Efforts to impeach Donald Trump explained

Various people and groups assert that former U.S. president Donald Trump engaged in impeachable activity both before and during his presidency, and talk of impeachment began before he took office. Grounds asserted for impeachment have included possible violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the Constitution by accepting payments from foreign dignitaries; alleged collusion with Russia during the campaign for the 2016 United States presidential election; alleged obstruction of justice with respect to investigation of the collusion claim; and accusations of "Associating the Presidency with White Nationalism, Neo-Nazism and Hatred", which formed the basis of a resolution for impeachment brought on December 6, 2017.

The first formal impeachment efforts were initiated by two Democratic representatives (Al Green and Brad Sherman) in 2017, the first year of his presidency. Since the Republicans controlled both the House and the Senate during 2017 and 2018, the likelihood of impeachment during that period was considered by all to be low.[1] [2] A December 2017 resolution of impeachment failed in the House by a 58–364 margin. The Democrats gained control of the House in 2019 and launched multiple investigations into Trump's actions and finances. Speaker Nancy Pelosi initially resisted calls for impeachment. In May 2019, Pelosi indicated that Trump's continued actions, which she characterized as obstruction of justice and refusal to honor congressional subpoenas, might make an impeachment inquiry necessary. An increasing number of House Democrats and one Republican were requesting such an inquiry.

On September 24, 2019, Pelosi announced that six committees would undertake a formal impeachment inquiry after reports about controversial interactions between Trump and the country of Ukraine. This inquiry resulted in Trump's first impeachment on December 18, 2019. In January 2021, during the final weeks of Trump's term, a renewed effort was made to remove him from office following his efforts to overturn his loss in the 2020 presidential election by baselessly asserting voter fraud, which resulted in the Trump-Raffensperger phone call and the United States Capitol attack. This effort resulted in Trump's second impeachment on January 13, 2021.

Summary of efforts

In December 2016, Democratic senators Elizabeth Warren, Dick Durbin, Chris Coons, Ben Cardin, and Jeff Merkley introduced a bill that would require the president of the United States to divest any assets that could raise a conflict of interest, including a statement that failure to divest such assets would constitute high crimes and misdemeanors "under the impeachment clause of the U.S. Constitution".[3] Vanity Fair characterized this as a preemptive effort to lay the groundwork for a future impeachment argument.[3] Concerns had previously been expressed that Trump's extensive business and real estate dealings, especially with respect to government agencies in other countries, may violate the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the Constitution,[4] sparking debate as to whether that is the case.[5] [6]

Immediately after his inauguration, The Independent and The Washington Post each reported on efforts already underway to impeach Trump, based on what the organizers regard as conflicts of interest arising from Trump's ability to use his political position to promote the interests of "Trump"-branded businesses, and ongoing payments by foreign entities to businesses within the Trump business empire as a violation of the Foreign Emoluments Clause.[7] [8] In March 2017, China provisionally granted 38 "Trump" trademark applications set to take permanent effect in 90 days, which were noted to come in close proximity to the president's making policy decisions favorable to China.[9]

The Washington Post further noted the creation of ImpeachDonaldTrumpNow.org by Free Speech For People and RootsAction, two liberal advocacy groups.[8] On February 9, Congressman Jerrold Nadler (D, NY) had filed a resolution of inquiry titled "" to force the Trump administration to turn over documents relating to potential conflicts of interest and to ties with Russia.[10] Some sources identified this as the first step in the process of impeaching Trump.[11] [12] Fox News outlined two potential bases for impeachment, one being the Emoluments Clause and the other being complicity with Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election.[13] On March 21, it was widely reported that Congresswoman Maxine Waters tweeted "Get ready for impeachment," which Waters explained was in reference to the allegations of collusion with Russian interference in the election.[14]

On January 17, 2019, new accusations involving Trump surfaced, claiming he instructed his long-time lawyer, Michael Cohen, to lie under oath surrounding Trump's involvement with the Russian government to erect a Trump Tower in Moscow.[15] This also sparked calls for an investigation and for the president to "resign or be impeached" should such claims be proven genuine.[16] The Mueller Report was released on April 18, 2019, and Robert Mueller himself made follow-up comments on May 29. The report reached no conclusion about whether Trump had or had not committed criminal obstruction of justice.[17] Mueller strongly hinted that it was up to Congress to make such a determination. Congressional support for an impeachment inquiry increased as a result.

A formal impeachment inquiry was launched on September 24, 2019, as a response to the Trump–Ukraine scandal, in which Trump and his personal attorney Rudy Giuliani pressed the Ukrainian government repeatedly since at least May 2019 to investigate Hunter Biden, the son of 2020 presidential candidate Joe Biden.[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] The purpose of the requested investigation was alleged to be to hurt Biden's campaign for President.[23] [24] In July Trump issued a hold on military aid scheduled to be sent to Ukraine, releasing it in September after controversy arose. There was widespread speculation that the withholding of the aid was intended to force Ukraine to investigate Biden; Giuliani seemed to confirm that there was such a connection.[25]

In an October 8, 2019 letter to House Democratic leaders, the White House stated it would not cooperate with "[their] partisan and unconstitutional inquiry under these circumstances."[26] The eight-page letter was widely interpreted by legal analysts as containing political rather than legal arguments.[27] [28] [29] [30] [31]

On December 18, 2019, the House of Representatives impeached Donald Trump almost entirely along party lines.[32] [33] [34] [35]

Early developments

February 2017

The Impeach Trump Leadership PAC was started by California Democratic Party congressional candidate Boyd Roberts.[36]

May 2017

Actions and revelations

Following Trump's dismissal of FBI director James Comey, multiple Democratic members of Congress discussed an "impeachment clock" for Trump, saying that he was "moving" toward impeachment and raising the future possibility of bringing forth articles of impeachment for obstruction of justice and criminal malfeasance, if proof of illegal activity were found.[37] [38] Senator Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut said in an interview: "It may well produce another United States v. Nixon on a subpoena that went to United States Supreme Court. It may well produce impeachment proceedings, although we're very far from that possibility."[39]

Later in May, news of Trump's disclosure of classified information to Russia led to further discussions about the possibility of impeachment, with Representative Maxine Waters (D-CA) alluding to the possibility,[40] along with writer Benjamin Wittes, legal scholar Jack Goldsmith, and others.[41]

Around the same time in May, the revelation that the president had asked Comey to drop the investigation of Michael Flynn led still more observers, including Senator Angus King (I-ME), to say impeachment might be in the offing.[42]

The developments led Senator John McCain (R-AZ) to venture that matters had reached "Watergate scope and size".[43]

Preparations for possible proceedings

Impeachment proceedings begin with a resolution being introduced in the House of Representatives. The first two Representatives to publicly suggest such an action were Pramila Jayapal (D-WA)[44] and Al Green (D-TX).[45]

Two Republican representatives, Justin Amash (R-MI) and Carlos Curbelo (R-FL), called for impeachment on the grounds that obstruction of justice charges against Trump were proven true.[46] Curbello was defeated in his bid for reelection in 2018,[47] but Amash was reelected, and following his reading of the redacted Mueller Report, reaffirmed his position, stating the evidence supported the conclusion that Trump had committed impeachable offenses.[48] In July 2019, Amash left the Republican Party to become an independent member of Congress.[49]

On May 17, Representative Green made a call for impeachment on the house floor[50] [51] and House Oversight Committee chairman Jason Chaffetz (R-UT) announced that he was issuing subpoenas on the memo FBI director James Comey wrote detailing possible obstruction of justice by the president.[52] On May 24, Green told C-SPAN in an interview that he was drafting articles of impeachment and would shortly submit them as a privileged resolution, to begin the formal impeachment process.[53]

However, some major Democratic figures stressed the need for caution, patience and bipartisanship in any potential impeachment process.[54]

Administration officials said that White House lawyers were indeed researching impeachment proceedings and how to deal with them.[55] [56]

Independent counsel appointment

On May 17, former FBI director Robert Mueller was appointed special counsel by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, acting after the recusal of Attorney General Jeff Sessions, to lead a Special Counsel investigation to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election,[57] and any cover-up related to it by Trump or any White House officials.[58] [59] According to sources close to the White House, the Trump administration is considering using various obscure legal means to slow down the investigation and undermine the special counsel.[60] [61]

June 2017

Former FBI director James Comey agreed to testify before the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8.[62] Some legal experts and politicians, such as Representative Eric Swalwell of California, argued that Trump's numerous comments in news interviews and on Twitter regarding the subjects Comey would testify on (such as whether or not Trump tried to improperly influence or coerce Comey and the reasons why Trump fired him) may well have voided the validity of an executive privilege claim in this instance.[63]

On June 7, an advance copy of Comey's prepared congressional testimony was submitted to the Senate Intelligence Committee[64] in which he said the president attempted to persuade him to "let go" of any investigation into Michael Flynn on February 14.[65] He added that Trump had requested his personal loyalty, to which Comey replied he would give his "honest loyalty" to the president.[66] Comey said Trump on several occasions inquired whether there were an investigation into the president himself and Comey replied each time there was not.[67] Comey states that Trump requested he publicly declare this so Trump's image could be improved, but Comey says he told the president he would need to have approval from the attorney general's office for reasons of legality.[68]

Comey recounted his final conversation with President Trump on April 11:

On the morning of April 11, the President called me and asked what I had done about his request that I "get out" that he is not personally under investigation. I replied that I had passed his request to the Acting Deputy Attorney General, but I had not heard back. He replied that "the cloud" was getting in the way of his ability to do his job. He said that perhaps he would have his people reach out to the Acting Deputy Attorney General. I said that was the way his request should be handled. I said the White House Counsel should contact the leadership of DOJ to make the request, which was the traditional channel.

