Eastern margin of the Sea of Japan explained

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan is a zone of concentrated geological strain which extends several hundred kilometers and north–south along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. The margin has undergone convergence tectonics since the end of the Pliocene.[1] [2] It is believed to be an incipient subduction zone which defines the tectonic boundary between the Amurian and Okhotsk plates. This geological zone is seismically active and has been the source of destructive tsunamis. The feature runs off the west coast of Honshu, passes west of the Shakotan Peninsula on Hokkaido and through the Strait of Tartary, between Sakhalin and mainland Russia.

Plate tectonics

The Sea of Japan represents a back-arc basin that formed via geological rifting of continental crust from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene (28–13 million years ago).[3] The Sea of Japan can be divided into sub-basins; the Japan Basin, Yamato Basin and Tsushima Basin. Seafloor spreading in the Sea of Japan was restricted to the Japan Basin and ceased by the middle Miocene.[4]

Following the end of seafloor spreading, its eastern margin experienced weak compression between 10 and 3.5 million years ago. Crustal shortening has been ongoing in the eastern margin and back-arc region of the Northeastern Japan Arc since 3.5 million years ago. This deformation is attributed to east–west compressive forces, forming fold and thrust belts along the eastern margin. The southern margin was subjected to north–south or northwest–southeast compression about 8–5 million years ago. Presently, the southern margin hosts mainly strike-slip faults.

The margin is located at the boundary marking the Amurian and Okhotsk microplates. Oceanic lithosphere from the Sea of Japan located on the Amurian Plate converges with the Japanese archipelago on the Okhotsk Plate. A Wadati–Benioff zone which is evidence for subduction, is absent in the zone, hence subduction is doubtful. However, it may be an incipient eastward-dipping subduction zone.[5] In 1983, it was proposed that subduction along the eastern margin commenced about 1–2 million years ago.[6]

The basis for defining this tectonic boundary is the occurrence of large magnitude 7 or greater earthquakes along a linear zone from offshore Niigata Prefecture to off the west coast of Hokkaido.[7] Following the 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu earthquake, the idea of a young plate boundary was proposed, but its mechanism is unknown—it has been proposed as a transform boundary or collision zone.[8]

Location

The margin passes north–south through the Shakotan Peninsula, Oshima Peninsula, and Tōhoku region. It junctions with the Niigata–Kobe Tectonic Zone and Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line between Sado Island and the Noto Peninsula.[9] It strikes southwest in the western part of Fukushima Prefecture and extends to the border of Nagano and Toyama Prefecture. It exits north of Lake Biwa and continues to the eastern part of Shimane Prefecture. In the Sea of Japan, the cluster of extensional faults which were active during the formation of the sea remained. After the Pliocene, the stress field evolved from extensional to convergence. The compressive forces reactivated these faults and displayed thrust mechanisms.[10]

Seismicity and tsunamis

See also: List of earthquakes in Japan. The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan was the source of historically destructive earthquakes and tsunamis. These events were considered intraplate earthquakes until 1983 when the plate boundary theory was proposed. The associated geological faults related to the opening of the sea and compressive forces along the eastern margin influence seismic activity. Large earthquakes in 1833, 1940, 1964, 1983, and 1993 were the result of reverse faulting associated with the present deformation. The Sea of Japan is considered one of the world's most seismically active back-arc basins.[11]

