Demographics of Mongolia explained

Size Of Population:3,296,866[1] (2020 census)
Density:1.76/km2
Growth:1.46% (2010 census)
Birth:20.7 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Death:6.01 deaths/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Life:68.63 years (2012 est.)
Life Male:66.16 years (2012 est.)
Life Female:71.23 years (2012 est.)
Infant Mortality:13.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2019 est.)
Fertility:2.87 (2019 est.)
Age 0-14 Years:27.1%[2] (2012 est.)
Age 15-64 Years:68.9% (2012 est.)
Age 65 Years:4% (2012 est.)
Total Mf Ratio:1 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
Sr At Birth:1.05 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
Sr Under 15:1.04 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
Sr 15-64 Years:1 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
Sr 65 Years Over:0.77 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
Nation:Mongolian
Minor Ethnic:Kazakh
Spoken:Mongolian, Kazakh

This article on the demographics of Mongolia include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

Segments

Youth

Vital statistics

UN estimates

Period[3] Live births per yearDeaths per yearNatural change per yearCBR1CDR1NC1TFR1IMR1
1950–195533 00018 00015 00040.021.418.65.60182.9
1955–196039 00019 00020 00043.020.722.26.30164.9
1960–196549 00019 00030 00047.918.429.57.50134.5
1965–197054 00019 00034 00044.815.928.87.50118.6
1970–197559 00019 00040 00043.013.929.17.50106.5
1975–198063 00021 00042 00039.613.126.56.65104.5
1980–198569 00022 00047 00038.112.425.75.75102.3
1985–199075 00022 00053 00036.610.825.94.9091.7
1990–199562 00022 00040 00027.69.618.03.3066.6
1995–200052 00020 00033 00022.18.313.82.5054.7
2000–200547 00017 00030 00018.97.211.72.0843.5
2005–201062 00017 00045 00022.46.915.52.4036.0
2010–201526.16.319.82.84
2015–202024.4 6.318.12.90
2020–202520.56.414.12.73
2025–203018.16.711.42.59
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Registered births and deaths