He said he would do that and added, "Because I have been very loyal to you, very loyal; we had that thing you know." I did not reply or ask him what he meant by "that thing". I said only that the way to handle it was to have the White House Counsel call the Acting Deputy Attorney General. He said that was what he would do and the call ended.

That was the last time I spoke with President Trump.[66]

On June 7, Congressman Al Green announced that Congressman Brad Sherman would join with him in drafting articles of impeachment against President Trump.[69] On June 12, Sherman began circulating an article of impeachment among his colleagues.[70] Sherman said: "I'm not going to be deterred."[69] Green stated: "In the spirit of keeping the republic, I have concluded that the president has obstructed justice and in so doing, the remedy for obstruction of justice is impeachment. The president will not be indicted while he is in office, and while there is some merit in talking about the judicial process, the impeachment process is the one that will bring him before the bar of justice."[69]

Former United States attorney Preet Bharara said in a June 11 interview with ABC News that "there's absolutely evidence to begin a case" regarding obstruction of justice by Trump.[71] Bharara went on to note: "No one knows right now whether there is a provable case of obstruction. [But] there's no basis to say there's no obstruction."[71]

On June 14, The Washington Post reported that Trump was being investigated by Special Counsel Robert Mueller for possible obstruction of justice relating to his actions in regard to the investigation into Russia.[72]

July 2017

On July 12, Congressman Sherman formally introduced in the House of Representatives an Article of Impeachment,[73] accusing the president of obstructing and impeding the investigation of justice, regarding the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.[74]

Democrats in the House Judiciary committee demanded that hearings begin as soon as possible,[75] but the Republicans demurred, rewriting the request in favor of investigations into Hillary Clinton's emails.

August–November 2017

In August 2017, following controversial comments by Trump about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, Representative Steve Cohen announced he would introduce articles of impeachment because Trump had "failed the presidential test of moral leadership".[76] [77]

There was a brief debate about impeaching the president before a privileged resolution introduced by Representative Al Green was withdrawn.[78] [79] In late October, progressive activist hedge-fund manager Tom Steyer funded an impeachment campaign that quickly garnered 1.3 million signatures.[80] By mid-November, the campaign had garnered over 1.9 million signatures;[81] the campaign's signature count reached over 6.5 million by the following month.[82]

On November 15, six Democrats including Cohen introduced with five articles of impeachment.[83] Cohen said that Trump's "train of injuries to our Constitution must be brought to an end".[84] The five accusations were "obstruction of justice," "violation of the foreign emoluments clause," "violation of the domestic emoluments clause," "undermining the independence of the federal judiciary" and "undermining the freedom of the press".[83] Many Democrats opposed this action.[84]

A survey showed nearly 40% of American citizens were in favour of impeachment (up from 30% in February), with almost 75% of Democrats and 7% of Republicans supporting possible impeachment, although Trump's approval rating among Republicans fell from 91% in June to 79% in November.[83] For impeachment to occur, a simple majority is needed in the House and for conviction/removal from office to occur a two-thirds majority is needed in the Senate. At the time both the House and Senate were controlled by Republicans. At this date, 12 Republican senators had individually indicated a willingness to take action against Trump's presidency: if supported by all 48 Democratic senators, 8more Republican senators would be needed to successfully remove the president.[83]

December 2017 and January 2018 House votes

On December 6, a second privileged resolution on articles of impeachment,, was brought on the floor by Representative Al Green, Democrat of Texas. The resolution listed two articles, i.e. proposed reasons for impeachment: "Associating the Presidency with White Nationalism, Neo-Nazism and Hatred" and "Inciting Hatred and Hostility".[85] House majority leader Kevin McCarthy, Republican of California, moved for the resolution to be defeated ("tabled"), which was agreed to by a 364–58 vote with four members voting present.[86]

Among Republicans, 238 voted to table the articles of impeachment and one did not vote. Among Democrats, 126 voted to table the articles of impeachment, 58 voted against tabling the articles of impeachment, four voted "present" and five did not vote.[87]

Green's effort did not receive the support of Democratic leadership. House minority leader Nancy Pelosi and minority whip Steny Hoyer issued a statement saying that "[l]egitimate questions have been raised about [Trump's] fitness to lead this nation," but "[n]ow is not the time to consider articles of impeachment" given ongoing investigations by congressional committees as well as the investigation by the special counsel.[86]

On January 19, 2018, Green brought up the resolution a second time. On this attempt his motion was defeated by a vote of 355–66. 234 Republicans and 121 Democrats voted against the motion. All the votes for the motion were from Democrats: three Democrats voted present and three Republicans and three Democrats did not cast a vote.[88] [89]

2018 midterm elections

The matter became an issue, primarily for Republicans, in the midterm elections,[90] [91] with both conservatives and the president himself warning of dire consequences if he is impeached.[92] [93] The Democrats won control of the House, and they have promised to launch investigations into various actions by Trump and his administration, but Democratic leaders were reported as reluctant to address impeachment, at least until after the report of the special counsel is released.[94]

After the 2018 midterm elections

On March 11, 2019, Nancy Pelosi said, "I'm not for impeachment, Impeachment is so divisive to the country that unless there's something so compelling and overwhelming and bipartisan, I don't think we should go down that path, because it divides the country. And he's just not worth it. No. I don't think he is. I mean, ethically unfit. Intellectually unfit. Curiosity wise unfit. No, I don't think he's fit to be president of the United States." She then scolded herself for "coming across too negatively".[95] [96] [97]

With the Democrats in control of the House, and with a direct impeachment inquiry deemed somewhat toxic,[98] the work of investigations into Trump's possible crimes were divided into several committees while waiting for some outside force, such as the Mueller probe or the Southern District to force the Democratic leadership's hands.

Hearings and investigations: December 2018–February 2019

February 27: Michael Cohen hearings

On February 27, 2019, Cohen publicly testified before the House Oversight committee on possible high crimes and misdemeanors committed by President Trump both before and after taking office.[110] His testimony occurred under oath, which also means additional criminal charges of perjury could be filed if it were proven that he had lied.[111] In his opening remarks, obtained in advance by The New York Times, he expresses his regret and shame at lying to Congress and working for a "racist" and a "con man", and accuses Trump of numerous lies and illegal actions. White House officials dismissed the credibility of his testimony in advance, calling him a "disgraced felon" and "convicted liar".[112]

During his testimony, Cohen described how he protected Trump from potential scandals during the 2016 campaign through payoffs.[113] He said he and National Enquirer owner David Pecker had conspired to "catch and kill" potentially damaging stories about Trump and that Trump also was concerned that allegations by Stormy Daniels and other women would result in the general public's being reminded of a tape which aired on Access Hollywood at the beginning of October 2016 where Trump was caught a decade prior discussing how he groped, grabbed and kissed women without their permission. He also said Trump would inflate his personal wealth for financial benefits, such as a failed bid to buy the Buffalo Bills,[114] and that he and Trump conspired with Trump Organization CFO Allen Weisselberg and the president's son Donald Trump Jr. to organize more payoffs in 2017. Cohen also showed lawmakers a check for $35,000 which the president wrote to him on August 1, 2017, and said it was used as a part of a hush money payoff to Stormy Daniels as well.

The testimony implicated the President as committing a minimum of 11 impeachable offenses.[115] [116]

Hearings and investigations: February–April 2019

Mueller Report and impeachment debate

A Department of Justice spokesperson called Nadler's subpoena "premature and unnecessary," detailing that the publicly released version of the report had "minimal redactions" and that Barr had made arrangements for Nadler and other lawmakers to review a version of the final report with fewer redactions.[125] [126]

House majority leader Steny Hoyer said, "Based on what we have seen to date, going forward on impeachment is not worthwhile at this point."[127] while Speaker Nancy Pelosi was more noncommittal, telling the majority caucus: "We will update you on the next steps that must be taken. The caucus held a conference call on April 22 to discuss the matter.[128] It was decided to go full bore on the investigations and deal with actual impeachment later.[129]

After reading the report, Representative Justin Amash (R-MI) in May 2019 became the first Republican member of Congress to call for Trump's impeachment, saying Trump had engaged in "impeachable conduct". Amash was also critical of Attorney General Barr, stating that he felt Barr had deliberately misrepresented the contents of the report.[48] Shortly thereafter, former long-serving Republican congressman Tom Coleman (R-MO) also called for Trump's impeachment.[130] In addition, conservative attorney George Conway, husband of Kellyanne Conway, called for Trump's impeachment.[131]

The Mueller Report was released on April 18, 2019, and Robert Mueller himself made follow-up comments on May 29. The report described ten actions by the president which could be construed as obstruction of justice. Investigators reached no conclusion about whether those actions amounted to a crime, indicating the evidence they had obtained presented "difficult issues" that prevented them from "conclusively determining" Trump committed no criminal obstruction.[132] Mueller added, "The Constitution requires a process other than the criminal justice system to formally accuse a sitting president of wrongdoing," which was taken as meaning that it would be up to Congress to make such a determination.[133] Congressional support for at least an impeachment inquiry increased as a result.[134] Near the end of April 2019, the hashtag #RepublicansForImpeachment went viral, on one day being used an average of every 3.8 seconds; the hashtag was created by a group seeking Republican grassroots support for impeachment "for us to have a chance of conviction in the Senate".[135]

Impeachment resolutions in the 116th Congress

See also: List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump.

Hearings and investigations: April–July 2019

Mueller hearings

On July 24, 2019, Robert Mueller and several of his aides testified about the investigation's consequences before both the House Judiciary and House Intelligence committees. Both sessions were open and televised for the public.

