Under the Iraqi constitution of 1925, Iraq was a constitutional monarchy, with a bicameral legislature consisting of an elected House of Representatives and an appointed Senate. The lower house was elected every four years by manhood suffrage (women did not vote). The first Parliament met in 1925. Ten general elections were held before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958.
Between 1958 and 2003 Iraq was ruled by multiple dictatorships, socialist, Arabist then Ba'athist under the regime of Ahmed Hassan Al Bakr, who came to power in 1968, then Saddam Hussein in 1979. Saddam's rule was largely run by Sunni Arabs and Saddam himself was a Sunni Muslim.[1] On 16 October 2002, after a well-publicized show election, Iraqi officials declared that Saddam had been re-elected to another seven-year term as president by a 100% unanimous vote of all 11,445,638 eligible Iraqis, eclipsing the 99.96% received in 1995. Foreign governments dismissed the vote as lacking credibility.
See main article: January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election. The multinational force's 2003 invasion of Iraq overthrew Saddam's government and installed an interim administration.
An initial Iraqi attempt at holding local elections was canceled by Paul Bremer.[2]
This government held elections on 30 January 2005 to begin the process of writing a constitution. International groups and the formerly excluded factions claimed that the January 2005 elections were the first free elections in Iraq's history, with a fair representation of all groups. This is in stark contrast to previous elections. After the 16 October 2002 referendum on the extension of his role as president, Saddam Hussein claimed that 100% of the voters voted "yes" and that 100% of Iraqi's had voted (approximately 24,001,820 people). Opponents of the occupation, such as the various insurgent groups, claimed the elections were not free and fair, citing flaws in the process. The UN adviser to Iraq's election commission Craig Jenness said the complaints were not significant; "I don't see anything that would necessitate a rerun.... There were nearly 7,000 candidates standing in this election and only 275 seats, so you're always going to have winners and losers and it's normal that the losers won't always be happy about it."[3] [4]
See main article: December 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election.
The issue arising was the interpretation of Article 56 of the constitution which states:
First: The electoral term of the Council of Representatives shall be four calendar years, starting with its first session and ending with the conclusion of the fourth year.
Second: The new Council of Representatives shall be elected forty-five days before the conclusion of the preceding electoral term.The previous election had been on 15 December 2005.
The opening session of the Council of Representatives had been 16 March 2006 (the swearing in session) and the first substantive session of the Council of Representatives was then held on 22 April 2006. The Court was of the opinion that the swearing in session on 16 March 2006 was the "first session" as required by Article 56(First). It therefore followed that the conclusion of the fourth year would be on 15 March 2010 and that the election should be 45 days prior to 15 March 2010, i.e., 30 January 2010.The court decided that the calendar year referred to was the 365-day Gregorian year (and not for example the 360-day Hijri year).
See main article: 2010 Iraqi parliamentary election.
See main article: 2013 Iraqi governorate elections.
Source:[5]
Four provinces are part of the semi-autonomous region Kurdistan with their Elections in September 2013, two provinces (Anbar, Nineveh) requested to postpone their elections due to security reasons.[5]
This is the sixth voting exercise by Iraqis in 10 years:
Including polling stations in prisons and hospitals.
100% of staff in this election were Iraqis
In Basrah the numbers were as follows:Voter turnout: 42%[6]
Registered eligible voters: Approx. 1,600,000 [6]
Ballots cast: Approx. 650,000 [6]
Candidates: 656
Contested seats: 35 Council seats (1 seat reserved for Christian quota)
Political entities: 25 (party and alliance)
In the first elections since the withdrawal of U.S. forces, the Iraqi Independent Electoral Commission (IHEC) confirmed that 6,400,777 voters cast their votes.
See main article: 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election.
See main article: 2021 Iraqi parliamentary election.