[4] [5] Average population Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Total fertility rate
193410,6228,9911,631
1935738,20013,70012,0831,61718.616.42.2
1936737,90012,20917,049−4,84016.523.1−6.6
1937740,00014,12614,747−62119.119.9−0.8
1938747,60015,49215,10139120.720.20.5
1939736,40014,09217,242−3,15019.123.4−4.3
1940738,60019,04615,9063,14025.821.54.3
1941743,800
1942749,000
1943754,200
1944759,100
1945759,300
1946759,400
1947759,700
1948759,200
1949758,700
1950758,000
1951772,40011,0157,5983,417
1952786,10014,2189,2055,013
1953799,90023,98910,95313,036
1954813,60021,39411,06810,326
1955827,30026,88911,82315,066
1956845,50026,82510,57316,252
1957862,00032,5949,72222,872
1958884,80034,6549,89524,759
1959909,60036,6249,34527,279
1960936,90041,20210,04331,15944.010.733.3
1961968,10040,03610,03030,00641.410.431.0
1962998,00042,14410,19231,95242.210.232.0
19631,017,10040,25012,16828,08239.011.827.2
19641,045,20042,00111,21530,78639.610.629.0
19651,076,00041,42713,07228,35538.012.026.0
19661,104,40043,15013,09730,05338.511.726.8
19671,134,40043,65013,56330,08738.011.826.2
19681,164,50046,15913,08533,07438.811.127.7
19691,197,60046,84913,90532,94438.611.527.1
19701,230,50050,15215,31434,83840.212.327.9
19711,265,40049,91713,85736,06038.810.828.0
19721,301,40052,79614,72738,06940.011.428.8
19731,339,50054,84113,61141,23040.310.030.3
19741,380,70056,21812,55543,66340.19.031.1
19751,424,40056,95314,44542,50839.410.029.4
19761,466,90055,22414,75740,46737.19.927.2
19771,512,40056,68315,49041,19337.010.126.9
19781,553,60060,29114,23846,05338.39.029.3
19791,595,00060,23315,37544,85837.29.527.7
19801,639,70063,06817,33145,73739.210.428.86.411
19811,682,00062,75115,78746,96436.89.227.6
19821,724,70064,21016,56847,64236.89.527.3
19831,767,50065,02017,62047,40036.49.926.5
19841,808,90068,12920,35947,77037.211.126.1
19851,854,30069,62718,68850,93938.210.028.25.476
19861,900,60071,80116,42455,37737.38.528.8
19871,949,70071,43715,93055,50736.28.128.1
19881,997,00075,83217,68958,14337.58.728.8
19892,043,95473,59317,00056,59335.58.227.3
19902,153,46673,20917,55955,65034.98.426.54.472
19912,177,21770,08318,73451,34932.48.723.74.009
19922,158,36263,25818,28844,97029.28.420.83.512
19932,171,89847,87117,60630,26522.18.114.02.532
19942,206,89252,96216,54636,41624.27.616.62.694
19952,242,99854,29316,79437,49924.47.516.92.760
19962,276,01651,80617,55034,25621.87.814.02.506
19972,307,48449,48816,98032,50821.67.414.22.351
19982,340,13449,25615,79933,45721.26.814.42.304
19992,373,49349,46116,10533,35621.06.814.22.318
20002,403,10548,72115,47233,24920.46.513.92.243
20012,432,39749,68515,99933,68620.66.614.02.221
20022,465,65746,92215,85731,06519.26.512.72.076
20032,495,09145,72316,00629,71718.46.511.92.014
20042,521,73345,50116,40429,09718.16.511.61.984
20052,551,08145,32616,48028,84617.96.511.41.968
20062,583,25449,09216,68232,41019.16.512.62.081
20072,620,44656,63616,25940,37721.86.215.62.341
20082,665,95563,76815,41348,35524.15.818.32.633
20092,716,27569,16716,91152,25625.76.319.42.753
20102,760,96863,27018,29344,97723.16.716.42.431
20112,811,66669,85319,15550,69825.16.918.22.609
20122,867,74473,83917,76156,07826.06.319.72.741
20132,930,27779,78017,24762,53327.55.921.63.006
20142,995,94982,83916,52166,31828.05.622.43.070
20153,057,77882,13017,62064,51027.15.821.33.015
20163,119,93579,92017,76362,15725.95.820.12.950
20173,177,89975,32117,35757,96423.95.518.42.790
20183,238,47978,44417,86460,58024.55.618.92.920
20193,296,86679,58018,40361,17724.45.618.82.986
20203,357,54277,71617,04060,67623.24.818.42.936
20213,409,93973,25320,85652,39721.75.915.82.785
20223,457,54866,91019,30147,60919.45.214.22.714
20233,504,74166,23419,04147,19319.05.014.02.565

Current vital statistics

[6]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January–July 202338,53210,132+28,400
January–July 202433,79710,209 +23,588
Difference −4,735 (−12.3%) +77 (+0.8%) −4,812

Life expectancy

PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195543.21985–199059.6
1955–196046.11990–199560.8
1960–196550.71995–200061.8
1965–197053.92000–200564.1
1970–197556.42005–201066.1
1975–198056.92010–201568.5
1980–198557.3
Source: UN World Population Prospects[7]