The over seven hours of hearings averaged 12.98 million viewers on ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC.[161]

January 2021

On January 7, 2021, thirteen members of the House of Representatives, led by Representative Ilhan Omar, introduced articles of impeachment on charges of high crimes and misdemeanors.[162] The charges are related to Trump's alleged interference in the 2020 presidential election in Georgia and incitement of a deadly riot that involved the storming of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., by his supporters, which occurred during the United States Congress' certification of electoral votes in the 2020 presidential election, affirming Joe Biden's victory over Trump.[163] On January 11, 2021, U.S. Representatives David Cicilline, Jamie Raskin, and Ted Lieu introduced a resolution of impeachment against Trump on the charge of "incitement of insurrection" for the riot that involved storming the Capitol. Two days later, the House approved that resolution by a vote of 232–197, with ten Republicans joining all 222 Democrats to vote in favor of impeachment.

Georgia election interference scandal

See main article: Trump–Raffensperger scandal. Trump made an unprecedented effort to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election in Georgia. On January 2, 2021, during an hour-long conference call, Trump pressured Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to overturn the state's election results in which Biden was the victor, citing unfounded fraud claims.[164]

Storming of the United States Capitol

See main article: 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. On January 6, 2021, when the United States Congress convened to certify the electoral votes of the presidential election, supporters of Trump stormed the United States Capitol in an attempt to prevent the tabulation of votes and protest Biden's win. Insurrectionists unlawfully entered the U.S. Capitol Building and gathered on both its eastern and western fronts, including on the inaugural platform constructed for Biden's inauguration.[165] At least five people died, including one intruder who was shot and later died,[166] and one Capitol police officer,[167] while several IEDs were found on the grounds of the Capitol.[168] In the early morning hours of January 7, the electoral votes were certified, and Trump released a statement asserting that there will be an "orderly transition" of power on Inauguration Day.[169]

Removal through the Twenty-fifth Amendment

Many public officials, including state-level and municipal officers, have cited their support for Trump's removal via Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[170] [171] Following the January 6 United States Capitol attack, hundreds of political scientists also called for Trump's removal via the Twenty-fifth Amendment.[172] If invoked by a plurality of United States Cabinet officials and affirmed by Vice President Mike Pence, Trump would be revoked of the presidency of the United States and transfer acting presidential power to Pence until noon on January 20, 2021, when his term is set to expire upon Biden's assumption of office. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi declared on January 7, 2021, that if Trump is not removed through the amendment process, the House of Representatives may proceed with full impeachment proceedings.[173] Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer has also called for Trump's removal via the amendment.[173] That same day, Business Insider reported that Vice President Pence opposed efforts to remove President Trump via the Twenty-fifth Amendment.[174] By January 9, Pence was said to have not ruled out use of the 25th Amendment, out of concern Trump could take a rash action putting the nation at risk.[175]

Formal impeachment proceedings

The impeachment process by the full House proceeded from summer 2019 to December 18, 2019, when the House voted to impeach Trump.

Early hearings

In the late summer and fall of 2019, the House Judiciary Committee held a series of hearings and filed a number of lawsuits associated with drafting possible articles of impeachment.

Start of formal impeachment proceedings

The start of official proceedings was first revealed to the public in a court filing dated July 26, 2019.[176]

This assertion was repeated in another court filing in a suit seeking to compel the testimony of former White House Counsel Don McGahn,[177] stating:

Later that day, Chairman Jerrold Nadler went on both CNN and MSNBC and said proceedings had indeed begun and that impeachment hearings would begin in September.[178]

Politico reported that during August, Nadler and other majority members of the HJC had been drafting a formal document delineating the legal parameters of an official inquiry and that this would be voted on September 11, 2019.[179]

The draft resolution was released to the public on September 9, 2019,[180] and approved on a party-line vote two days later.[181]

Impeachment hearings

See main article: First impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump.

Testimony of Lewandowski

The first hearings against a president in 21 years took place on September 17, 2019, and featured the testimony of former Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski. Lewandowski exhibited a letter from President Trump stating that he was forbidden to answer questions due to executive privilege, even though he had never worked in the White House and was not entitled to it. Several Republican members of the committee attempted to use a number of procedural laws but were ignored by Democrats to continue the proceedings. Lewandowski, however, did admit to doing the things he was stated as doing in the Mueller Report.[182]

There were two other witnesses scheduled that day, and President Trump directed former top aides, Rob Porter and Rick Dearborn, not to appear to testify before Congress, which they did not.[183]

Emoluments

On September 23, 2019, the House Judiciary Committee was scheduled to hear the testimony of those suing the president over alleged violation of the Emoluments Clause.[184] However, it was indefinitely postponed,[185] and subsequently were quietly cancelled. The Supreme Court said on January 25, 2021 that lawsuits related to emoluments were moot because Trump was no longer in office.[186]

Ukraine: Pelosi agrees to proceedings

In July 2019 a whistleblower complaint was filed by a member of the intelligence community, but the Director of National Intelligence refused to forward it to Congress as required by law, saying he had been directed not to do so by the White House and the Department of Justice.[187] Later reporting indicated that the report involved a telephone conversation with a foreign leader and that it involved Ukraine. Trump and his personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, had been trying for months to get Ukraine to launch an investigation into former vice president and current presidential candidate Joe Biden as well as his son Hunter Biden.[18] Trump had discussed the matter in a telephone call with the president of Ukraine in late July. It was also revealed that Trump had blocked distribution of military aid to Ukraine, although he later released it after the action became public.[187] The controversy led House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to announce on September 24 that six House committees would commence an impeachment inquiry against Trump.[188]

Impeachment vote by full House

On December 18, 2019, the House passed two articles of impeachment against president Donald Trump.[34] [33] [35] The trial took place in January and February 2020. On February 5, 2020, Trump was acquitted by the Senate of all charges in a vote mostly along party lines.

Subpoenas and lawsuits

Several committees in the House of Representatives have issued subpoenas for materials and testimonies from people and institutions within the Trump administration as well as external entities. The president's personal lawyers have issued letters saying all such requests will be ignored or opposed[143] and have filed several lawsuits to prevent the release of any information to Congress.

Unredacted version of Mueller report

The House Judiciary Committee has subpoenaed the unredacted Mueller report and Attorney General Barr has rebuffed this,[189] leading to a contempt citation from the committee. A lawsuit is also contemplated.[190]

On July 26, 2019, the Judiciary Committee asked federal judge Beryl Howell, who oversaw the Mueller grand juries, to unseal the secret testimony because the committee is "investigating whether to recommend articles of impeachment" to the full House.[176] Howell ruled in favor of the request on October 25, 2019, finding the impeachment investigation legitimate.[191]

On November 18, 2019, The House counsel filed a brief with Judge Howell to release the materials immediately, as redacted grand jury testimony appeared to show the President perjured himself before the Mueller probe and it was part of the impeachment inquiry.[192]

On December 16, another brief by the HJC, said that they still needed the materials, as some redacted materials appear to be related to the Ukraine matter.[193] Previously, an appellate court had scheduled oral arguments in the case for January 3, 2020.[194]

Trump et al v. Mazars et al

The House Oversight Committee issued a subpoena to the Mazars accounting firm for Trump's financial information from before his election to the presidency. The President and his lawyers have tried to delay or prevent this information from getting to the committee by seeking a court injunction against both the committee's leadership and Mazars.[195] [196]

On April 23, 2019 U.S. district judge Amit Mehta set a May 14 date for the preliminary hearing,[197] although several weeks later he decided the entire suit would be heard on that date.[198] May 20, Mehta ruled that accounting firm Mazars had to provide its records of Donald Trump's accounts from before his presidency to the House Oversight Committee in response to their subpoena.[199] In a 41-page opinion, he asserted that Congress has the right to investigate potential illegal behavior by a president, including actions both before and after the president assumed office.[200] The ruling was appealed by Trump's personal legal team[200] and briefs for such were due by no later than July 12, 2019,[201] when oral arguments were scheduled.[202]

Trump's attorneys filed an appeal brief with the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit on June 10, 2019, contending that Congress may not investigate a president for criminal activities except in impeachment proceedings. The brief asserted Congress's investigation was an "exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch".[203] In an opinion piece two days later, attorneys George Conway and Neal Katyal called the brief "spectacularly anti-constitutional," arguing it places the president above the law while noting that Congress routinely investigates criminal matters.[204]

Oral arguments took place on July 12, 2019, before a three-judge panel consisting of Neomi Rao, David Tatel, and Patricia Millett. On August 8, the Justice Department filed a brief supporting the president's position.[205] On October 11, 2019, the appeal panel affirmed the ruling 2–1 with Neomi Rao dissenting.[206]

On November 18, The US Supreme Court blocked the transfer of the subpoenaed materials temporarily and required the HJC to submit a response to the president's appeal by Friday, November 22, so they could have the full arguments before deciding to take the case on an emergency basis.[207] [208]

Trump et al v. Deutsche Bank et al

The House Financial Services and Intelligence committees issued subpoenas to Deutsche Bank and Capital One Bank asking for financial records relating to Trump, his adult children, and his businesses. Trump's personal attorneys tried to delay or prevent the information from being given to the committees by getting a court injunction. Although the defendants are Deutsche Bank and Capital One Bank, U.S. district judge Edgardo Ramos permitted representatives of the House committees to take part.[209] Ramos canceled a May 9 preliminary hearing when the committees agreed to hand over "substantial portions" of the subpoenas to the plaintiffs.[210] On May 22, Ramos affirmed the validity of the subpoenas. Trump's lawyers had asked Ramos to quash the subpoenas, but Ramos said such a request was "unlikely to succeed on the merits".[211] The committees later reached an agreement with Trump's lawyers to delay enforcement of the subpoenas while an appeal is filed, provided the appeal is filed in an "expedited" manner.[212] On May 28, Ramos granted Trump's attorneys their request for a stay so they could pursue an expedited appeal through the courts.[213] and briefs for it were due by no later than July 12.[201] On June 18, The Trump legal team filed a brief similar to the one in the Mazars case.[214]

Oral arguments began on August 23.[215]

On August 8, 2019, it was reported by The Wall Street Journal that Deutsche Bank, as well as others, had complied with the subpoenas despite the suit, handing over thousands of documents.[216]

Suits filed by Trump opponents

Many of the lawsuits filed against Trump asked for declaratory relief. A court's declaratory judgment compels no action as it simply resolves a legal question. A declaration that the president has accepted emoluments would make the work of House Managers easier in an impeachment. Blumenthal v. Trump asked for declaratory relief as to emoluments. In CREW and National Security Archive v. Trump and EOP, a declaratory finding that the administration willfully failed to retain records would support a charge of obstruction of justice.[217] The CREW v. Trump case was dismissed in December 2017 for lack of standing, but in September 2019 this ruling was vacated and remanded upon appeal.[218] [219] Blumenthal v. Trump was dismissed in February 2020.