!Year!Location!Event!Comments
1741Oshima, off the coast of HokkaidoVolcanic eruption[12] [13] About 2,000 people killed along the west coast of Japan from the resulting tsunami. Homes and fishing boats destroyed in Korea.[14] Tsunami magnitude calculated at 8.4; largest tsunami in the region.
1792ShiribeshiEarthquake (M 7.1)At least five people killed in Oshoro by the tsunami and additional tsunami casualties at Bikuni.
1793 (ja)AomoriEarthquake (6.9)Generated a tsunami along the Tsugaru Peninsula.[15] Twelve people killed and 164 homes destroyed. Considerable damage in Ajigasawa.
1802 (ja)Sado IslandEarthquake (6.6)At least 19 people killed, 732 homes destroyed and 1,423 damaged. Caused of uplift on the Ogi Peninsula, exposing pillow lava from the Miocene.[16]
1804 (ja)Kisa, AkitaEarthquake (7.1[17])At least 450 killed and 10,810 houses destroyed. A tsunami flooded 300 homes in Kisagata and Sakata.
1828 (ja)Sanjō NiigataEarthquake (6.9[18])At least 1,443 killed and 11,750 houses ruined. No tsunami.
1833YamagataEarthquake (7.5–7.7[19])At least 150 people killed. Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of at Kamo.[20]
1939AkitaEarthquake (7.0)Onshore event. At least 27 killed and 52 injured.[21]
1940Shakotan, HokkaidoEarthquake (7.5)Ten people killed, 24 injured, and many homes and fishing boats damaged or destroyed in Hokkaido, North Korea and Russia.[22] Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of at Kamenka, Primorsky Krai.[23]
1947Shakotan, HokkaidoEarthquake (7.1)Felt at Haboro and Rumoi. Tsunami recorded with a height of at Wakkanai and Rishiri Island; at Haboro and several tens of centimeters at Otaru. Minor damage.[24]
1964Akita offshoreEarthquake (7.0)Tsunami recorded along Niigata and Hokkaido prefectures.
1964Niigata, NiigataEarthquake (7.6)At least 36 people killed and over 300 injured. Tsunami with a maximum height of at Fuya.[25]
1971Moneron Island, RussiaEarthquake (7.3)Rockfalls and landslides on Moneron Island. Damage to buildings in Shebunino and Gomozavodsk on Sakhalin. Felt VII–VIII (MSK) on Moneron Island and VII (MMI) in southern Sakhalin. Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of at Shebunino, Sakhalin.[26]
1983Akita offshoreEarthquake (7.7)Heavy damage due to liquefaction. At least 104 people dead—4 as a direct effect of the earthquake. One hundred deaths attributed to the tsunami including three deaths in South Korea.[27]
1993Okushiri, HokkaidoEarthquake (7.7)At least 230 people killed including 165 on Okushiri. Tsunami recorded on the southern coast of Okushiri; along the Hokkaido coast; also recorded in Russia and South Korea. Considerable damage from fires, landslides and tsunami. Three people missing along Russia's southeastern coast.
1995Neftegorsk, SakhalinEarthquake (7.0)Strike-slip earthquake producing up to of surface offset. Approximately 2,000 people dead in Neftegorsk.[28]
2000Uglegorsk, SakhalinEarthquake (6.8)Eight people injured and many buildings damaged.[29]
2004NiigataEarthquake (6.6)Sixty eight people killed, 4,805 injured and extensive damage. Maximum intensity 7 on the JMA seismic intensity scale.[30] [31]
2007NiigataEarthquake (6.6)Eleven people killed, 1,000 injured and 342 houses destroyed.[32] [33] [34]
2007 (ru)Nevelsk, SakhalinEarthquake (6.2)Occurred on a west-dipping reverse fault as opposed to east-dipping faults involved in large Sea of Japan earthquakes. Three tsunami waves measuring up to .[35] Two people killed, ten injured and severe damage occurred in Nevelsk. Over half of the town's 11,000 residents displaced. Maximum MSK-64 intensity VIII.[36]
2011NaganoEarthquake (6.3)Three people killed and nine injured. Seventy three houses destroyed and 427 damaged.[37]
2014NaganoEarthquake (6.3)Forty-one people were injured and 50 houses collapsed.[38] Significant surface ruptures were observed.[39]
2019YamagataEarthquake (6.4)Twenty-six people injured and 149 houses damaged.[40] [41]
2024NotoEarthquake (7.5.[42])At least 203 people killed and 52 missing.[43]

Offshore earthquakes

Large earthquakes with epicenters offshore and north of the Noto Peninsula are mostly accompanied by tsunamis. These events have recurrence intervals of 1,000 years.[44] Due to their closer proximity to land, the accompanying tsunamis require a shorter time arriving compared to earthquakes along Japan's Pacific coast. These earthquakes tend to generate considerably large tsunamis.[45]

Hazard

The -long Akita-oki seismic gap lies off the coast of Akita Prefecture. This plate-boundary segment is located between the rupture zones of the 1833 and 1983 earthquakes and has not experienced a major earthquake during historical times. It has the potential to produce a magnitude 7.5 earthquake, probably by the end of the 21st century. Another seismic gap of length is thought to exist off the coast of Hokkaido between the 1940 and 1993 rupture zones. [46]

