Romania elects on a national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people (after a change from four-year terms after the 2004 election). The Romanian Parliament (Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Parlamentul României) has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies (Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Camera Deputaţilor) has currently 330 members (after the last legislative elections), elected for a four-year term by party-list proportional representation on closed lists. The Senate (Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Senatul) has currently 136 members (after the last legislative elections), elected for a four-year term by party-list proportional representation on closed lists.
Romania has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.
On 25 November 2007, for the first time, Romanians elected their representatives to the European Parliament.
The President is elected in a two-round system for a five-year term. Candidates obtaining a majority of 50%+1 of all registered voters in the first round are declared the winner. If none of the candidates achieve this, then a run-off is held between the two contenders with the top scores in the first round. The candidate who obtains any majority of votes in the run-off is declared the winner.
The term of the president is five years. Between 1992 and 2004 the term was of four years, but was increased following the 2003 Constitutional referendum. One person can serve a maximum of two terms, that may be consecutive.
In order to be able to run for the Office of President a candidate must fulfill the following conditions: be a Romanian citizen, be at least 35 years of age (at least on the day of the election), and not have held the office for two terms since 1992, when the 1991 Constitution took effect.[1]
The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate are elected in constituencies, by universal, equal, direct, secret, and freely expressed suffrage, on the basis of a list system and independent candidatures, according to the principle of closed party list proportional representation. The option for an identical election system of the two Chambers of Parliament confers them the same legitimacy, as both of them are the expression of the will of the same electoral body.
The two Chambers have different numbers of members: the Chamber of Deputies is composed of 330 Deputies, and the Senate of 136 Senators. This differentiation is possible owing to the legal provision of a representation norm differing from one Chamber to the other and due to the seats allotted to the national minorities (a seat in the Chamber of Deputies for each minority) and to the Romanians living abroad (4 seats in the Chamber and 2 in the Senate). Thus, for the election of the Chamber of Deputies the representation norm is of one Deputy to 73,000 inhabitants,[2] and for the election of the Senate, of one Senator to 168,000 inhabitants.[2]
The number of Deputies and Senators to be elected in each constituency is determined on the basis of the representation norm, by relating the number of inhabitants in each constituency to the representation norm. There are 43 constituencies: 1 for each county and the Municipality of Bucharest, and 1 for the Romanians living abroad.[2] In a constituency, the number of Deputies cannot be less than four, and that of Senators, less than two. The number of inhabitants taken into account is that existing on 1 January of the previous year,[2] published in the Statistical Yearbook of Romania. If, at least five months before the election date, a general census has taken place, the number of inhabitants taken into account is that resulting from the census.
The electoral threshold is for parties or candidates running individually 5% on national level or 20% in at least 4 constituencies, and 8-10% for coalitions or electoral alliances.[2]
The Constitution of Romania and the Election Law grant to legally constituted organizations of citizens belonging to national minorities, in case these could not obtain at the election at least one Deputy or Senator mandate, the right to a Deputy mandate, if they have obtained throughout the country a number of votes equal to at least 5% out of the average number of votes validly expressed throughout the country for the election of one Deputy.
The mandates assigned, under the conditions of the Election Law, to organizations of citizens belonging to national minorities are added to the Deputy mandates resulted from the representation norm.
To elect the 33 MEPs (35 MEPs between 2007 and 2009, 32 between 2014 and 2019), Romania is considered a single constituency. The system used is closed party list proportional representation, with a 5% threshold of the votes.
To elect the mayors the first past the post is used since 2012. The candidate who wins most of the votes is declared elected. A runoff is organised if the top two candidates have an equal number of votes.
For the office of Presidents of the County Councils, between 2008 and 2012, and again since 2024, the first pass the post system was used. Until 2008 and again since 2016,[3] the County Council Presidents have been indirectly elected by each County Council.
To elect the Local, and County Councils, the closed party list proportional representation, with a 5% threshold of the votes at the constituency level (city, commune or county).
Irrespective of the type of election, the vote is done by using paper and manual counting. The voter is required to prove his/hers identity using the Identity card (or the previous version, the Identity bulletin), or, for special reasons, the military ID or the passport. After (s)he signs in the permanent, supplemental, or special electoral list, (s)he is handed a voting ballot (buletin de vot) and a stamp that reads VOTAT YYYY TTT (voted); YYYY stands for the year the election is held, and TTT for the type of elections to be held: L for local elections (including partial), P presidential elections, PE for European Parliament election, R for referendums (R.V.U. was used in 2007). For the general election, up to now, there was no additional type indicator, as it is granted most importance.