Commentary and opinion

Statements by Trump

During an August 2018 Fox & Friends interview, Trump was asked about the possible ramifications of him being potentially impeached after his ex-lawyer Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to charges and implied he had done so by Trump's direction. Trump said, "I don't know how you can impeach someone who's done a great job. I tell you what, if I ever got impeached, I think the market would crash, I think everybody would be very poor. Because without this [points at his head, referring to his brain and his thinking], you would see numbers that you wouldn't believe in reverse."[220]

In a January 2019 tweet, Trump expressed bewilderment at the possibility, saying among other things, "How do you impeach a president who... had the most successful first two years of any president?"[221]

In late April 2019, Trump vowed to take a possible impeachment to the Supreme Court,[222] even though the Supreme Court has twice ruled that the judiciary has no power over the process.[223] On May 30, 2019, Trump stated, "I can't imagine the courts allowing [his impeachment]."[224]

On May 22, Trump walked out of a planned White House meeting about infrastructure with Pelosi and Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, because he said Pelosi had earlier that morning met with the House Democratic Caucus "to talk about the I-word" and because Pelosi had accused him of carrying out a cover-up.[225] He said he would refuse to work with the Democrats on infrastructure or anything else until they end all investigations into him.[226]

Statements by Democrats

On March 11, 2019, House speaker Nancy Pelosi in an interview with The Washington Post's Joe Heim said that "I'm not for impeachment. This is news," breaking away from other Democrats wanting impeachment.[227] [228] "I'm going to give you some news right now because I haven't said this to any press person before. But since you asked, and I've been thinking about this: Impeachment is so divisive to the country that unless there's something so compelling and overwhelming and bipartisan, I don't think we should go down that path, because it divides the country. And he's just not worth it."[229]

In May 2019, Pelosi suggested that Trump was goading House Democrats to impeach him "to solidify his base".[230] She said his recent actions are "almost self-impeaching... he is every day demonstrating more obstruction of justice and disrespect for Congress' legitimate role to subpoena."[231] She added, "That's where he wants us to be... The White House is just crying out for impeachment" to divide Democrats and distract from Trump's policies.[232] [233] [234] [235]

By May 2019, an increasing number of Democrats and one Republican member of Congress were concluding that impeachment, or at least an impeachment inquiry, could be the only alternative should Trump continue to "stonewall" their demands for information and testimony.[236] [237]

On September 22, 2019, Pelosi wrote a letter addressing Congress about an anonymous whistleblower complaint about Trump's call to Ukraine's leader, stating "[i]f the administration persists in blocking this whistle-blower from disclosing to Congress a serious possible breach of constitutional duties by the president, they will be entering a grave new chapter of lawlessness which will take us into a whole new stage of investigation..."[238]

Commentary

Some analysts speculated that Trump actually wanted to be impeached, in order to remain the focus of national attention, rally his supporters, and obtain a perceived political advantage.[239] [240] [241] [242] Juan Williams suggested Trump would consider being impeached by the House but acquitted in the Senate a victory, allowing him to reiterate that all accusations against him are false.[241] Greg Gutfeld suggested that Trump might feel it would actually add to his legacy, and to be impeached while the economy was doing well would elevate him to the status of folk hero.[241] Rich Lowry, writing for Politico, has argued that Trump would relish the drama of an impeachment fight and is temperamentally better suited to engage in that than to engage in governance.[242]

Axios interviewed legal and political experts who concluded that if Trump won a second term after being impeached and acquitted, it might be politically impossible to impeach Trump again because of the political blowback.[243]

Other proposed reasons for impeachment

Some commentators have argued that Trump has abused the Presidential pardon power,[244] specifically offering to pardon federal officials who commit crimes such as violating the rights of immigrants[245] and any necessary to build the Trump border wall before the next presidential election.[246] Trump also declared he had an "absolute right" to pardon himself.[247] Controversial Trump pardons include those of Joe Arpaio, convicted of ignoring a court order to stop police misconduct with regard to immigration enforcement; Dinesh D'Souza, convicted of campaign finance violations;[248] and three military servicemembers convicted of war crimes.[249] Impeachment has notably been suggested as a remedy for abuse of pardon power by James Madison during the debate over ratification of the U.S. Constitution,[250] and William Howard Taft in a 1925 Supreme Court decision.[251]

Symbolic municipal resolutions

City councils that have made formal resolutions calling for the impeachment of President Trump include those in the San Francisco Bay Area cities of Alameda, Berkeley, Oakland and Richmond,[252] [253] [254] as well as the city of Los Angeles.[255] On the East Coast, the Cambridge, Massachusetts city council passed a policy order to support a House resolution to investigate Emoluments Clause conflicts.[256]

Public opinion polling on impeachment

Public opinion is a key factor in impeachment proceedings, as politicians including those in the House of Representatives look to opinion polls to assess the tenor of those they represent. Any action would have to be based on the requisite legal grounds for impeachment, but such action is more likely to be taken in the face of support from public opinion.

As of January 26, 2017, Public Policy Polling reports that 35% of voters supported the impeachment of President Trump, while 50% opposed.[257] By the following week, after the controversial rollout of Executive Order 13769, which barred people from seven majority-Muslim countries from entering the United States, support for impeachment had grown to 40%.[258] The following week, support for impeachment reached 46%, matching opposition to impeachment.[259]

In May 2017, after the firing of James Comey, for the first time more Americans supported impeaching Trump (48%) than opposed impeaching Trump (41%), with 11% not sure.[260] At the beginning of August 2017, one poll showed that number falling substantially with 53% of people being opposed to impeachment and 40% in favor, according to PRRI studies,[261] but by the end of August 2017 and following political fallout from the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, 48% of people were again in favor of impeachment and 41% were opposed.[262] In December 2017, Public Policy Polling conducted the first public poll showing majority support for impeachment (51% support, 42% oppose, 7% not sure).[263]

In March 2019, a CNN Poll found that 36% of respondents support the impeachment.[264]

In May 2019, an NBC/WSJ poll with Republican pollster Bill McInturff found that 17% thought enough evidence existed for the House to begin impeachment hearings, 32% wanted Congress to continue investigating and decide on impeachment later, and 48% said the House should not pursue impeachment.[265] [266] A Reuters/Ipsos poll taken in the same month found 45% of Americans supported impeachment, while 42% opposed.[267]

On June 16, 2019, Trump tweeted, "Almost 70% in new Poll say don't impeach."[268] According to NBC News, Trump was apparently referring to their poll, which found that 27% of Americans believed there was sufficient evidence to begin impeachment hearings, 24% believed Congress should continue investigating to determine if there was enough evidence to impeach, and 48% believed Congress should not impeach Trump and allow him to finish his term.[269] Later that day, Fox News released a poll showing 43% of registered voters supported Trump's impeachment and removal from office, while 48% opposed impeachment.[270]

After Nancy Pelosi formally announced an impeachment inquiry into Trump on September 24, 2019, several opinion polls reflected an increase in support for an impeachment inquiry. According to a Morning Consult poll, 43% of Americans support impeachment proceedings, a 7-point increase, tying with Americans who do not support such proceedings.[271] Additionally, an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll showed support for an impeachment inquiry into Trump at 49%, while 46% opposed.[272]

An analysis of polls showed that through mid-December, Americans remained sharply divided on whether Trump should be removed from office.[273] According to a CNN poll taken on December 12–15, 45% of Americans support the impeachment and removal of Trump from office, while 47% oppose impeachment.[274]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

