Cisuralian Explained

Cisuralian
Color:Cisuralian
Time Start:298.9
Time Start Uncertainty:0.15
Time End:273.01
Time End Uncertainty:0.14
Caption Map:The world at the start of the Cisuralian
Timeline:Permian
Name Formality:Formal
Synonym1:Early/Lower Permian
Celestial Body:earth
Usage:Global (ICS)
Timescales Used:ICS Time Scale
Chrono Unit:Epoch
Strat Unit:Series
Timespan Formality:Formal
Lower Boundary Def:FAD of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus within the morphotype Streptognathodus wabaunsensis chronocline
Lower Gssp Location:Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan
Lower Gssp Accept Date:1996[1]
Upper Boundary Def:FAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella nanginkensis
Upper Gssp Location:Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, United States
Upper Gssp Accept Date:2001[2]

The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.[3]

In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the Wolfcampian (Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and Leonardian (mid-Artinskian to Kungurian).[4] [5]

The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.

Name and background

The Cisuralian is the first series or epoch of the Permian.[6] The Cisuralian was preceded by the last Pennsylvanian epoch (Gzhelian) and is followed by the Permian Guadalupian Epoch.

The name "Cisuralian" was proposed in 1982,[7] and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996.[8] The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan.[9] [10] [11]

Limestones on the edge of Russian Platform and make up the Ishimbay oil fields. These oil fields were vital to the Soviet Union during WW2 when the Germans controlled the oil fields to the west.[9]

The International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07) provides a numerical age of 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.[12]

The base of the Cisuralian series and the Permian system is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus first appear. The global reference profile for the base (the GSSP or golden spike) is located in the valley of the Aidaralash River, near Aqtöbe in the Ural Mountains of Kazakhstan.[13]

Geography

Gondwana collided with Laurussia and created the Alleghenian orogeny in present-day North America.[9] In northwestern Europe, the Hercynian orogeny continued.[9] This created the large supercontinent, Pangea, by the middle of the early Permian, which was to have an impact on the climate.[9]

Climate

At the start of the Permian, the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, which began in the Carboniferous, was at its peak. Glaciers receded over the course of the late Cisuralian as the Earth's climate gradually warmed,[14] particularly during the Artinskian Warming Event,[15] drying the continent's interiors.[16] [17] [18] The pan-tropical belt of Pangaea experienced particularly significant aridification during this epoch.[19] [20] [21]

Biodiversity

The swampy fringes were mostly ferns, seed ferns, and lycophytes. The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies.[9]

The coal swamps from the Carboniferous declined[22] but the herbivores, Diadectes and Edaphosaurus persisted until the end of this series, approximately.[23] [24] [25] [10] The dry interior had small insectivores. Caseids and prototherapsid Tetraceratops made their appearance.[10] The marine life was probably more diverse than modern times as the climate warmed.[9] Unusual sharks such as Helicoprion continued in this series.

Early Permian terrestrial faunas were dominated by pelycosaurs (a paraphyletic group of early synapsids), diadectids, and temnospondyls,[26] [27] The pelycosaurs appeared during the Late Carboniferous, and reached their apex in the Cisuralian remaining the dominant land animals for some 40 million years.[10] [28] A few continued into the Capitanian. They were succeeded by the therapsids.[10]

