Draa River Explained

Draa River fleuve du Draa (French) Río Draa (Spanish)
Map:	Draa (fleuve).png
Map Size:	280px
Subdivision Type1:	Countries
Source1:	Dadès River
Source2:	Imini River
Mouth:	Atlantic
Progression:	Southeast
Length:	1100km

Dra is also the abbreviation for the constellation Draco.

The Draa (Berber languages: '''Asif en Dra''', ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴻⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ, واد درعة|wad dərʿa; also spelled Dra or Drâa, in older sources mostly Darha or Dara, Latin: Darat) is Morocco's longest river, at 1100km (700miles). It is formed by the confluence of the Dadès River and Imini River. It flows from the High Atlas mountains, initially south-eastward to Tagounite, and from Tagounite mostly westwards to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean somewhat north of Tan-Tan. In 1971, the (El) Mansour Eddahabi dam was constructed to service the regional capital of Ouarzazate and to regulate the flow of the Draa. Most of the year the part of the Draa after Tagounite falls dry.

In the first half of the 20th century, the lowest course of the Draa marked the boundary between the French protectorate of Morocco and the area under Spanish rule.

The valley contains the Fezouata formations, which are Burgess shale-type deposits dating to the Lower Ordovician, filling an important preservational window between the common Cambrian lagerstätten and the Late Ordovician Soom shale.^[1] In the fossilized fauna were numerous organisms previously thought to have died out after the mid-Cambrian.^[2]

History

Prehistory

See also: Saharan rock art.

Human occupation in the Draa valley and adjacent mountains dates at least to the Lower Paleolithic, as attested by Oldowan and Acheulean tools found near Tamegroute. Middle Paleolithic sites are widespread.^[3]

Neolithic-era rock art can be found throughout the Draa valley, depicting hunting scenes as well as domesticated cattle.^[4] The chronology of these sites is uncertain, but the earliest may date to the 3rd millennium BCE.

Before 1054

^{[5] [6]}

The Draa River was also well known to the ancient Romans. It figures on the first world map in history made by Ptolemy (90-168 AD).

Wattasids

During the reign of the Wattasid Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Askia Ishaq I of the Songhai Empire sent Tuareg raiders into the Draa valley to avenge a diplomatic insult where Morocco had demanded the cession of the valuable Taghaza salt mine.^[7]

Saadi

^{[8] [9]}

Alaouites

Four of the sons of Ismail Ibn Sharif have been khalifa of the Draa:

• Mulay Muhammad as-Sharif bin Ismail as-Samin (s/o full-brother of Muhammad al-Alam). Khalifa of the Draa 1703.
• Mulay 'Abdu'l-Malik bin Ismail as-Samin. b. ca. 1677. Khalifa of the Draa. He was k. for plotting against his father, 1696.
• Mulay Nasir bin Ismail as-Samin. Khalifa of Draa 1702-1703, and of Tafilalt. Rebelled in 1711-1712. He was k. 1714.
• H.M. Sultan 'Abu Marwan Mulay 'Abdu'l Malik, Sultan of Morocco, etc. b. at Meknes, after 1696, son of H.M. Sultan 'Abul Nasir Mulay Ismail as-Samin bin Sharif, Sultan of Morocco, educ. privately. Khalifa of the Draa 1701-1703, and of Sus 1717-1718. Proclaimed Sultan on the deposition of his elder half-brother 13 March 1728. Deposed at Meknes 18 July 1728. Fled to Fez and arrested there 23 December 1728. He was k. (executed) at Meknes, 2 March 1729 (bur. there at the Mulay Ismail Mausoleum).

Language

Two languages are spoken in the area: a local variety of Colloquial Arabic which is closely related to Hassaniya, and Shilha or Tashelhiyt, a Berber language.