Structure of the population

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total1 313 9681 333 5772 647 545100
0–4146 516141 981288 49710.90
5–9110 117106 097216 2148.17
10–14120 064116 801236 8658.95
15–19130 560127 085257 6459.73
20–24147 472144 711292 18311.04
25–29124 490123 493247 9839.37
30–34111 976110 546222 5228.40
35–39100 819101 564202 3837.64
40–4488 27390 994179 2676.77
45–4977 47581 281158 7566.00
50–5458 00964 073122 0824.61
55–5933 38438 60571 9892.72
60–6422 10627 34749 4531.87
65–6917 26220 97038 2321.44
70–7413 08116 25129 3321.11
75–797 25211 36518 6170.70
80–843 2585 9089 1660.35
85–891 3783 0374 4150.17
90–943831 0761 4590.06
95–99803224020.02
100+137083<0.01
Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14376 697364 879741 57628.01
15–64894 564909 6991 804 26368.15
65+42 70758 999101 7063.84
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total1 409 6481 489 3632 899 011100
0–4158 578153 763312 34110.77
5–9121 534118 706240 2408.29
10–14119 093116 891235 9848.14
15–19125 751127 324253 0758.73
20–24149 565154 323303 88810.48
25–29143 113149 877292 99010.11
30–34122 710130 973253 6838.75
35–39111 396119 629231 0257.97
40–4495 134104 034199 1686.87
45–4982 00091 869173 8686.00
50–5465 96575 237141 2014.87
55–5942 74950 50893 2573.22
60–6425 52531 86257 3861.98
65–6917 52422 34039 8641.38
70–7414 68918 10232 7901.13
75–798 09211 75319 8450.68
80–844 1267 45411 5800.40
85–891 5123 0204 5320.16
90–945091 3431 8520.06
95–9973 2813540.01
100+15 8095<0.01
Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14399 205389 360788 56527.20
15–64963 9031 035 6301 999 53368.97
65+46 54064 373110 9133.83
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total1 576 9301 620 090 3 197 020100
0–4196 803186 456383 25911.99
5–9188 352 179 962368 31411.52
10–14140 208134 666274 8748.60
15–19110 141106 626216 7676.78
20–24113 271 112 114225 385 7.05
25–29130 143129 056259 1998.11
30–34143 491143 359286 8508.97
35–39119 621120 173239 7947.50
40–44106 169109 049215 2186.73
45–4993 16298 495191 6575.99
50–5476 25786 183162 4405.08
55–5964 23876 928141 1664.42
60–6441 76854 45896 2263.01
65–6922 80832 53555 3431.73
70–7412 87819 92832 8061.03
75–799 98415 17925 1630.79
80–844 9188 29313 2110.41
85–892 0694 7926 8610.21
90–945271 3701 8970.06
95–991104015110.02
100+126779<0.01
Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14525 363501 0841 026 44732.11
15–64998 2611 036 4412 034 70263.64
65+53 30682 565135 8714.25

Ethnicity and languages

The demonym for the people of Mongolia is Mongolian. The name Mongol usually accounts for people of the Mongol ethnic group, thus excluding Turkic groups such as Kazakhs and Tuvans.

Ethnic Mongols account for about 96% of the population and consist of Khalkh and other subgroups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongolian language. The Khalkhs make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include Oirats, Buryats and others. Ethnic distinctions among the Mongol subgroups are relatively minor. Language or tribal differences are not a political or social issue.

Turkic speaking Kazakhs form the largest ethnic minority and constitute c. 3.9% of Mongolia's population. Khotons and Chantuu are Mongolized people with Turkic origin and speak Mongolian.

In around 1860, part of the Middle jüz Kazakhs who sought refuge from Qing Empire massacre in Xinjiang came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-Ölgii Province. There are smaller numbers of Russian, Chinese, Korean and American people working in Mongolia since 1990. 3,000 Westerners live in Mongolia, accounting for 0.1% of its total population.[8]

English is the most widely used foreign language followed by Russian. Lately, Chinese,[9] Japanese, Korean and German are gaining popularity.

