrote in his diary that it was heavy and uncomfortable to wear: "Rather tired after wearing my crown for hours; it hurt my head, as it is pretty heavy."[12]
The title "Emperor of India" did not disappear when British India became the Union of India (1947–1950) and Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1952) after independence in 1947. George VI retained the title until 22 June 1948, the date of a Royal Proclamation made in accordance with Section 7 (2) of the Indian Independence Act 1947, reading: "The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words Latin: Indiae Imperator and the words "Emperor of India" and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm."[13] Thereafter, George VI remained monarch of Pakistan until his death in 1952 and of India until it became the Republic of India in 1950.
British coins, as well as those of the Empire and the Commonwealth, had routinely included the abbreviated title Latin: Ind. Imp. Coins in India, on the other hand, had the word empress, and later king-emperor in English. The title appeared on coinage in the United Kingdom throughout 1948, with a further Royal Proclamation made on 22 December under the Coinage Act 1870 to omit the abbreviated title.
| Portrait | Name | Birth | Reign | Death | Consort | Imperial Durbar | Royal House | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victoria | 24 May 1819 | 1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901 | 22 January 1901 | None | 1 January 1877 (represented by Lord Lytton) | Hanover | ||
| 9 November 1841 | 22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 | 6 May 1910 | Alexandra of Denmark | 1 January 1903 (represented by Lord Curzon) | Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | |||
| George V | 3 June 1865 | 6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936 | 20 January 1936 | Mary of Teck | 12 December 1911 | Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Windsor | ||
| 23 June 1894 | 20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936 | 28 May 1972 | None | None | Windsor | |||
| George VI | 14 December 1895 | 11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947 | 6 February 1952 | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | None | Windsor |