Dimorphic fungus explained

Dimorphic fungi are fungi that can exist in the form of both mold^[1] and yeast. This is usually brought about by change in temperature and the fungi are also described as thermally dimorphic fungi.^[2] An example is Talaromyces marneffei,^[3] a human pathogen that grows as a mold at room temperature, and as a yeast at human body temperature.

The term dimorphic is commonly used for fungi that can grow both as yeast and filamentous cells, however many of these dimorphic fungi actually can grow in more than these two forms. Dimorphic is thus often used as a general reference for fungi being able to switch between yeast and filamentous cells, but not necessary limiting more shapes.

Ecology of dimorphic fungi

Several species of dimorphic fungi are important pathogens of humans and other animals, including Coccidioides immitis,^[4] Paracoccidioides brasiliensis,^[4] Candida albicans,^[5] Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix schenckii, and Emmonsia sp.^[6] Some diseases caused by the fungi are:

• sporotrichosis
• blastomycosis
• histoplasmosis
• coccidioidomycosis
• paracoccidioidomycosis
• talaromycosis
• candidiasis

Many other fungi, including the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis^[5] and the cheesemaker's fungus Geotrichum candidum also have dimorphic life cycles.

Mnemonics

In medical mycology, these memory aids help students remember that among human pathogens, dimorphism largely reflects temperature:

• Mold in the Cold, Yeast in the Heat (Beast)
• Body Heat Probably (Changes) Shape
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, (Coccidioides immitis) is in parentheses because it changes to a spherule of endospores, not yeast, in the heat), Sporothrix schenckii.
  • This phrase says "Probably" because there is always an exception (in this case fungi like Candida albicans) which change in the opposite direction: to mold in the heat!

Notes and References

1. Web site: Fungi . 2009-06-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090606075938/http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/LECTS/Fungi.htm#di . June 6, 2009 .
2. Gauthier. GM. May 2017. Fungal Dimorphism and Virulence: Molecular Mechanisms for Temperature Adaptation, Immune Evasion, and In Vivo Survival.. Mediators Inflamm.. 2017. 8619307. 28626346. 5463159. 10.1155/2017/8619307. free.
3. Chandler JM, Treece ER, Trenary HR, etal . Protein profiling of the dimorphic, pathogenic fungus, Penicillium marneffei . Proteome Sci . 6 . 1. 17 . 2008 . 18533041 . 2478645 . 10.1186/1477-5956-6-17 . free .
4. Web site: Dimorphic Fungi . 2007-08-19 .
5. Sánchez-martínez . Cristina . Pérez-martín . José . 2001 . Dimorphism in fungal pathogens: Candida albicans and Ustilago maydis—similar inputs, different outputs . Current Opinion in Microbiology . 4 . 2 . 214–221 . 10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00191-0 . 11282479.
6. Kenyon. Chris. Bonorchis. Kim. Corcoran. Craig. Meintjes. Graeme. Locketz. Michael. Lehloenya. Rannakoe. Vismer. Hester F.. Naicker. Preneshni. Prozesky. Hans. van Wyk. Marelize. Bamford. Colleen. du Plooy. Moira. Imrie. Gail. Dlamini. Sipho. Borman. Andrew M.. Colebunders. Robert. Yansouni. Cedric P.. Mendelson. Marc. Govender. Nelesh P.. 15865. A Dimorphic Fungus Causing Disseminated Infection in South Africa. New England Journal of Medicine. 369. 15. 2013. 1416–1424. 0028-4793. 10.1056/NEJMoa1215460. 24106934. free.