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  2. News: Alexander . Burns . October 11, 2017 . Pledge to Impeach Trump, a Key Donor Demands of Democrats . https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220248/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/us/tom-steyer-trump-impeachment.html . December 22, 2017 . . October 11, 2017 .
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  4. News: Teachout . Zephyr . Zephyr Teachout . November 17, 2016 . November 17, 2016 . Trump's Foreign Business Ties May Violate the Constitution . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170127012540/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/17/would-trumps-foreign-business-ties-be-constitutional/trumps-foreign-business-ties-may-violate-the-constitution . January 27, 2017 .
  5. News: Tillman. Seth Barrett . Constitutional Restrictions on Foreign Gifts Don't Apply to Presidents . . November 17, 2016 . November 17, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170223074929/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/11/17/would-trumps-foreign-business-ties-be-constitutional/constitutional-restrictions-on-foreign-gifts-dont-apply-to-presidents . February 23, 2017 .
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  14. News: Prominent politician tells Donald Trump: 'Get ready for impeachment'. Agerholm. Harriet. March 22, 2017. March 22, 2017. The Independent. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170325113117/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/maxine-waters-donald-trump-democrat-congresswoman-california-get-ready-impeachment-a7642681.html. March 25, 2017.
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  22. Web site: Rudy Giuliani Plans Ukraine Trip to Push for Inquiries That Could Help Trump. Kenneth P.. Vogel. May 9, 2019. The New York Times. September 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190904134954/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/giuliani-ukraine-trump.html. September 4, 2019. live.
  23. News: Justin . Green . Dave . Lawler . WSJ: Trump urged Ukrainian president "about eight times" to investigate Biden's son. Axios. en. September 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190920210637/https://www.axios.com/trump-whistleblower-ukraine-e57df07d-137d-41db-9adc-5c17b74013ab.html . September 20, 2019 . September 20, 2019. live.
  24. Web site: Is Trump Trying to Get Ukraine to Take Out Biden for Him?. September 20, 2019 . Mackinnon. Amy. Foreign Policy. en-US. September 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190920210034/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/20/is-trump-trying-to-get-ukraine-to-take-out-biden-for-him/. September 20, 2019. live.
  25. News: Did Trump Try to Extort the President of Ukraine Into Investigating Joe Biden?. Cassidy. John. The New Yorker. September 20, 2019. September 20, 2019. en. 0028-792X. https://web.archive.org/web/20190920205009/https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/did-trump-try-to-extort-the-president-of-ukraine-into-investigating-joe-biden. September 20, 2019. live.
  26. Web site: White House Declares War on Impeachment Inquiry, Alleging Effort to Undo Trump's Election. Nicholas. Fandos. Peter. Baker. Michael S.. Schmidt. Maggie. Haberman. October 8, 2019. The New York Times. October 8, 2019. October 8, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191008221235/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/us/politics/sondland-trump-ukraine-impeach.html. live.
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  59. News: Investigation into Russia now has ability to look for possible Trump cover-up . May 19, 2017 . Daniel. Chaitin. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170519230914/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/investigation-into-russia-now-looking-for-a-trump-cover-up-lawmakers-say/article/2623673. May 19, 2017.
  60. News: White House looking at ethics rule to weaken special investigation: sources. Julia Edwards . Ainsley . May 19, 2017. Reuters. May 20, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170519235718/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-mueller-idUSKCN18F2KK. May 19, 2017.
  61. Note that starting with the appointment of Archibald Cox in relation to the Watergate scandal in May 1973, supporters of presidential impeachment proceedings have relied on independent counsels to gather evidence in support of their efforts. See Book: Posner, Richard A.. Harvard University Press. Richard A. Posner. An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton. 978-0674000803. 1999. 116, 151, 208, 220. registration.
  62. News: Comey agrees to publicly testify before Senate Intelligence Committee. NBC News. May 20, 2017. May 20, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170519232750/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/former-fbi-chief-james-comey-testify-senate-intelligence-committee-n762411 . Phil . McCausland . May 19, 2017. live.
  63. News: White House Weighing Attempt To Block Comey Testimony . MSNBC . June 2, 2017. June 2, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170603190417/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AF-nYPMHSB0. June 3, 2017.
  64. News: Bertrand. Natasha. Here's what James Comey will tell Congress in his first testimony since being fired. June 7, 2017. Business Insider. June 7, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801160431/http://www.businessinsider.com/james-comey-testimony-to-congress-2017-6?r=US&IR=T. August 1, 2017. live.
  65. News: Smith. David. Borger. Julian. James Comey reveals concerns about Trump in devastating account to Congress. June 7, 2017. The Guardian. June 7, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170607193729/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/07/james-comey-trump-congress-statement. June 7, 2017.
  66. Web site: Comey. James. Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. June 8, 2017. 7. June 8, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170607174725/https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-jcomey-060817.pdf. June 7, 2017.
  67. News: Schmidt. Michael S.. Goldman. Adam. Comey to Testify Trump Pressured Him to Say He Wasn't Under Investigation. June 7, 2017. The New York Times. June 7, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024912/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/us/politics/james-comey-statement-testimony.html . November 12, 2020 .
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  70. News: Democratic Rep. Sherman Drafts Article of Impeachment Against Trump. Lindsey . McPherson . June 12, 2017. June 12, 2017. Roll Call. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170701234304/http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/democratic-rep-sherman-files-article-of-impeachment-against-trump. July 1, 2017.
  71. News: ABC News. June 11, 2017. June 11, 2017. There's 'absolutely evidence' to begin obstruction of justice case on Trump: Bharara. Davis. Maia. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170611144931/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/absolutely-evidence-begin-obstruction-justice-case-bharara/story?id=47958033. June 11, 2017.
  72. WaPo: Donald Trump Under Investigation For Obstruction of Justice. June 14, 2017. June 14, 2017. MSNBC. YouTube. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801160431/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5K7fZlNc9yA. August 1, 2017. live.
  73. News: H Res 438 Article of Impeachment. June 12, 2017. July 13, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170712183521/http://sherman.house.gov/sites/sherman.house.gov/files/FINAL%20Article%20of%20Impeachment.pdf. July 12, 2017.
  74. News: Marcos. Cristina. House Democrat files article of impeachment against Trump. July 12, 2017. The Hill. July 12, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170712185556/http://thehill.com/homenews/house/341677-house-dem-files-article-of-impeachment-against-trump. July 12, 2017.
  75. News: Cohen. Kelly. House Judiciary Democrats demand GOP leadership start new Russia-Trump probe. The Washington Examiner. June 21, 2017. August 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801075314/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/house-judiciary-democrats-demand-gop-leadership-start-new-russia-trump-probe/article/2626695. August 1, 2017. live.
  76. News: Trump Impeachment Process Begins as Democrat States President 'Failed Test of Moral Leadership'. Newsweek. August 17, 2017. August 17, 2017. Le Miere. Jason. https://web.archive.org/web/20170817202158/http://www.newsweek.com/trump-impeachment-process-charlottesville-president-651925. August 17, 2017. live.
  77. News: Democratic lawmaker to file articles of impeachment over Trump's Charlottesville response. USA Today. August 17, 2017. August 17, 2017. Estepa. Jessica. https://web.archive.org/web/20170817195659/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/08/17/democratic-lawmaker-to-file-articles-of-impeachment-over-trump-charlottesville-response/575892001/. August 17, 2017. live.
  78. News: Alan . Fram . Impeach Trump? House Dem Offers Resolution, Sets It Aside . October 11, 2017 . October 11, 2017 . Associated Press . January 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108125421/https://apnews.com/article/96d14cf50fd347229aeae4eab48bd1d6 . live .
  79. News: Democrat stops just short of forcing House vote on Trump's impeachment. DeBonis. Mike. October 11, 2017. The Washington Post. October 12, 2017. 0190-8286. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011232302/https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/democrat-stops-just-short-of-forcing-house-vote-on-trumps-impeachment/2017/10/11/23b998ba-aea6-11e7-9e58-e6288544af98_story.html. October 11, 2017. live.
  80. News: Trump-tweet target Tom Steyer's impeachment campaign tops 1.3 million signatures. Casey . Tolan . November 1, 2017. San Jose Mercury News. November 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171101235636/http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/01/tom-steyer-impeachment-ad-campaign-donald-trump/. November 1, 2017. live.
  81. News: Reilly . Katie . Billionaire Tom Steyer Is Doubling His Budget on These Ads to Impeach Trump . https://web.archive.org/web/20171112061100/http://fortune.com/2017/11/09/tom-steyer-impeach-trump-petition-ads/ . November 12, 2017 . Fortune . November 9, 2017 . November 9, 2017 .
  82. Web site: Home. Need to Impeach. December 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181220200219/https://www.needtoimpeach.com/. December 20, 2018. live.
  83. News: Trump impeachment articles introduces by six Democrats calling for hearings to begin immediately. Le Miere. Jason. Newsweek. November 15, 2017. November 17, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171117033240/http://www.newsweek.com/trump-impeachment-articles-democrats-president-711525. November 17, 2017. live.
  84. News: 5 House Dems introduce impeachment articles against Trump. Freking. Kevin. Winston-Salem Journal. Associated Press. November 15, 2017. November 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171115235424/http://www.journalnow.com/news/nation_world/house-dems-introduce-impeachment-articles-against-trump/article_d6aa0a80-888f-59c7-a3f3-8ca852b88160.html. November 15, 2017. live.
  85. News: Trump Impeachment? Texas Democrat Forces Vote Against Party's Wishes : NPR. Detrow. Scott. December 6, 2017. NPR. December 7, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171206233637/https://www.npr.org/2017/12/06/568818578/democrat-pushes-vote-on-trump-impeachment-dont-expect-it-to-succeed. December 6, 2017. live.
  86. News: Mike . DeBonis . December 6, 2017 . House votes to kill Texas lawmaker's Trump impeachment effort . https://web.archive.org/web/20171207002738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/12/06/house-democratic-leaders-oppose-texas-lawmakers-trump-impeachment-effort/ . December 7, 2017 . The Washington Post . December 6, 2017 .
  87. Web site: Final Vote Results for Roll Call 658: H. Res. 646 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171207085321/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2017/roll658.xml . December 7, 2017 . Office of the Clerk, United States House of Representatives . December 6, 2017 . December 6, 2017 .
