EEF2 explained

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF2 gene. It is the archaeal and eukaryotic counterpart of bacterial EF-G.^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}

This gene encodes a member of the GTP-binding translation elongation factor family. This protein is an essential factor for protein synthesis. It promotes the GTP-dependent translocation of the ribosome. This protein is completely inactivated by EF-2 kinase phosphorylation.^[3]

aEF2/eEF2 found in most archaea and eukaryotes, including humans, contains a post translationally modified histidine diphthamide.^[4] It is the target of diphtheria toxin (from Corynebacterium diphtheriae), and exotoxin A (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa).^[5] The inactivation of EF-2 by toxins inhibits protein production in the host, causing symptoms due to loss of function in affected cells.

Further reading

• Hanes J, Freudenstein J, Rapp G, Scheit KH . Construction of a plasmid containing the complete coding region of human elongation factor 2 . Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler . 373 . 4 . 201–4 . April 1992 . 1596361 . 10.1515/bchm3.1992.373.1.201 .
• Nygård O, Nilsson L . Kinetic determination of the effects of ADP-ribosylation on the interaction of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 with ribosomes . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 265 . 11 . 6030–4 . April 1990 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39286-5 . 2318846 . free .
• Rapp G, Mucha J, Einspanier R, Luck M, Scheit KH . Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA from human ovarian granulosa cells encoding the C-terminal part of human elongation factor 2 . Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler . 369 . 4 . 247–50 . April 1988 . 2840927 . 10.1515/bchm3.1988.369.1.247 .
• Kaneda Y, Hayes H, Uchida T, Yoshida MC, Okada Y . 33919242 . Regional assignment of five genes on human chromosome 19 . Chromosoma . 95 . 1 . 8–12 . 1987 . 3034518 . 10.1007/BF00293835 .
• Nairn AC, Palfrey HC . Identification of the major Mr 100,000 substrate for calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III in mammalian cells as elongation factor-2 . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 262 . 36 . 17299–303 . December 1987 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45377-X . 3693353 . free .
• Shestakova EA, Motuz LP, Minin AA, Gavrilova LP . Study of localization of the protein-synthesizing machinery along actin filament bundles . Cell Biology International . 17 . 4 . 409–16 . April 1993 . 8318952 . 10.1006/cbir.1993.1079 . 37430592 .
• Redpath NT, Price NT, Severinov KV, Proud CG . Regulation of elongation factor-2 by multisite phosphorylation . European Journal of Biochemistry . 213 . 2 . 689–99 . April 1993 . 8386634 . 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17809.x . free .
• Knebel A, Haydon CE, Morrice N, Cohen P . Stress-induced regulation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase by SB 203580-sensitive and -insensitive pathways . The Biochemical Journal . 367 . Pt 2 . 525–32 . October 2002 . 12171600 . 1222910 . 10.1042/BJ20020916 .
• Yin X, Fontoura BM, Morimoto T, Carroll RB . Cytoplasmic complex of p53 and eEF2 . Journal of Cellular Physiology . 196 . 3 . 474–82 . September 2003 . 12891704 . 10.1002/jcp.10329 . 25241366 .
• Ryazanova LV, Dorovkov MV, Ansari A, Ryazanov AG . Characterization of the protein kinase activity of TRPM7/ChaK1, a protein kinase fused to the transient receptor potential ion channel . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 279 . 5 . 3708–16 . January 2004 . 14594813 . 10.1074/jbc.M308820200 . free .
• Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP . 6 . Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 101 . 33 . 12130–5 . August 2004 . 15302935 . 514446 . 10.1073/pnas.0404720101 . 2004PNAS..10112130B . free .
• Elo MA, Karjalainen HM, Sironen RK, Valmu L, Redpath NT, Browne GJ, Kalkkinen N, Helminen HJ, Lammi MJ . 6 . High hydrostatic pressure inhibits the biosynthesis of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 94 . 3 . 497–507 . February 2005 . 15534876 . 10.1002/jcb.20333 . 25000605 .
• Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, Ong SE, Lyon CE, Lamond AI, Mann M . 4344740 . Nucleolar proteome dynamics . Nature . 433 . 7021 . 77–83 . January 2005 . 15635413 . 10.1038/nature03207 . 2005Natur.433...77A .
• Shibatani T, David LL, McCormack AL, Frueh K, Skach WR . Proteomic analysis of mammalian oligosaccharyltransferase reveals multiple subcomplexes that contain Sec61, TRAP, and two potential new subunits . Biochemistry . 44 . 16 . 5982–92 . April 2005 . 15835887 . 10.1021/bi047328f .
• Ahmed M, Forsberg J, Bergsten P . Protein profiling of human pancreatic islets by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry . Journal of Proteome Research . 4 . 3 . 931–40 . 2005 . 15952740 . 10.1021/pr050024a .
• Gevaert K, Staes A, Van Damme J, De Groot S, Hugelier K, Demol H, Martens L, Goethals M, Vandekerckhove J . 6 . Global phosphoproteome analysis on human HepG2 hepatocytes using reversed-phase diagonal LC . Proteomics . 5 . 14 . 3589–99 . September 2005 . 16097034 . 10.1002/pmic.200401217 . 895879 .

Notes and References

1. Rapp G, Klaudiny J, Hagendorff G, Luck MR, Scheit KH . Complete sequence of the coding region of human elongation factor 2 (EF-2) by enzymatic amplification of cDNA from human ovarian granulosa cells . Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler . 370 . 10 . 1071–5 . October 1989 . 2610926 . 10.1515/bchm3.1989.370.2.1071 .
2. Kaneda Y, Yoshida MC, Kohno K, Uchida T, Okada Y . Chromosomal assignment of the gene for human elongation factor 2 . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 81 . 10 . 3158–62 . May 1984 . 6427766 . 345240 . 10.1073/pnas.81.10.3158 . 1984PNAS...81.3158K . free .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: EEF2 eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2.
4. Narrowe AB, Spang A, Stairs CW, Caceres EF, Baker BJ, Miller CS, Ettema TJ . Complex Evolutionary History of Translation Elongation Factor 2 and Diphthamide Biosynthesis in Archaea and Parabasalids . Genome Biology and Evolution . 10 . 9 . 2380–2393 . September 2018 . 30060184 . 6143161 . 10.1093/gbe/evy154 . free .
5. Jørgensen R, Merrill AR, Andersen GR . The life and death of translation elongation factor 2 . Biochemical Society Transactions . 34 . Pt 1 . 1–6 . February 2006 . 16246167 . 10.1042/BST20060001 .