See also

Notes and References

  1. https://www.fnn.jp/posts/00419506CX/201906191249_CX_CX 過去にも繰り返し発生　新潟沖にのびる「ひずみ集中帯」の地震
  2. 佐藤比呂志 ほか、「ひずみ集中帯地殻構造探査・三条-弥彦測線の成果 (総特集 日本海東縁ひずみ集中帯の構造とアクティブテクトニクス(2))」 『月刊地球』 32(7), 403–410, July 2010
  3. Matsuzaki . K.M. . Itaki . T. . Tada . R. . Kamikuri . S. . Paleoceanographic history of the Japan Sea over the last 9.5 million years inferred from radiolarian assemblages (IODP Expedition 346 Sites U1425 and U1430) . Progress in Earth and Planetary Science . 18 September 2018 . 54 . 5 . 54 . 10.1186/s40645-018-0204-7. 2018PEPS....5...54M . 59942556 . free .
  4. Sato . T. . No . T. . Arai . R. . Miura . S. . Kodaira . S. . Transition from continental rift to back-arc basin in the southern Japan Sea deduced from seismic velocity structures . Geophysical Journal International . 9 January 2020 . 221 . 1 . 722–739 . 10.1093/gji/ggaa006. free .
  5. Tamaki . Kensaku . Honza . Eiichi . Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea . . 20 October 1985 . 119 . 1–4 . 381–406 . 10.1016/0040-1951(85)90047-2 . 1985Tectp.119..381T . 20 June 2022 . 20 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220620170934/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0040195185900472 . live .
  6. Nakamura . K. . Possible nascent trench along the eastern Japan Sea as the convergent boundary between Eurasian and North American plates . Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. . 1983 . 2023-01-11 . 2023-01-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230112050820/https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570291225295076992 . live .
  7. 渡辺真人 ほか、日本海東縁，奥尻海嶺および周辺の大地震と海底変動 『JAMSTEC深海研究』 2000年 第16号
  8. Uda . Tsuyoshi . Hiramatsu . Yukiko . Azuma . Shinji . https://web.archive.org/web/20160202000413/http://env.sc.niigata-u.ac.jp/~uda/udat/nplane/activefault.pdf . 新潟平野～信濃川構造帯の地震と活断層. Earthquakes and Active Faults in the Niigata Plain-Shinanogawa Tectonic Zone . 2 February 2016 . Niigata University . ja.
  9. 相田勇、噴火により発生する津波の見積り : 1741年渡島大島の場合 『東京大学地震研究所彙報』 第59冊 第4号, 1985.3.30, pp.519-531
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  29. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center . M 6.8 - 35 km SSE of Uglegorsk, Russia . United States Geological Survey . 11 January 2023 . 4 August 2000 . 20 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220620094026/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009xws/executive . live .
  30. http://www.fdma.go.jp/bn/data/010909231403014084.pdf 平成16年（2004年）新潟県中越地震（確定報）
  31. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 2021-07-05. www.data.jma.go.jp. 2021-06-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20210615223651/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqdb/data/shindo/index.html#20041023175600. live.
  32. Web site: Powerful earthquake strikes Niigata, causes leak at nuclear power plant. Japan News Review. July 16, 2007. July 16, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110317143212/http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070716page_id=754. March 17, 2011. dead.
  33. http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070723page_id=964 Niigata earthquake death toll rises to eleven
  34. News: Japanese nuke plant leaked after earthquake. Associated Press. July 16, 2007. July 16, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070810232526/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/07/16/japan.quake.ap/index.html . August 10, 2007. dead.
  35. Konovalov . A. V. . Nagornykh . T. V. . Safonov . D. A. . Lomtev . V. L. . Nevelsk earthquakes of August 2, 2007 and seismic setting in the southeastern margin of Sakhalin Island . Russian Journal of Pacific Geology . 5 December 2015 . 9 . 6 . 451–466 . 10.1134/S1819714015060056. 2015RuJPG...9..451K . 130563216 .
  36. Tikhonov . Ivan N. . Kim . Chun U. . Confirmed prediction of the 2 August 2007 MW 6.2 Nevelsk earthquake (Sakhalin Island, Russia) . Tectonophysics . 2009 . 485 . 1–4 . 85–93 . 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.12.002 . 11 January 2023 . 9 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210309123412/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040195109006775 . live .
  37. Web site: 日本付近で発生した主な被害地震（平成８年以降） . Japan Meteorological Agency . ja . 11 January 2023 . 24 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200729/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/higai/higai1996-new.html . live .
  38. Web site: M 6.2 - 6 km SSE of Hakuba, Japan. live. 2021-10-05. earthquake.usgs.gov. https://web.archive.org/web/20190620040327/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000syza/executive . 2019-06-20 .
  39. Suzuki. Yasuhiro. Hirouchi. Daisuke. Watanabe. Mitsuhisa. 2015. Issues raised by the 2014 Kamishiro Fault Earthquake, central Japan. Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers. 2015s. 100262. 10.14866/ajg.2015s.0_100262.
  40. Web site: 山形県沖を震源とする地震による被害及び消防機関等の対応状況(第11報). ja. 24 June 2019. 29 June 2019. 24 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190624074407/https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/info/items/190624_yamagatakenjisin11.pdf. live.
  41. News: At least 26 injured in earthquake in Japan's northwest. 2019-06-19. The Japan Times Online. 2019-06-19. en-US. 0447-5763. 2019-06-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20190619041730/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/06/19/national/strong-earthquake-rocks-niigata-japan-meteorological-agency-issues-tsunami-advisory/. live.
  42. Web site: 1 January 2024 . M 7.5 - 42 km NE of Anamizu, Japan . 1 January 2024 . United States Geological Survey . 1 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240101074051/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000m0xl/executive . live.
  43. News: ja:能登半島地震 石川県内であわせて110人の死亡を確認. Notohantō jishin Ishikawa ken'nai de awasete 110-ri no shibō o kakunin . Noto Peninsula Earthquake: 110 deaths confirmed in Ishikawa Prefecture . 6 January 2024 . NHK . 6 January 2024.
  44. https://cais.gsi.go.jp/YOCHIREN/report/kaihou90/12_13.pdf 日本海東縁の古津波堆積物（北海道大）
  45. https://cais.gsi.go.jp/YOCHIREN/report/kaihou90/12_14.pdf 日本海沿岸での過去の津波災害
  46. Ohtake . M. . A seismic gap in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan as inferred from the time-space distribution of past seismicity . Island Arc . September 1995 . 4 . 3 . 156–165 . 10.1111/j.1440-1738.1995.tb00140.x. 1995IsArc...4..156O .

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