  88. News: Democratic Rep. Al Green offers second Trump impeachment measure. January 19, 2018. Mike. DeBonis. The Washington Post. January 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180119180559/https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/democratic-rep-al-green-offers-second-trump-impeachment-measure/2018/01/19/2aef969c-fd26-11e7-ad8c-ecbb62019393_story.html. January 19, 2018. dead.
  89. Web site: Final Vote Results For Roll Call 35. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. January 19, 2018. January 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065644/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2018/roll035.xml. January 20, 2018. live.
  90. News: Trump is on a collision course with impeachment. Peter . Baker . October 13, 2018. The New York Times. December 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181202005433/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/13/sunday-review/is-trump-on-a-collision-course-with-impeachment.html. December 2, 2018. live.
  91. News: The midterms could set Trump on a path toward impeachment . Perry Jr. . Bacon . FiveThirtyEight. December 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030023557/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-midterms-could-set-trump-on-a-path-toward-impeachment/ . March 1, 2018 . October 30, 2018. live.
  92. News: Kate . Sullivan . Trump tells supporters it'll be 'your fault' if he gets impeached. September 7, 2018. CNN. December 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181202001246/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/06/politics/trump-impeach-your-fault/index.html. December 2, 2018. live.
  93. News: Donald Trump warns of market meltdown if he's impeached. Chidanand . Rajghatta . August 23, 2018. The Times of India. December 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825012138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/donald-trump-warns-of-market-meltdown-if-hes-impeached/articleshow/65520499.cms. August 25, 2018. live.
  94. News: Will Donald Trump Be Impeached after the 2018 Midterm Elections? Here's What's Likely to Happen if Democrats Win the House. Kwong. Jessica. November 3, 2018. Newsweek. December 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181201173317/https://www.newsweek.com/will-donald-trump-be-impeached-after-midterms-scenarios-if-democrats-win-1200103. December 1, 2018. live.
  95. Web site: Don't bother: Pelosi says Trump 'just not worth' impeaching . NBC News . Dareh . Gregorian . April 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190412075004/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/nancy-pelosi-impeaching-trump-he-s-just-not-worth-it-n981941 . March 11, 2019 . April 12, 2019. live.
  96. Web site: Nancy Pelosi: Congress should not impeach Trump. Nikki. Schwab. Carl. Campanile. Aaron. Feis. March 11, 2019. New York Post. April 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190402122515/https://nypost.com/2019/03/11/nancy-pelosi-congress-should-not-impeach-trump/. April 2, 2019. live.
  97. Web site: Impeaching Trump Is 'Not Worth It,' Nancy Pelosi Says. Nicholas. Fandos. March 11, 2019. April 22, 2019. The New York Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20190423124250/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/11/us/politics/pelosi-trump-impeachment.html. April 23, 2019. live.
  98. Web site: Democrats face a dilemma on impeachment. Chuck . Todd . Mark . Murray . Carrie . Dann . March 1, 2019 . NBC News. March 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190302193328/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/democrats-face-dilemma-impeachment-n978066. March 2, 2019. live.
  99. Web site: House Democrats are reportedly on the hunt for lawyers with a variety of expertise to help investigate Trump in 2019 . Alexandra . Hutzler . December 28, 2018. Newsweek. January 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190103224717/https://www.newsweek.com/democrats-hiring-lawyers-investigate-trump-2019-1274101. January 3, 2019. live.
  100. Web site: Nancy Pelosi says she won't rule out indictment, impeachment for Trump. Today . January 3, 2019. Kim. Eun Kyung. January 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190103185749/https://www.today.com/news/nancy-pelosi-says-she-won-t-rule-out-indictment-impeachment-t146197. January 3, 2019. live.
  101. News: Kevin . Daley . Nadler: New Evidence from Michael Cohen Suggests Impeachable Offense Could Indict President Trump. December 9, 2018. NewsLI.com. December 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224807/https://www.newsli.com/2018/12/09/nadler-new-evidence-from-michael-cohen-suggests-impeachable-offense-could-indict-president-trump/. December 15, 2018. live.
  102. Web site: Brad Sherman to introduce impeachment articles against Trump on first day of Democratic Congress. Connolly. Griffin. January 3, 2019. January 4, 2019. Roll Call . https://web.archive.org/web/20190103231104/http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/brad-sherman-introduce-impeachment-articles-trump-first-day-democratic-congress. January 3, 2019. live.
  103. News: Three top Democrats warn Trump not to interfere with Michael Cohen testimony. January 14, 2019. CBS News. January 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190114173127/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/three-top-democrats-warn-trump-not-to-interfere-with-michael-cohen-testimony/ . AP . January 14, 2019. live.
  104. Web site: IG report rips gov't for punting on possible Trump emoluments violation tied to his DC hotel. January 16, 2019 . Pete . Williams . NBC News. January 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190117010709/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/ig-report-rips-gov-t-punting-possible-trump-emoluments-violation-n959531. January 17, 2019. live.
  105. Web site: The hearings begin: Acting AG Whitaker clashes with House Judiciary Democrats. Kadia . Tubman . Christopher . Wilson . Yahoo news. February 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004436/https://news.yahoo.com/hearings-begin-acting-ag-whitaker-clashes-house-judiciary-democrats-171526967.html . February 8, 2019 . February 28, 2019. live.
  106. Web site: At fiery hearing, Whitaker testifies that he has not talked about Mueller to Trump. Herb . Jeremy . Rogers . Alex . CNN. February 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227200726/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/08/politics/matthew-whitaker-testimony-subpoena/index.html . February 8, 2019 . February 27, 2019. live.
  107. Web site: Michael Cohen apologizes to Senate panel for lying to Congress. Herb . Jeremy . Borger . Gloria . Raju . Manu . CNN. February 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227100355/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/26/politics/michael-cohen-senate-intelligence-committee/index.html . February 27, 2019 . February 27, 2019. live.
  108. Web site: The definitive Michael Cohen explainer. Chris. Megerian. Kyle. Kim. Ellis. Simani . Los Angeles Times . February 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227170735/https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-michael-cohen-testimony-guide/ . February 28, 2019 . February 27, 2019. live.
  109. Web site: NYT: Trump asked Whitaker if he could put prosecutor in charge of Cohen probe. February 20, 2019 . Eli . Watkins . CNN. February 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227113330/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/19/politics/donald-trump-whitaker-berman/index.html. February 27, 2019. live.
  110. News: Michael Cohen, Trump's former lawyer, to testify publicly before Congress. Herb. Jeremy. January 10, 2019. CNN. January 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190114014922/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/10/politics/michael-cohen-testify-congress/index.html. January 14, 2019. live.
  111. Web site: Michael Cohen denies under oath visiting Prague in 2016 to collude with Russians. Cohen. Marshall. CNN. February 28, 2019. February 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228032710/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/27/politics/michael-cohen-prague-testimony-russia/index.html. February 28, 2019. live.
  112. News: Michael Cohen Plans to Call Trump a 'Con Man' and a 'Cheat' in Congressional Testimony. Fandos. Nicholas. February 26, 2019. The New York Times. February 27, 2019. Haberman. Maggie. en-US. 0362-4331. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227052148/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/26/us/politics/michael-cohen-trump-congress.html. February 27, 2019. live.
  113. News: 5 Revelations From Cohen: 2017 Checks, 'Catch-And-Kill,' Possible Book Deal. Taylor. Jessica. NPR. February 28, 2019. February 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228151626/https://www.npr.org/2019/02/28/698801594/5-revelations-from-cohen-2017-checks-catch-and-kill-possible-book-deal . February 28, 2019. live.
  114. Michael Cohen Claims Donald Trump Inflated His Net Worth by $4 Billion in Attempt to Buy Buffalo Bills. Caron. Emily. Sports Illustrated. February 28, 2019. February 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227225510/https://www.si.com/nfl/2019/02/27/michael-cohen-says-donald-trump-inflated-net-worth-4-billion-buffalo-bills-bid. February 27, 2019. live.
  115. News: March 1, 2019 . Michael Cohen implicated Trump in at least 11 different felonies. Greg. Walters. Vice. March 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190303081205/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/8xykv4/michael-cohen-implicated-trump-in-at-least-11-different-felonies. March 3, 2019. live.
  116. Web site: Michael Cohen's Testimony Is the First Hearing in President Trump's Impeachment. Jonathan. Chait. February 27, 2019. . March 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190302120019/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/02/cohen-testimony-trump-impeachment-russi-collusion-stone-wikileaks.html. March 2, 2019. live.
  117. Web site: 'This Week' Transcript 3-3-19: Rep. Nadler, Rep. McCarthy and Gov. Inslee. March 3, 2019. ABC News. March 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190303184534/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/week-transcript-19-rep-jerrold-nadler-rep-kevin/story?id=61428738. March 3, 2019. live.
  118. Web site: House Dems announce broad probe into allegations of obstruction of justice. Manu. Raju. Jeremy. Herb. CNN. March 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190304203754/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/04/politics/congress-investigates-obstruction-justice-jerry-nadler/index.html . March 4, 2019 . March 4, 2019. live.
  119. Web site: House Judiciary Committee Unveils Investigation into Threats Against the Rule of Law. March 4, 2019. Committee on the Judiciary - Democrats. March 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190304204738/https://judiciary.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-judiciary-committee-unveils-investigation-threats-against-rule-law. March 4, 2019. live.
  120. Web site: Michael Cohen will return to Congress March 6, Felix Sater to testify March 14 . March 1, 2019 . CNN . March 2, 2019 . Jeremy . Herb . Clare . Foran . Manu . Raju .
  121. News: Lind. Dara. Mueller report: The full text of William Barr's summary letter. Vox. March 24, 2019. March 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190325122256/https://www.vox.com/2019/3/24/18279926/mueller-report-letter-full-text-plain-barr-trump-congress. March 25, 2019. live.
  122. Web site: H.Res.257 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Inquiring whether the House of Representatives should impeach Donald John Trump, President of the United States of America.. Rashida. Tlaib. March 27, 2019. U.S. Congress . April 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190417224726/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/257. April 17, 2019. live.
  123. News: Despite Evidence, Robert Mueller Would Not Say Whether Trump Obstructed Justice. Here's Why. Gajanan. Mahita. April 18, 2019. Time. May 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190420021245/http://time.com/5573289/robert-mueller-trump-obstruction-charges/. April 20, 2019. live.