For the local and parliamentary elections, the voter can vote only at the polling station where (s)he has the permanent address (domiciliu), or the temporary residence (flotant) at least three months old. For the local election, the Romanians outside Romania cannot vote. For the parliamentary election they vote the candidates for the 43rd constituency. For the European Parliament and presidential elections the voters can vote at a different pooling station than the local and parliamentary elections, but only if (s)he is not in the home-town the voting day. Since the 2016 legislative election the Romanian electors residing abroad will be able to cast their vote via mail.[4]
The voting ballot is printed on newspaper paper, monochrome. All the candidates (or the full candidate list) are listed in a lottery type established order (first the parliamentary parties, than the non-parliamentary parties, and at the end, the independent candidates), each in a clearly designated rectangular that consists of the full party/alliance name and logo, and the full candidate name (or full list of candidates' names). Voters express their choice by stamping the rectangle of the party or independent candidate (s)he wishes to vote for. For referendums the same voting procedure is used. Each of the two options (YES – DA and NO – NU) are in a 5×5 cm square, YES on top and NO at the bottom, and the question voted for in the middle of the voting ballot.
| Election type | Date | Second round date | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Local | |||
| Legislative | |||
| European | |||
| Presidential | September 22, 2024 (if needed) |
See main article: 2019 Romanian presidential election.
| Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | |||||
| align=left | Klaus Iohannis | align=left | National Liberal Party | 3,485,292 | 37.82 | 6,509,135 | 66.09 | |
| Viorica Dăncilă | Social Democratic Party | 2,051,725 | 22.26 | 3,339,922 | 33.91 | |||
| Dan Barna | 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance | 1,384,450 | 15.02 | |||||
| Mircea Diaconu | Alliance for "One Man" (PRO–ALDE) | 815,201 | 8.85 | |||||
| Theodor Paleologu | People's Movement Party | 527,098 | 5.72 | |||||
| Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania | 357,014 | 3.87 | ||||||
| Ramona Bruynseels | Humanist Power Party | 244,275 | 2.65 | |||||
| Alexandru Cumpănașu | Independent | 141,316 | 1.53 | |||||
| Viorel Cataramă | Liberal Right Party | 48,662 | 0.53 | |||||
| Bogdan Stanoevici | Independent | 39,192 | 0.42 | |||||
| Cătălin Ivan | Alternative for National Dignity | 32,787 | 0.36 | |||||
| Ninel Peia | Romanian Nationhood Party | 30,884 | 0.34 | |||||
| Sebastian Popescu | New Romania Party | 30,850 | 0.33 | |||||
| John Ion Banu | Romanian Nation Party | 27,769 | 0.30 | |||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 142,961 | – | 182,648 | – | ||||
| Total | 9,359,673 | 100 | 10,031,705 | 100 | ||||
| align=left colspan=3 | Registered voters/turnout | 18,286,865 | 51.18 | 18,217,411 | 55.07 | |||
| align=left colspan=7 | Sources: BEC (first round); BEC (second round) | |||||||
See main article: 2019 European Parliament election in Romania.
|-|- style="background-color:#C9C9C9"!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Party!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | No. of
Candidates!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | Votes!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | Elected!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | Change
in seats!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | % of seats!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | % of votes|-!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan="2" | National Party!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" | EU Party!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" | EP Group|-| | style="text-align:left;" |
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Naţional Liberal)| style="text-align:left;" | EPP| style="text-align:left;" | EPP Group| style="text-align:right;" | 43| style="text-align:right;" | 2,449,068| style="text-align:right;" | 10| style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 30.30%| style="text-align:right;" | 27.00%|-| | style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Social Democrat)| style="text-align:left;" | PES| style="text-align:left;" | S&D| style="text-align:right;" | 43| style="text-align:right;" | 2,040,765| style="text-align:right;" | 9| style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 27.27%| style="text-align:right;" | 22.50%|-| | style="text-align:left;" | 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Alianța 2020 USR-PLUS)
| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | ALDE&R| style="text-align:right;" | 40| style="text-align:right;" | 2,028,236| style="text-align:right;" | 8| style="text-align:right;" | 8| style="text-align:right;" | 24.24%| style="text-align:right;" | 22.36%|-| style="background-color:"|| style="text-align:left;" | PRO Romania
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: PRO România)| style="text-align:left;" | EDP| style="text-align:left;" | S&D