Oases

The Upper Draa River valley, about 200km (100miles) long, consists of six stretches of oases/palm groves from north to south:

• The Mezguita oasis, with the Agdz and Auriz and south of it the Tamsikht dam
• The oasis of Tinzouline, with Ouled Lagraier, Tinzouline, Ouled Yaoub and a dam south of it
• The Ternata oasis with Zagora
• The Fezouata oasis with Tamegroute and south of it the Azagha dam
• The Ktaoua oasis (English Ktawa) with Tagounite, Blida, Tiraf and the Bounou dam south of it
• The oasis of Mhamid el Ghuzlan with Mhamid el Ghuzlan

Ksour

in the Mezguita

-- width="80%" -->	Ait Abdalah Ait Hammou Ou Said* Ait Lahcen Ait Ouahi El Hart Irherrhar Tamkasselt Tiguit Zaouit Boulhassane Asselim Rbat Tarmast	Zaouit n Griourirane Aboussas Ait Ali Ait El Caid El Mir Aouriz Asselim Izdar El Hara Ikherazen Irhrem Azougarth Tafergalt Takatert Talat	Talemzit Tamnougalt* Taourirt Caid Ali Zaouit n Sidi Bou Mediane Zaouit n Souk Ait El Kharj Jdid Ait El Kharj Lkdim Aramd El Borj Igamoudene Roudat Tassoukt

in Tinzouline

Akhellouf Ez Zourgane Bounana Ed Dwairat

Oulad El Megddam Oulad Moussa Timasla

Zaouit Timaslas Ighrem Tansikht Zaouit Ikhf n Ouzrou

in Ternata

Beni Khlil* Mansouria

Tiguit Nait Boulman Tissergat*

Amezrou

in the Fezouata

Agni Agrour Ait Aissa ou Brahim

Ait Beloualid Ait Bou Lkhlad Arhla ou Drar

Asrir Nignaoune Kasbah Il Mechane Izkhnnioun

in the Ktaoua/Ktwawa

This is the southern stretch of the valley between the Azagha and the Bounou dam near Tagounite. There are 55 villages, mostly consisting of ksour (plural of ksar):

Centre Tagounite Bani Sbih Zaouia Sidi Salah Nesrate Kser Tiraf Ait Gazzou Bani Hayoune Ouled Amer Knazta Tabourite Bani Mhamed Khassouane Adouafil Zaouia Jdid Zrahna Ait Rbaa Gourguir Kasbat Aamamou Bani Semguine Ksar Hammad Tahr

Ouled Youssef Drawa Loughlade Ouled Ali Regba Bani Hnit Zaouia Moulay Chrif Tahtania Blida centre Ksebt Ramla Takchourte Ksar Bani Mhammed Ksar Lakbir Ksar Jdid Zrahna Ksar Jdid Ignaoun Bani Skouken Zte. Sidi Yahya Ait Ali Ignaoun Zaouia Moulay Chrif Foukania Zaouia Koudia

Taarchate Ait Boutbratine Zaouia Lansar Zaouia Dakhlania Zhahna Ait Zemrou Ksebat Nani Ksar Aarib Ouled Youssef Ait Isfoul Zaouia Sidi Madani Zaouia Dakhlania Ait Talaarifte Ait Aissa Obrahim Najia Ksar Ait Rardi Ait Boumhamed Ikddarne Tahramet Bnou Khettal

Source : Recensement général du Maroc, 1994 (Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH, Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (HCP), septembre 1994)).

Exploration

The Draa has attracted the attention of a number of notable explorers including Frenchman Charles de Foucauld who travelled throughout Morocco disguised as a Jewish merchant in the 1800s, and Jeffrey Tayler who wrote a book about his experiences.

Bibliography

• Bahani, A., La nouba d'eau et son évolution dans les palmeraies du Draa Moyen du Maroc: CERES. Les oasis du Maghreb, Tunis: pp. 107–126, 1994
• Philip Curtin (ed.), African History, London: Longman, 1988
• M. Elfasi (ed.), General History of Africa III, Africa from the Seventh to the 11th century, UNESCO, 1988
• Charles de Foucauld, Reconnaissance au Maroc, 1888, 1 vol. in -4 and atlas
• Hammoudi, A., Substance and Relation: Water Rights and Water Distribution in the Dra Valley. In: Mayer, A.E. (Ed.), Property, Social Structure, and law in the Modern Middle East. New York: pp. 27–57, 1985
• Marmol Caravajal, Africa, 1667 3 vol. in 4
• Thomas Pellow; Josephine Grieder, The History of the long captivity and adventures of Thomas Pellow, in South-Barbary : [written by himself], 1973 (repr.of the 1739 edition with a new introd. for the Garland ed. by Josephine Grieder)
• W.D. Seiwert (ed.), Maurische Chronik, München: Trickster Verlag, 1988
• Jacques-Meunié, D., Le Maroc Saharien, des origines à 1670. Thèse d'État. 2 tomes, Librairie Klincksieck, Paris, 1982
• G. Spillmann, Villes et Tribus du Maroc vol. IX, Tribus Berbères Tome II, Districts et Tribus de la Haute Vallée du Dra, Paris, 1931
• Jeffrey Tayler, Valley of the Casbahs, 2004
• Ahmed Zainabi, La Vallée du Dra: Développement Alternatif et Action Communautaire, 2001 (Background paper WDR 2003)