Subdivisions

Global

Regional

Notes and References

  1. Davydov . Vladimir . Glenister . Brian . Spinosa . Claude . Ritter . Scott . Chernykh . V. . Wardlaw . B. . Snyder . W. . Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System . Episodes . March 1998 . 21 . 11–18 . 10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003 . 7 December 2020.
  2. Web site: GSSP for Roadian Stage . International Commission on Stratigraphy . 13 December 2020.
  3. Book: 9780521786737. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Gradstein. Felix M.. Ogg. James G.. Smith. Alan G.. 2004. Cambridge University Press .
  4. Book: Ross . C. A. . Ross . June R. P. . The Permian of Northern Pangea . Permian Sequence Stratigraphy . 1995 . 98–123 . 10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_7 . 978-3-642-78595-5.
  5. Web site: Permian: Stratigraphy . 17 June 2021 . UC Museum of Paleontology . University of California Berkeley.
  6. Web site: International Commission on Stratigraphy . Chart . 10 July 2018.
  7. Book: Gradstein . Felix M. . Ogg . James G. . Smith . Alan G. . A geologic time scale 2004 . 2004 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-78673-7. 250 .
  8. Ganelin . V.G. . Goman'kov . A.V. . Grunt . T.A. . Durante . M.V. . On the revised stratigraphic scale for the Permian System adopted at the Second Guadalupian Symposium, alpine, Texas, USA, April 1996 . Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation . January 1997 . 5 . 2 . 126–130 .
  9. Encyclopedia: Permian Period. Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 April 2019. 16 October 2018. June Ross. Ross. Charles A.. June R.P.. Ross.
  10. Web site: The Cisuralian Epoch . M. Alan . Kazlev . 4 May 2002 . 18 April 2019 . palaeos.com.
  11. Book: Allaby . Michael . A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences . 2015 . Oxford University Press . 4th . 10.1093/acref/9780199653065.001.0001 . 9780199653065 .
  12. Web site: International Commission on Stratigraphy . GSSPs . 10 July 2018.
  13. 1998: Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System, Episodes 21(1): pp 11–18.
  14. Scotese . Christopher R. . Song . Haijun . Mills . Benjamin J. W. . van der Meer . Douwe G. . April 2021 . Phanerozoic paleotemperatures: The earth's changing climate during the last 540 million years . . 215 . 103503 . 2021ESRv..21503503S . 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503 . 0012-8252 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108000000/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503 . 8 January 2021 . 233579194 . 18 March 2023.
  15. Marchetti . Lorenzo . Forte . Giuseppa . Kustatscher . Evelyn . DiMichele . William A. . Lucas . Spencer G. . Roghi . Guido . Juncal . Manuel A. . Hartkopf-Fröder . Christoph . Krainer . Karl . Morelli . Corrado . Ronchi . Ausonio . March 2022 . The Artinskian Warming Event: an Euramerican change in climate and the terrestrial biota during the early Permian . Earth-Science Reviews . 226 . 103922 . 10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103922 . 2022ESRv..22603922M . 245892961 . 30 October 2022.
  16. Michel . Lauren A. . Tabor . Neil J. . Montañez . Isabel P. . Schmitz . Mark D. . Davydov . Vladimir . 15 July 2015 . Chronostratigraphy and Paleoclimatology of the Lodève Basin, France: Evidence for a pan-tropical aridification event across the Carboniferous–Permian boundary . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 430 . 118–131 . 10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.020 . 2015PPP...430..118M . free .
  17. http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/permian/permian.htm Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time > The Permian Period
  18. Grossman . Ethan L. . Yancey . Thomas E. . Jones . Thomas E. . Bruckschen . Peter . Chuvashov . Boris . Mazzullo . S. J. . Mii . Horng-sheng . 24 October 2008 . Glaciation, aridification, and carbon sequestration in the Permo-Carboniferous: The isotopic record from low latitudes . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 286 . 3–4 . 222–233 . 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.053 . 2008PPP...268..222G . 30 October 2022.
  19. Forte . Giuseppa . Kustatscher . Evelyn . Roghi . Guido . Preto . Nereo . 15 April 2018 . The Permian (Kungurian, Cisuralian) palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Tregiovo Basin, Italy: Palaeobotanical, palynological and geochemical investigations . . 495 . 186–204 . 10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.012 . 2018PPP...495..186F . 22 December 2022.
  20. Mujal . Eudald . Fortuny . Josep . Marmi . Josep . Dinarès-Turell . Jaume . Bolet . Arnau . Oms . Oriol . January 2018 . Aridification across the Carboniferous–Permian transition in central equatorial Pangea: The Catalan Pyrenean succession (NE Iberian Peninsula) . Sedimentary Geology . 363 . 48–68 . 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.11.005 . 2018SedG..363...48M . 133713470 . 22 December 2022.
  21. Matamales-Andreu . Rafal . Mujal . Eudald . Dinarès-Turell . Jaume . Kustatcher . Evelyn . Roghi . Guido . Oms . Oriol . Galobart . Àngel . Fortuny . Josep . May 2022 . Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) . . 228 . 103948 . 10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103948 . 2022ESRv..22803948M . 246438404 . 3 January 2023.
  22. Sahney . Sarda . Benton . Michael J. . Falcon-Lang . Howard J. . Rainforest collapse triggered Carboniferous tetrapod diversification in Euramerica . Geology . December 2010 . 38 . 12 . 1079–1082 . 10.1130/g31182.1 . 2010Geo....38.1079S . 1943-2682.
  23. Brocklehurst . Neil . Day . Michael O. . Rubidge . Bruce S. . Fröbisch . Jörg . Olson's Extinction and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient of tetrapods in the Permian . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 12 April 2017 . 284 . 1852 . 20170231 . 10.1098/rspb.2017.0231 . 28381616 . 5394676 . en . 0962-8452.
  24. Didier . Gilles . Laurin . Michel . Testing extinction events and temporal shifts in diversification and fossilization rates through the skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions . Cladistics . June 2024 . 40 . 3 . 282–306 . 10.1111/cla.12577 . en . 0748-3007. free .
  25. Didier . Gilles . Laurin . Michel . Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions . PeerJ . 9 December 2021 . 9 . e12577 . 10.7717/peerj.12577 . free . 34966586 . 8667717 . en . 2167-8359.
  26. Huttenlocker, A. K., and E. Rega. 2012. The Paleobiology and Bone Microstructure of Pelycosaurian-grade Synapsids. Pp. 90–119 in A. Chinsamy (ed.) Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology. Indiana University Press.
  27. Web site: NAPC Abstracts, Sto – Tw. berkeley.edu.
  28. Brocklehurst . Neil . Kammerer . Christian F. . Fröbisch . Jörg . 23 June 2013 . The early evolution of synapsids, and the influence of sampling on their fossil record . . 39 . 3 . 470–490 . 10.1666/12049 . 2013Pbio...39..470B . 83738138 . 2 April 2023.

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