ECR| style="text-align:right;" | 43| style="text-align:right;" | 583,916| style="text-align:right;" | 2| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 6.06%| style="text-align:right;" | 6.44%|-| style="background-color:#90EE90;" || style="text-align:left;" | People's Movement Party
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Mișcarea Populară)| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | EPP Group| style="text-align:right;" | 43| style="text-align:right;" | 522,104| style="text-align:right;" | 2| style="text-align:right;" | 2| style="text-align:right;" | 6.06%| style="text-align:right;" | 5.76%|-| | style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Uniunea Democrată a Maghiarilor din România)| style="text-align:left;" | EPP| style="text-align:left;" | EPP Group| style="text-align:right;" | 43| style="text-align:right;" | 476,777| style="text-align:right;" | 2| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 6.06%| style="text-align:right;" | 5.26%|-| | style="text-align:left;" | Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților)| style="text-align:left;" | ALDE| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:right;" | 43| style="text-align:right;" | 372,760| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 2| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 4.11%|-| style="background-color:#DDDDDD;" || style="text-align:left;" | Independent candidate: Peter Costea| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:right;" | 1| style="text-align:right;" | 131,021| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 1.44%|-| style="background-color:#DDDDDD;" || style="text-align:left;" | Independent candidate: George-Nicolae Simion| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:right;" | 1| style="text-align:right;" | 117,141| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 1.29%|-| style="background-color:#DDDDDD;" || style="text-align:left;" | Independent candidate: Gregoriana Carmen Tudoran| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:right;" | 1| style="text-align:right;" | 100,669| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 1.11%|-| style="background-color:#D90000"|| style="text-align:left;" | National Union for the Progress of Romania
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Uniunea Națională pentru Progresul României)| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | No MEPs| style="text-align:right;" | 43| style="text-align:right;" | 54,942| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 0.61%|-| | style="text-align:left;" | Prodemo Party
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Prodemo)| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | No MEPs| style="text-align:right;" | 26| style="text-align:right;" | 53,351| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 0.59%|-| style="background-color:|| style="text-align:left;" | United Romania Party
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul România Unită)| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | No MEPs| style="text-align:right;" | 30| style="text-align:right;" | 51,787| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 0.57%|-| style="background-color:red|| style="text-align:left;" | Romanian Socialist Party
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Socialist Român)| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | No MEPs| style="text-align:right;" | 28| style="text-align:right;" | 40,135| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 0.44%|-| style="background-color:red|| style="text-align:left;" | Independent Social Democratic Party
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Social Democrat Independent)| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | No MEPs| style="text-align:right;" | 43| style="text-align:right;" | 26,439| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 0.29%|-| | style="text-align:left;" | National Unity Block - NUB
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Blocul Unității Naționale - BUN)| style="text-align:left;" | —| style="text-align:left;" | No MEPs| style="text-align:right;" | 12| style="text-align:right;" | 20,411| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0| style="text-align:right;" | 0%| style="text-align:right;" | 0.23%|-| style="text-align:left;" colspan=4 |Total: 18,267,256 expected voters (turnout – 51.20%)! style="text-align:right;" | 483! style="text-align:right;" | 9,352,472! style="text-align:right;" | 33! style="text-align:right;" | 1! style="text-align:right;" | 100%! style="text-align:right;" | 100%|-| style="text-align:left;" colspan=11 |Source: Summary of the results|}
Notes
See main article: 2020 Romanian legislative election.
The Social Democratic Party (PSD) won the general election with a little bit over 29% of the seats in both houses of Parliament, but remained in opposition. PNL, USR-PLUS, and UDMR forming a coalition government.
This election saw the return of the county (and Bucharest) level lists, replacing the previous mixed member election. In addition, it also maintained special seats for Romanians living abroad (i.e. the Romanian diaspora), in both houses.
See main article: 2020 Romanian local elections.