  124. News: Robert Mueller's report is clear: Congress gets to decide whether Trump obstructed justice. Nilsen. Ella. April 18, 2019. Vox. May 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190512234349/https://www.vox.com/2019/4/18/18485088/robert-mueller-report-congress-trump-obstruction-of-justice. May 12, 2019. live.
  125. Web site: DOJ: Dem subpoena for Mueller report is 'premature and unnecessary'. Chalfant. Morgan. April 19, 2019. The Hill. en. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190419235831/https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/439786-justice-department-calls-dem-subpoena-for-mueller-report-premature. April 19, 2019. live.
  126. Web site: DOJ calls Nadler subpoena for full Mueller report 'premature and unnecessary'. Herridge. Catherine. April 19, 2019. Fox News. en-US. April 20, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190420004427/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/doj-calls-nadler-subpoena-for-full-mueller-report-premature-and-unnecessary. April 20, 2019. live.
  127. News: Maureen . Groppe . Eliza . Collins . Christal . Hayes . Senior Democrat Steny Hoyer: Impeachment of Donald Trump 'not worthwhile' at this point . USA Today . April 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190419015624/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/18/mueller-report-steny-hoyer-says-impeaching-trump-not-worthwhile/3513685002/ . April 18, 2019 . April 19, 2019. live.
  128. Web site: Nancy Pelosi Plans Monday Meeting On Mueller Report: 'Congress Will Not Be Silent' . HuffPost . April 22, 2019 . Carla Herreria . Russo . April 18, 2019 . April 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190422161559/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nancy-pelosi-conference-democrats-mueller_n_5cb91e23e4b06605e3ed0141 . live .
  129. Web site: Pelosi slow walks impeachment, says Dems first need to 'save our democracy' . April 22, 2019 . NBC News. April 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190422193030/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/pelosi-holding-conference-call-house-dems-discuss-next-steps-after-n997216 . Leigh Ann . Caldwell . Rebecca . Shabad . Frank, V . Thorp . April 22, 2019. live.
  130. Web site: Ex-GOP congressman calls for impeachment, says Trump an 'illegitimate president'. Devan. Cole. CNN. May 25, 2019. May 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190525125651/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/24/politics/tom-coleman-trump-impeachment-cnntv/index.html. May 25, 2019. live.
  131. Web site: George Conway: Impeach Trump . April 19, 2019 . Caitlin . Oprysko . Politico . January 8, 2021 . January 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210110025513/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/19/george-conway-impeach-trump-1282894 . live .
  132. Web site: Mueller Report . https://web.archive.org/web/20190419072437/https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf . April 19, 2019 . vol. II, p. 2 . Fourth, if we had confidence after a thorough investigation of the facts that the President clearly did not commit obstruction of justice, we would so state. Based on the facts and the applicable legal standards, however, we are unable to reach that judgment. The evidence we obtained about the President's actions and intent presents difficult issues that prevent us from conclusively determining that no criminal conduct occurred. Accordingly, while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him. .
  133. News: Mueller emphasizes that he didn't clear Trump. Bertrand. Natasha. May 29, 2019. Politico. June 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190605171816/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/29/mueller-to-make-public-statement-on-his-russia-probe-1346420. June 5, 2019. live.
  134. News: Democratic calls for Donald Trump impeachment grow after Mueller's first public remarks. Hayes. Christal. May 29, 2019. USA Today. June 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190602133927/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/29/robert-mueller-statement-fresh-democratic-calls-impeach-trump/1269755001/. June 2, 2019. live.
  135. News: Democratic hashtag goes viral seeking GOP support for impeachment . March 24, 2019 . S.A. . Miller . Associated Press . June 10, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190609164311/https://www.apnews.com/a0e70861256c161f71eff5e4c163a68d . June 9, 2019 . live .
  136. Web site: H.Res.13 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors.. Brad. Sherman. February 4, 2019. www.congress.gov. June 18, 2019. June 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190618001704/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/13. live.
  137. Web site: H.Res.257 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Inquiring whether the House of Representatives should impeach Donald John Trump, President of the United States of America.. Rashida. Tlaib. March 27, 2019. www.congress.gov. April 17, 2019. April 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190417224726/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/257. live.
  138. Web site: Text - H.Res.396 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Authorizing and directing the Committee on the Judiciary to investigate whether sufficient grounds exist for the House of Representatives to exercise the power vested by article 1, section 2, clause 5 of the Constitution in respect to acts of misconduct by Donald John Trump, President of the United States.. Sheila. Jackson Lee. May 23, 2019. www.congress.gov. June 18, 2019. September 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190924232718/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/396/text. live.
  139. Web site: H.Res.498 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, of high misdemeanors.. Al. Green. July 17, 2019. www.congress.gov. July 18, 2019. August 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190801093354/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/498. live.
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  211. News: Judge says Deutsche Bank, Capital One can give Trump financial records to House Democrats. Mangan. Dan. Breuninger. Kevin. May 22, 2019. CNBC. May 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190522201151/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/22/judge-says-deutsche-bank-can-give-trump-financial-records-to-democrats.html. May 22, 2019. live.
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  213. News: . May 28, 2019 . Renae . Merle . House subpoenas for Trump's bank records put on hold while president appeals . May 28, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190529020645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/05/29/house-subpoenas-trumps-bank-records-put-hold-while-president-appeals/ . May 29, 2019 . live .
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  216. News: Banks Hand Over Documents on Russians Possibly Linked to Trump. Jean Eaglesham, Rebecca Davis O'Brien, Siobhan Hughes and David. Benoit. The Wall Street Journal . August 8, 2019 . August 9, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190809121326/https://www.wsj.com/articles/banks-give-documents-possibly-linked-to-trump-to-investigators-11565256601. August 9, 2019. live.
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  222. Web site: Trump says he would challenge impeachment in Supreme Court. Brett. Samuels. April 24, 2019. The Hill. April 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424161404/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/440358-trump-says-he-would-challenge-impeachment-in-supreme-court. April 24, 2019. live.
  223. Web site: U.S. Senate: Senate Impeachment Trial Powers Upheld. U.S. Senate . April 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190424161406/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_impeachment_trial_powers_upheld.htm. April 24, 2019. live.
  224. Web site: Trump says he 'can't imagine the courts allowing' him to be impeached even though it's up to Congress, not the courts. Eliza. Relman . May 30, 2019. San Francisco Chronicle . May 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190530230358/https://www.sfgate.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Trump-says-he-can-t-imagine-the-courts-allowing-13906923.php. May 30, 2019. live.
  225. News: Trump's so disgusted by Democrats talking about impeachment that he'll only call it the 'I-word'. Haltiwanger. John. May 23, 2019. Business Insider. May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190522202321/https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-democrats-i-word-impeachment-meeting-2019-5. May 22, 2019. live.
  226. News: Trump refuses to work with Democrats amid simmering impeachment debate. Woodruff. Judy. May 22, 2019. PBS. May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190523021903/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/trump-refuses-to-work-with-democrats-amid-simmering-impeachment-debate. May 23, 2019. live.
  227. News: Nancy Pelosi on Impeaching Trump: 'He's Just Not Worth It'. Heim. Joe. March 11, 2019. The Washington Post. December 19, 2019. December 19, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191219052024/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/magazine/wp/2019/03/11/feature/nancy-pelosi-on-impeaching-president-trump-hes-just-not-worth-it/. live.
  228. Web site: Pelosi comes out against impeaching Trump, saying he's "just not worth it" . March 11, 2019 . Stefan . Becket . www.cbsnews.com . en-US . 2019-12-19 . December 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191219083033/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pelosi-comes-out-against-impeaching-trump-saying-hes-just-not-worth-it-today-2019-03-11/ . live .
  229. Web site: Pelosi: 'Not worth it' to impeach Trump . Christopher . Wilson . March 11, 2019 . news.yahoo.com . en-US . 2019-12-19 . December 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191219083034/https://news.yahoo.com/pelosi-not-worth-it-to-impeach-trump-204822650.html . live .
  230. Web site: A Strategy Emerges to Counter House Democrats: Dare Them to Impeach. Peter. Baker. Maggie. Haberman. Michael S.. Schmidt. May 9, 2019. The New York Times . May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190523054543/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/us/politics/trump-democrats-impeachment.html. May 23, 2019. live.
  231. News: Pelosi: Trump 'is almost self-impeaching because he is every day demonstrating more obstruction of justice'. May 9, 2019. CNN. May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190523174735/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/09/politics/pelosi-congress-impeachment-trump/index.html. May 23, 2019. live.
  232. Web site: Democratic Calls for Impeachment Inquiry Grow as Leaders Instead Vow to Toughen Tactics. Nicholas. Fandos. May 21, 2019. The New York Times . May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190524013827/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/21/us/politics/mcgahn-subpoena-house-impeachment.html. May 24, 2019. live.
  233. Web site: Facing a Trump Stonewall, Democrats Struggle for Options to Compel Cooperation. Sheryl Gay. Stolberg. May 8, 2019. The New York Times. May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190524072439/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/us/politics/impeach-trump-democrats.html. May 24, 2019. live.
  234. Web site: Pelosi Pushes Go-Slow Strategy on Impeachment as She Goads Trump. Glenn. Thrush. May 22, 2019. The New York Times. May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190523235333/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/us/politics/pelosi-trump-cover-up.html. May 23, 2019. live.
  235. Web site: Trump and Pelosi Trade Barbs, Both Questioning the Other's Fitness. Glenn. Thrush. Michael. Tackett. May 23, 2019. The New York Times. May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190523235950/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/23/us/politics/impeaching-trump-nancy-pelosi.html. May 23, 2019. live.
