The electoral regions (circunscripciones electorales) of Mexico are geographic areas composed of various states used for the election of the 200 proportional representation legislators to the Chamber of Deputies.
Mexico is split into five separate regions. Each of the five regions elects 40 deputies, who are selected according to party lists in the regions. To distinguish them from those elected in the 300 single-member constituencies, they are often referred to as "plurinominal deputies".[1] [2]
In contrast, the 32 senators-at-large elected to the Senate by the principle of proportional representation are drawn from party lists covering the entire country; the electoral regions therefore play no role in Senate elections.
The electoral regions are intended to ensure a roughly equal distribution of population among the regions and may be modified by the National Electoral Institute.The distribution in use since 30 September 2005 was slightly reorganized for the 2024 general election.[3]
An arithmetically perfect distribution of the five regions would mean that each covers 60 of the single-member constituencies. Under the 2024 scheme, that is true only of the third region: regions 1 and 4 contain 61 federal electoral districts, and regions 5 and 2 contain 59.[3]
| 2024 Map | Region | Seat | States (2005–2023)[4] | 2006 population[5] (of the 2005 regions) | States (2024)[6] | 2020 population (of the 2024 regions) |
| align=center rowspan=6 | ||||||
| First | 21,136,816 | Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora | 25,697,376 | |||
| Second | 21,417,106 | Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas (Querétaro was moved to the fifth region) | 24,495,882 | |||
| Third | 20,945,125 | Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán | 25,248,399 | |||
| Fourth | 20,173,001 | Mexico City, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Puebla, Tlaxcala (Hidalgo was added from the fifth region) | 25,731,245 | |||
| Fifth | 21,172,323 | Colima, State of Mexico, Michoacán, Querétaro (Hidalgo was moved to the fourth region and Querétaro was added from the second region) | 24,841,122 |
The number of electoral regions and their configurations have evolved over time.
The first steps away from a system based solely on single-member districts were taken with the 1963 constitutional amendments that introduced "party deputies" (diputados de partido). Under this mechanism, parties winning more than 2.5% of the popular vote were awarded five party deputy seats, with an additional seat for each 0.5% above that figure, up to a maximum of 20. Any single-member seats the party in question might have won counted towards the 20-seat ceiling, and parties winning more than 20 single-member seats (in practical terms, only the then-hegemonic Institutional Revolutionary Party) were not eligible for the party deputy mechanism.[7] Party deputies were first elected in the 1964 general election, in which three opposition parties – which collectively failed to win any first-past-the-post districts – were allocated 34 seats.[8] The threshold was lowered to 1.5% (still with five seats awarded) in 1972.[9]
The electoral region mechanism was introduced as part of the 1977 political reforms.[10] First used for the 1979 legislative election, there were at first only three regions, which elected 100 plurinominal deputies. The three regions were unequal in size, with Nos. 1 and 2 electing 30 seats and No. 3 (which included the Federal District) electing 40.[5] [11]
For the 1982 general election, the number of regions was increased to four and they were more balanced, with populations of between 17.1 million and 18.8 million, each electing 25 seats.[5] [12] The fifth region was introduced for the 1985 mid-terms; under that scheme, the regions' populations ranged from 12.8 million to 17.2 million, but they were all assigned 20 seats. Notably, this scheme failed to abide by the criterion of contiguity, with the first region consisting of the Federal District and the non-adjacent states of Puebla and Tlaxcala.[5] [13]
In the 1979 to 1985 elections, plurinominal deputies were awarded to those parties that received more than 1.5% of the popular vote but fewer than 60 single-member districts.[9]
Following further reforms in 1986–87, the number of plurinominal seats in the Chamber was increased to its current level of 200 for the 1988 election.[5] The eligibility threshold was kept at 1.5%, but the disqualification of parties winning more than 60 single-member seats was eliminated: instead, all parties with 50% or fewer of the single-member seats were eligible to receive plurinominal seats. Parties were, however, subject to an upper limit of 350 seats.[9]
The plurinominal allocation system was redesigned in 1989–90. It provided for three possible scenarios:
Silvia Gómez Tagle of El Colegio de México described this system as both "inequitable" and "irrational": for example, it was not inconceivable that two parties could each receive over 35% of the popular vote.[9]
The system was amended again in 1993. Under this scheme, the plurinominal seats were distributed among all the parties in line with their percentages of the popular vote, without taking any account of their first-past-the-post victories.[9]
A new redistribution of the states was undertaken in 1997 and those regions remained in effect until 2005.[5] [14]