Ethnicity

National censuses data[10]
Ethnic groupsEthno-linguistic family1956196319691979198920002010[11] 2020[12]
Khalkh639,141 775,376 911,079 1,235,806 1,610,424 1,934,674 2,168,141 2,659,985
Kazakh36,729 47,735 62,812 84,305 120,506 102,983 101,526 120,999
Dörbet25,667 31,339 34,725 45,053 55,208 66,706 72,403 83,719
Bayid15,874 19,891 25,479 31,053 39,233 50,824 56,573 63,775
Buryat24,625 28,523 29,772 29,802 35,444 40,620 45,087 43,661
Zakhchin15,772 14,399 15,662 18,957 23,478 25,183 32,845 37,407
Dariganga16,852 18,587 20,603 24,564 29,040 31,909 27,412 36,419
Altai Uriankhai10,833[13] 13,140 15,057 19,475 22,998 29,766 26,654 29,021
Darkhad8,826 10,174 10,716 14,757 19,019 21,558 24,549
Uuld15,520 14,666
Khotogoid... ... ... ... ... 7,237 15,460 8,583
Torguud4,729 6,028 7,119 8,617 10,050 12,628 14,176 15,596
Khotons2,603 2,874 4,056 4,380 6,076 9,014 11,304 12,057
Myangad2,518 2,712 3,222 4,173 4,760 6,028 6,592 8,125
Tuvan... ... ... ... ... 4,778 5,169 2,354
Barga2,458 2,343 2,305 1,999 2,130 2,506 2,989 2,832
Üzemchin2,046 2,070 2,127 2,030 2,086 2,386 2,577 2,308
Eljigin... ... ... ... ... 151 1,340 1,034
Sartuul... ... ... ... ... 1,540 1,286 2,023
Hamnigan of Tungusic origin... ... ... ... ... 565 537 384
Tsaatan... ... ... ... ... 303 282 208
Chantuu... ... ... ... ... 380 260 202
Kharchin... ... ... ... ... 266 152 154
Chahar... ... ... ... ... 123 132 ...
Khoshut382
(Huuchid)... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
(Baarin)... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
(Khorchin)... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
(Tümed)... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Russian nationals 13,444 8,905 1,433 196 140 2,020 2,474
Chinese nationals 16,157 21,981 725 344 247 3,374 8,688
Korean nationals ... ... ... ... ... 338 1,522
American nationals ... ... ... ... ... 303 656
Others 11,125 6,819 35,045 8,653 1,509 ... ... 4,122
Mongolia 845,481 1,017,162 1,188,271 1,538,980 1,987,274 2,365,269 2,754,685 3,174,565

Literacy

Literacy rate is the percentage of people over the age of 15 who can read and write.

Total population: 98.3%[14]

After a decline in enrollment ratios during the transition to a market economy in the 1990s, school attendance is now once more near-universal: primary school attendance rate is estimated at 97%, and adult literacy at 98%.[15]

Religions

See main article: Religion in Mongolia. Various forms of Shamanism have been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, as such beliefs were common among nomadic people in Asian history. Such beliefs gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and continues to be practiced.

Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhism was the predominant religion. However, it was suppressed under the communist regime until 1990, with only one showcase monastery allowed to remain. Since 1990, as liberalization began, Buddhism has encountered a resurgence.

Religions in Mongolia
(population aged 15 and above)
YearBuddhismIslamShamanismChristianityOther religionsAtheismYear
%%%%%%
2010909,357 190,702 155,174 41,117 6,933 835,283 3,000,000
2020[16]

Urbanization

Life in sparsely populated Mongolia has become more urbanized. Nearly half of the people live in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and in other provincial centers. Semi nomadic life still predominates in the countryside, but settled agricultural communities are becoming more common. Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.6% (2020 census). About two-thirds of the total population is under age 30, 36% of whom are under 14.