  236. News: List: The House Democrats calling for an impeachment inquiry into Trump. May 23, 2019. CNN. May 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190523235628/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/23/politics/democrats-impeachment-whip-list/index.html. May 23, 2019. live.
  237. News: Republican Justin Amash calls for Trump impeachment. May 19, 2019. BBC. May 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190524072237/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48325968. May 24, 2019. live.
  238. Web site: Dear Colleague to All Members on Whistleblower Complaint. Pelosi. Nancy. September 22, 2019. speaker.gov. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190923203028/https://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/92219. September 23, 2019. September 23, 2019.
  239. Web site: Erin Burnett: Trump wants an impeachment fight and Democrats are biting . May 8, 2019 . CNN . May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190524025507/https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2019/05/08/erin-burnett-trump-wants-impeachment-fight-with-democrats-erin-vpx-sot.cnn. May 24, 2019. live.
  240. Web site: Nancy Pelosi: Trump is 'goading' Democrats to impeach him to solidify his base. Kevin. Breuninger. Christina. Wilkie. May 7, 2019. CNBC. May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190520120807/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/07/nancy-pelosi-trump-is-goading-democrats-to-impeach-him-to-solidify-his-base.html. May 20, 2019. live.
  241. Web site: Juan Williams, Greg Gutfeld discuss whether President Trump may want to be impeached by the House. Victor. Garcia. May 21, 2019. Fox News. May 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190523211018/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-juan-williams-greg-gutfeld. May 23, 2019. live.
  242. Web site: Impeachment? This Is the Fight Trump Wants. April 24, 2019. Rich. Lowry. Politico Magazine. January 8, 2021. January 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210110120938/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/04/24/the-greatest-show-on-earth-226741. live.
  243. Web site: Impeached and re-elected. Axios. October 10, 2019 . en. October 11, 2019. October 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191010190031/https://www.axios.com/trump-impeachment-reelected-2020-democrats-b6fcdf35-b768-4728-8dd1-d8fef825017b.html. live.
  244. Web site: 'Sheriff Joe' is back in court. The impeachment inquiry should pay attention. The Boston Globe. October 25, 2019. October 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191023195850/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2019/10/22/sheriff-joe-back-court-the-impeachment-inquiry-should-pay-attention/1Yv9YZmzwL93wP9gYIFj7J/story.html. live.
  245. Web site: Trump told CBP head he'd pardon him if he were sent to jail for violating immigration law. 2019-04-12. Jake. Tapper. CNN. October 25, 2019. October 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191030034453/https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/12/politics/trump-cbp-commissioner-pardon/index.html. live.
  246. Web site: Trump reportedly promised pardons to aides who break the law to build border wall by 2020 election. Kevin. Breuninger. August 28, 2019. CNBC. October 25, 2019. October 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191007234323/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/28/trump-promised-pardons-to-get-border-wall-built-before-election-report.html. live.
  247. Web site: Trump trying to pardon himself would be an abuse of power. Need to Impeach. November 16, 2019. November 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191116235029/https://www.needtoimpeach.com/corruption/trump-pardon-abuse-power/. live.
  248. Web site: Trump Continues Abuse of Power with Pardon of Dinesh D'Souza. May 31, 2018. Impeach Donald Trump Now. November 16, 2019. November 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191116235029/https://impeachdonaldtrumpnow.org/2018/05/31/trump-continues-abuse-of-power-with-pardon-of-dinesh-dsouza/. live.
  249. News: November 16, 2019. Trump issues pardons in war crimes cases, despite Pentagon opposition to the move. Dan. Lamothe. The Washington Post. November 16, 2019. November 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191116205141/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2019/11/15/trump-issues-pardons-war-crimes-cases-despite-pentagon-opposition-move/. live.
  250. Web site: The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution: As Recommended by the General Convention at Philadelphia in 1787. Together with the Journal of the Federal Convention, Luther Martin's Letter, Yates's Minutes, Congressional Opinions, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of '98-'99, and Other Illustrations of the Constitution. Jonathan. Elliot. October 25, 1863. J. B. Lippincott. Google Books.
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  252. News: Raguso. Emilie. Berkeley calls for Trump impeachment. March 30, 2017. Berkeleyside. March 29, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170330000608/http://www.berkeleyside.com/2017/03/29/berkeley-joins-call-trump-impeachment/. March 30, 2017.
  253. News: Berkeley Joins Other Bay Area Cities Calling For Trump's Impeachment. March 30, 2017. KPIX-TV. March 30, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170330195513/http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2017/03/30/president-donald-trump-impeachment-resolution-berkeley-alameda-richmond/. March 30, 2017.
  254. News: Fernandez. Lisa. Oakland City Hall lights up with 'Impeach Trump' sign, council votes for Congress investigation. June 29, 2017. KTVU. June 28, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170629001057/http://www.ktvu.com/news/264352691-story#/. June 29, 2017.
  255. News: Smith. Dakota. L.A. City Council backs effort to investigate Trump for impeachable offenses. June 29, 2017. Los Angeles Times. May 5, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170629025331/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-trump-investigate-20170505-story.html. June 29, 2017.
  256. Web site: McGovern, Marc C.. Devereux, Jan. Cheung, Leland. City of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Policy Order POR 2017 #96. April 3, 2017. April 3, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170425191228/http://cambridgema.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx?Frame=&MeetingID=1843&MediaPosition=&ID=4501&CssClass=. April 25, 2017. That the City Council call upon the United States House of Representatives to support a resolution authorizing and directing the House Committee on the Judiciary to investigate whether sufficient grounds exist for the impeachment of Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, including but not limited to the violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause and the Domestic Emoluments Clause of the United States Constitution..
  257. Web site: Jensen. Tom. Americans Think Trump Will Be Worst President Since Nixon. Public Policy Polling. January 26, 2017. January 26, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170127032047/http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2017/01/americans-think-trump-will-be-worst-president-since-nixon.html. January 27, 2017.
  258. Web site: Jensen. Tom. After Two Weeks, Voters Yearn For Obama. Public Policy Polling. February 2, 2017. February 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202174032/http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2017/02/after-2-weeks-voters-yearn-for-obama.html. February 2, 2017. live.
  259. Web site: Jensen. Tom. Americans Now Evenly Divided on Impeaching Trump. Public Policy Polling. February 10, 2017. February 10, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170211014045/http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2017/02/americans-now-evenly-divided-on-impeaching-trump.html. February 11, 2017.
  260. Web site: Jensen. Tom. May 16, 2017. May 16, 2017. Health Care Puts House in Play. Public Policy Polling. https://web.archive.org/web/20170516234917/http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2017/05/health-care-puts-house-in-play.html. May 16, 2017. live.
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  263. https://www.publicpolicypolling.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/PPP_Release_National_121417.pdf "Voters Think Trump Should Resign Over Harassment Allegations"
  264. Web site: CNN Poll: Support for impeachment falls among Democrats. March 20, 2019 . Jennifer. Agiesta. CNN. April 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190513134446/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/politics/cnn-poll-impeachment-trump-russia/index.html. May 13, 2019. live.
  265. Web site: 'Hung jury': Public remains divided over Mueller probe in new NBC/WSJ poll. Mark . Murray . NBC News. May 5, 2019 . en. May 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190510054616/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/hung-jury-public-remains-divided-over-mueller-probe-new-nbc-n1001886. May 10, 2019. live.
  266. Web site: Mueller report has not changed American minds about Trump: NBC/WSJ poll. Harwood. John. May 5, 2019. CNBC . May 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190507222111/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/03/mueller-report-has-not-changed-american-minds-about-trump-nbcwsj-poll.html. May 7, 2019. live.
  267. News: Americans' support for impeaching Trump rises: Reuters/Ipsos poll. Chris . Kahn . May 9, 2019. Reuters. May 21, 2019. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20190520000027/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-poll-idUSKCN1SF2D9. May 20, 2019. live.
  268. Web site: Almost 70% in new Poll say don't impeach. So ridiculous to even be talking about this subject when all of the crimes were committed by the other side. They can't win the election fairly!. Donald J.. Trump. June 16, 2019. June 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190617184636/https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1140369337947185161. June 17, 2019. live.
  269. Web site: With re-election on the line, Trump's poll numbers are full of warning signs . Chuck . Todd . Mark . Murray . Carrie . Dann . June 17, 2019 . NBC News . June 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190617161846/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/re-election-line-trump-s-poll-numbers-are-full-warning-n1018156 . June 17, 2019 . live .
  270. Web site: Fox News Poll: Voters doubt impeachment will happen. Dana. Blanton. June 14, 2019. Fox News. June 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190617173657/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/fox-news-poll-voters-doubt-impeachment-will-happen. June 17, 2019. live.
  271. News: Voter Support for Impeachment Grows Amid Ukraine Scandal. Eli. Yorkley. September 26, 2019. Morning Consult. en-US. September 26, 2019. September 26, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190926202044/https://morningconsult.com/2019/09/26/voter-support-for-impeachment-grows-amid-ukraine-scandal/. live.
  272. Web site: Poll: Americans Split on House Impeachment Inquiry . Domenico . Montanaro . September 26, 2019 . NPR . en . September 26, 2019 . September 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190926204556/https://www.npr.org/2019/09/26/764724904/npr-pbs-newshour-marist-poll-americans-split-on-house-impeachment-inquiry . live .
  273. Web site: Do Americans Support Impeaching Trump? . Bycoffe . Aaron . December 17, 2019 . FiveThirtyEight . December 17, 2019 . October 21, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191021000059/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/do-americans-support-impeaching-president-trump/ . live .
  274. Web site: CNN Poll: The nation remains divided on impeachment as House vote approaches . Jennifer . Agiesta . December 17, 2019 . CNN . December 17, 2019 . December 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191217013009/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/16/politics/impeachment-poll-cnn/index.html . live .

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