|-|- style="background-color:#C9C9C9"! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan=3 | Mayor of Bucharest (PGMB)! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan=3 | Mayors (P)! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan=3 | Local Councils
seats (CL)! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" colspan=3 | County Councils
seats (CJ)|-|- style="background-color:#C9C9C9"! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |Votes! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |%! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |Seats! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |Votes! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |%! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |Seats! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |Votes! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |%! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |Seats! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |Votes! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |%! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" |Seats|-| | style="text-align:left;" | National Liberal Party
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Național Liberal - PNL)| style="text-align:right;" |282,631(with USR-PLUS)| style="text-align:right;" |42.81%(with USR-PLUS)| style="text-align:right;" |1| style="text-align:right;" |2,578,820| style="text-align:right;" |34.58%| style="text-align:right;" |1,232| style="text-align:right;" |2,420,413| style="text-align:right;" |32.88%| style="text-align:right;" |14,182| style="text-align:right;" |2,212,904| style="text-align:right;" |30.76%| style="text-align:right;" |474|-| | style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Social Democrat - PSD)| style="text-align:right;" |250,690| style="text-align:right;" |37.97%| style="text-align:right;" |0| style="text-align:right;" |2,262,791| style="text-align:right;" |30.34%| style="text-align:right;" |1,362| style="text-align:right;" |2,090,777| style="text-align:right;" |28.40%| style="text-align:right;" |13,820| style="text-align:right;" |1,605,721| style="text-align:right;" |22.32%| style="text-align:right;" |362|-| style="background-color:#00aae7 "|| style="text-align:left;" | USR-PLUS
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Alianța 2020 USR-PLUS - USR-PLUS)| style="text-align:right;" |282,631(with PNL)| style="text-align:right;" |42.81%(with PNL)| style="text-align:right;" |1| style="text-align:right;" |490,362| style="text-align:right;" |6.58%| style="text-align:right;" |28| style="text-align:right;" |504,563| style="text-align:right;" |6.85%| style="text-align:right;" |1,207| style="text-align:right;" |478,659| style="text-align:right;" |6.65%| style="text-align:right;" |65|-| | style="text-align:left;" | People's Movement Party
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Mișcarea Populară - PMP)| style="text-align:right;" |72,556| style="text-align:right;" |10.99%| style="text-align:right;" |0| style="text-align:right;" |353,005| style="text-align:right;" |4.73%| style="text-align:right;" |50| style="text-align:right;" |420,791| style="text-align:right;" |5.72%| style="text-align:right;" |2,137| style="text-align:right;" |423,147| style="text-align:right;" |5.88%| style="text-align:right;" |67|-| style="background-color: || style="text-align:left;" | PRO Romania
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: PRO România - PRO RO)| style="text-align:right;" |5,315| style="text-align:right;" |0.80%| style="text-align:right;" |0| style="text-align:right;" |331,878| style="text-align:right;" |4.45%| style="text-align:right;" |36| style="text-align:right;" |381,535| style="text-align:right;" |5.18%| style="text-align:right;" |1,885| style="text-align:right;" |356,030| style="text-align:right;" |4.95%| style="text-align:right;" |56|-| | style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România - UDMR)| style="text-align:right;" |-| style="text-align:right;" |-| style="text-align:right;" |-| style="text-align:right;" |299,334| style="text-align:right;" |4.01%| style="text-align:right;" |199| style="text-align:right;" |362,442| style="text-align:right;" |4.92%| style="text-align:right;" |2,360| style="text-align:right;" |379,924| style="text-align:right;" |5.28%| style="text-align:right;" |92|-| | style="text-align:left;" | Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
(Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților - ALDE)| style="text-align:right;" |9,892| style="text-align:right;" |1.49%| style="text-align:right;" |0| style="text-align:right;" |124,649| style="text-align:right;" |1.67%| style="text-align:right;" |15| style="text-align:right;" |189,665| style="text-align:right;" |2.58%| style="text-align:right;" |861| style="text-align:right;" |209,411| style="text-align:right;" |2.91%| style="text-align:right;" |15|-| | style="text-align:left;" | Other political parties and contenders, local alliances| style="text-align:right;" |39,034| style="text-align:right;" |5.91%| style="text-align:right;" |0| style="text-align:right;" |1,140,903| style="text-align:right;" |15.30%| style="text-align:right;" |282| style="text-align:right;" |1,086,907| style="text-align:right;" |14.76%| style="text-align:right;" |3,448| style="text-align:right;" |1,528,189| style="text-align:right;" |21.24%| style="text-align:right;" |209|-| style="text-align:left;" colspan = 2 | Total:| style="text-align:right;" |660,118| style="text-align:right;" |100| style="text-align:right;" |1| style="text-align:right;" |7,457,093| style="text-align:right;" |100| style="text-align:right;" |3,176| style="text-align:right;" |7,361,818| style="text-align:right;" |100| style="text-align:right;" |39,900| style="text-align:right;" |7,193,985| style="text-align:right;" |100| style="text-align:right;" |1,340|-| style="text-align:left;" colspan=20 | Notes|-| style="text-align:left;" colspan=20 | Sources: Romanian Permanent Electoral Authority|-|}
The Constitution of Romania defines that a referendum has to be called to:[6]
Moreover, the Constitution defines that a referendum can be called on matters of national interest by the President of Romania after consultation with Parliament (article 90).
There were 8 referendums (and 1 local one) in post-communist Romania:
There was also 1 referendum in the Socialist Republic of Romania, 3 referendums in the Kingdom of Romania and 2 referendums in the Romanian United Principalities.