External links

• Michel, J. (1995). The Invasion of Morocco in 1591... University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center.

28.6817°N -11.1203°W

Notes and References

1. 10.1038/nature09038. Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type. 2010. Van Roy. P.. Orr. P. J.. Botting. J. P.. Muir. L. A.. Vinther. J.. Lefebvre. B.. Hariri. K. E.. Briggs. D. E. G.. Derek Briggs. Nature. 465. 215–8. 20463737. 7295. 2010Natur.465..215V. 4313285. 2024-02-24. 2024-02-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20240225134012/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176. live.
2. Web site: BBC News - Fossil find resolves ancient extinction mystery. Gill. Victoria. 13 May 2010. BBC Online. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2 September 2015. 2 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200202124849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm. live.
3. Mattingly . David J. . Bokbot . Youssef . Sterry . Martin . Cuénod . Aurelie . Fenwick . Corisande . Gatto . Maria Carmela . Ray . Nick . Rayne . Louise . Janin . Katrien . Lamb . Andrew . Mugnai . Niccoló . Nikolaus . Julia . Long-term History in a Moroccan Oasis Zone: The Middle Draa Project 2015 . Journal of African Archaeology . 2017 . 15 . 2 . 149 . 10.1163/21915784-12340009 . 7 February 2024 . 1612-1651 . 2381/42893 . free . 21 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145535/https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/15/2/article-p141_141.xml?ebody=article%20details&Tab%20Menu=article . live .
4. Searight . Susan . The Prehistoric rock art of Morocco . 2001 . PhD . 7 February 2024 . 245 . 7 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207123050/https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/381/ . live .
5. The topography of Hanno's journey has recently been discussed by W.F.G. Lacroix in the fourth appendix of his Africa in Antiquity. A linguistic and toponymic analysis of Ptolemy's map of Africa (1998 Saarbrücken)
6. A legendary history of the Jews in the Draa valley in the early middle ages can be found in: The Chott el-Maghzen, contributions to oral history collected by rabbi Jacob Moïse Toledano of Tibériade in 1910 and in the Manuscrit of Tiilite (Dadès), in the possession of the rabbi of Tiite Abraham Cohen in 1900. For a summary of that legendary history see D. Jacques Meunié « Le Maroc Saharien des origines au XVIe siècle » Librairie Klincksieck, 1982, pp 175-187. http://www.amazighworld.org/history/ancienthistory/articles/juifs_et_chretiens_coude_daraa.php see also: Les tribus oubliées d'Israel - L'Afrique Judeo-Berbere, des origines aux Almohades by Didier Nebot
7. Book: Gomez . Michael . African dominion : a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa . 2018 . Princeton University Press . Princeton, NJ . 331 . 9780691177427.
8. Saadian funerary stele (A.D.1580) (cf. the steles of the Saadian Tombs in Marrakech) with Arabic inscription: 'This is the tomb of (..) Fatima (..) the wife of Caid Abdallah of Tamdart'. Tamdart refers to Tagmadert of the Draa valley. Also inscribed on the stele are the Quaranic verses 26 and 27 of Sura 55.http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;ma;Mus01_B;29;en
9. Example of a golden Saadian dinar. This coin, struck by Moulay Zidan (AD 1603–27), was made at the time of the reign of the son of Ahmad al-Mansur. (Numismatic Museum of the al-Maghrib Bank, Rabat, Morocco): http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;ma;Mus01_F;41;en