Enrollment in educational institutions varies considerably across the continent of Asia, as evidenced by data maintained by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).[1] UNESCO's measurement categories for education are used in the context of international development work and are adopted by the World Bank in its EdStats database.[2] The United Nations issues a Human Development Index for each nation, of which the Education Index is a component.
The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) is a component of the Education Index. It expresses the number of students enrolled in a given level of education as a percentage of the number of people within the official age for that level of education. GER can exceed 100% because some enrolled students may fall outside the official age range.
The tables below show GER for each country in Asia. It is organized into five regions of population: South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, West Asia and Central Asia. Data is shown for four levels of education: pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary. (Tertiary education is also referred to as higher education).
The last year for which data are available is shown in parentheses following each number in the table. If the year is the same as for the column to the left, the year is omitted.
| + | Country | Population (millions) 2013 | Pre-primary | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan | 30.6 | 1% (‘03) | 106% (’13) | 54% | 4% (’11) | |
 Bangladesh | 156.6 | 33% (‘13) | 114 (’11) | 54% (’12) | 13% | |
 Bhutan | 0.8 | 14% (‘13) | 107% | 78% | 11% | |
 India | 1,252.1 | 58% (‘11) | 114% (’12) | 71% | 25% (’13) | |
 Maldives | 0.3 | 83% (‘07) | 105% | 72% (’04) | 13% (’08) | |
 Nepal | 27.8 | 87% (‘14) | 133% | 67% | 17% (’13) | |
 Pakistan | 182.1 | 82% (‘13) | 92% | 38% | 10% | |
 Sri Lanka | 21.1 | 90% (‘13) | 98% | 99% | 19% | |
| + | Country | Population (millions) 2013 | Pre-primary | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 China | 1,385.6 | 74% (‘13) | 126% | 92% | 30% | |
 Japan | 127.1 | 88% (‘12) | 102% | 102% | 61% | |
 Mongolia | 2.8 | 86% (‘12) | 109% (’13) | 92% (’10) | 62% (’13) | |
| 24.9 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 49.3 | 93% (‘14) | 100% | 99% | 97% | ||
| NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| + | Country | Population (millions) 2013 | Pre-primary | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.4 | 64% (‘13) | 94% | 106% | 25% | ||
 Cambodia | 15.1 | 15% (‘13) | 125% | 45% (’08) | 16% (’11) | |
| 1.1 | 10% (‘05) | NA | NA | NA | ||
 Indonesia | 249.9 | 51% (‘13) | 109% (’12) | 83% (’13) | 32% (’12) | |
| 6.7 | 26% (‘13) | NA | NA | NA | ||
 Malaysia | 29.7 | 84% (‘12) | 101% (’05) | 71% (’12) | 37% | |
 Myanmar | 53.3 | 9% (‘10) | 114% | 50% | 13% (’12) | |
 Philippines | 98.4 | 52% (‘09) | 107% (’13) | 85% | 34% | |
 Singapore | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
 Thailand | 67.0 | 119% (‘13) | 100% | 86% | 51% | |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| + | Country | Population (millions) 2013 | Pre-primary | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Armenia | 3.0 | 46% (‘13) | 102% (’09) | 97% | 46% (’13) | |
 Azerbaijan | NA | 25% (‘12) | 98% | 100% | 20% | |
 Bahrain | 1.3 | 53% (‘13) | 104% (’99) | 101% (’11) | 40% ('14) | |
 Cyprus | 0.9 ('12) | 78% (‘12) | 100% | 95% | 46% | |
 Georgia | 4.3 | 58% (‘08) | NA | 101% (’13) | 33% | |
| 77.4 | 38% (‘13) | 119% | 86% (’12) | 58% (’13) | ||
 Iraq | 33.8 | 7% (‘07) | 107% | 53% | 16% (’05) | |
 Israel | 7.7 | 112% (‘13) | 104% | 102% | 67% | |
 Jordan | 7.3 | 34% (‘12) | 98% | 88% | 47% | |
 Kuwait | 3.4 | 81% (‘07) | 106% | 100% | 28% (’13) | |
 Lebanon | 4.8 | 102% (‘13) | 113% | 75% | 48% | |
 Oman | 3.6 | 52% (‘13) | 113% | 91% | 28% (’11) | |
| 4.3 | 78% (‘13) | 95% | 82% | 46% | ||
 Qatar | 2.2 | 58% (‘13) | 103% (’05) | 112% (’11) | 14% (’13) | |
 Saudi Arabia | 28.3 | 17% (‘14) | NA | 124% | 58% (’13) | |
| 21.9 | 6% (‘13) | 74% | 48% | 31% | ||
 Turkey | 74.0 | 28% (‘13) | 109% | 102% | 79% | |
| 9.3 | 79% (‘11) | 108% (’12) | 84% (’99) | NA | ||
 Yemen | 24.4 | 1% (‘13) | 101% | 49% | 10% (’11) | |
| + | Country | Population (millions) 2013 | Pre-primary | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Kazakhstan | 16.4 | 58% (‘13) | 106% | 101% | 55% | |
 Kyrgyzstan | 5.5 | 25% (‘12) | 109% (’13) | 88% | 48% | |
 Tajikistan | 8.2 | 9% (‘11) | 96% (’14) | 87% (’12) | 24% (’14) | |
 Turkmenistan | 5.2 | 63% (‘14) | 89% | 85% | 8% | |
 Uzbekistan | 28.9 | 25% (‘11) | 93% | 105% | 9% | |
As Asian nations compete in the global economy and aspire to join the developed nations, there is concern that rates of education may not be keeping pace.[3] [4] By comparison, Gross Enrollment Rates for North America and Western Europe in 2013 were 84.3% for pre-primary, 101.1% for primary, 105.1% for secondary, and 76.6% for tertiary education.
Many Asian nations lack the capacity to scale up their enrollment to meet the escalating demand.[5]
There is also concern about a quality gap, as nations seek to scale up their enrollment quickly.[6] [7] A recent HSBC survey of 8400 parents in 15 Asia-Pacific countries revealed that parents from Hong Kong spend the most on their children's education to ensure a quality education that increases their competitiveness in the labor market.[8] On average, parents in Hong Kong spend an average of $132,100 per child, which is almost three times as much as the global amount of $44,200. Singapore and Taiwan followed with education expenditures of $70,939 and $56,400 respectively.
There is concern about a gap between the education sought by the labor market and what is being taught in the educational institutions.[9]
Many Asian countries - mostly in East Asia and Southeast Asia - experienced a demographic dividend that boosted their economies during the past few decades. There is a widespread view that the South Asian countries are poised to benefit from a demographic dividend because their populations are young relative to the developed countries.[10] However, reaping this dividend is expected to require a workforce that is well educated, which means, at a minimum, increasing enrollment rates and educational quality.
Even though many Asian nations still have low GER compared with their North American and Western European counterparts, there has been considerable progress in recent years. For example, consider the change in GER over ten years preceding the latest data reported, for the three most populous Asian countries: China, India and Indonesia. All three countries had achieved virtually universal primary education (close to 100%) before this ten-year period, so consider the other three levels. Over a ten-year period, China's GER increased from 40% to 74% for pre-primary, from 60% to 92% for secondary, and from 15% to 30% for tertiary education. India's GER increased from 25% to 58% for pre-primary, from 48% to 71% for secondary, and from 11% to 25% for tertiary education. Indonesia's GER increased from 26% to 51% for pre-primary, from 61% to 83% for secondary, and from 15% to 32% for tertiary education.[11]