Key: For population growth 1979–2008

RankNameMongolianInhabitants
(1979 est.[17] [18] [19])
Inhabitants
(1989 est.[20])
Inhabitants
(2000 census[21])
Inhabitants
(est. 2008)
Change since 1979Growth Percentage/YearAdministrative
Unit
1. Ulaanbaatar * Улаанбаатар 396,300 540,600711,9001,008,738612,438 +5.2%Ulaanbaatar
2. Эрдэнэт 29,100 style="text-align: center; background:;" -68,310 86,86657,766 +6.6%Orkhon
3. Дархан 49,100 style="text-align: center; background:;" -65,791 74,30025,200 +1.7%Darkhan-Uul
4. Чойбалсан 28,500 37,30040,123 38,1509,650 +1.1% Dornod
5. Мөрөн 16,500 21,30028,903 36,08219,582 +4.0%Khövsgöl
6. Налайх - style="text-align: center; background:;" -23,600 29,1155,515 +3.0%Ulaanbaatar
7. Ховд 17,500 24,10025,765 28,60111,101 +2.1%Khovd
8. Өлгий 18,700 27,20025,791 27,8559,155 +1.6%Bayan-Ölgii
9. Баянхонгор 16,300 21,20022,06626,2529,952 +2.0%Bayankhongor
10. Багануур - style="text-align: center; background:;" -21,100 25,8774,777 +1.8%Ulaanbaatar
11. Багануур 12,300 16,90019,058 25,62213,322 +3.6%Övörkhangai
12. Улаангом 17,900 22,90025,993 21,4063,506 +0.67%Uvs
13. Сүхбаатар 14,300 19,60022,374 19,6265,326 +1.2%Selenge
14. Сайншанд 11,100 10,30018,290 25,21014,110 +4.2%Dornogovi
15. Даланзадгад 10,000 14,30014,050 16,8566,856 +2.3%Ömnögovi
16. Цэцэрлэг 14,700 20,30018,519 16,3001,600 +0.37% Arkhangai
17. Улиастай 15,400 20,30018,154 16,240840 +0.17%Zavkhan
18. Алтай 13,700 18,80015,741 15,8002,100 +0.5%Govi-Altai
19. Зүүнхараа 11,400 - 15,000(2004) - 3,600 +1.1%Selenge
20. Өндөрхаан 11,100 14,40018,003 14,8003,700 +1.1%Khentii
21. Зуунмод 9,800 15,80014,837 14,5684,768 +1.6%Töv
22. Баруун-Урт 11,600 16,10015,133 12,9941,394 +0.4%Sükhbaatar
23. Замын-Үүд - style="text-align: center; background:;" -5,486 11,5276,041 +13.8% Dornogovi
24. Булган 11,300 12,80012,681 11,198−102 −0.03%Bulgan
25. Мандалговь 10,200 16,10014,517 10,29999 +0.03%Dundgovi
26. Хархорин - style="text-align: center; background:;" -8,977(2003) - style="text-align: center; background:;" - n/a% Övörkhangai
27. Бор-Өндөр - style="text-align: center; background:;" -6,406(2001) 8,9022,496 +3.5% Khentii
28. Чойр 4,500 style="text-align: center; background:;" -8,983 7,9983,498 +2.6%Govisümber
29. Шарынгол - - 8,902 7,798−1,104 −2.8% Darkhan-Uul
Монгол улс 1,538,980 1,987,274 2,365,269 2,635,0001,096,600 +2.38%

From List of cities in Mongolia

Base demographic indicators for Mongolia

Base Demographic Indicators for Mongolia
Demography indicatorunitsU.S. Census Bureau
International
Data Base
1 July 2007[22]
United Nations
World Population
Prospects:
The 2007 Revision
1 July 2007[23]
United Nations
Economic and Social
Commission for Asia
and Pacific(ESCAP)
1 July 2006[24]
National Statistical
Office of Mongolia
31 December 2007[25]
align=right Populationpersonalign=right 2,951,786align=right 2,629,000align=right 2,605,000align=right 2,635,200
align=right Age structure: 0–14 years:% of total population
align=right Age structure: 15–59 years:% of total population
align=right Age structure: 60 years and over:% of total population
align=right Population growth rate%
align=right Birth ratebirths/1,000 populationalign=right 21.07align=right 18.5align=right 19.7 (2000–2005)align=right 21.7
align=right Death ratedeaths/1,000 populationalign=right 6.21align=right 6.6align=right 6.9 (2000–2005)align=right 6.2
align=right Net migration ratemigrant(s)/1,000 populationalign=right 0align=right 0align=right −4.0 (2000–2005)
align=right Sex ratio

at birth:

male(s)/femalealign=right 1.0500align=right 1.01align=right 1.0424align=right 1.0310
align=right Sex ratio: under 15 years:male(s)/femalealign=right 1.0408align=right 1.0153align=right 1.0193
align=right Sex ratio: 15–59 years:male(s)/femalealign=right 1.0003align=right 0.9414align=right 0.9379
align=right Sex ratio: 60 years and over:male(s)/femalealign=right 0.8169align=right 0.80align=right 0.7933
align=right Sex ratio: total population:male(s)/femalealign=right 1.0002align=right 0.9947align=right 0.9508
align=right Potential support ratiopersons aged 15 to 64
per persons aged 65 or older
align=right 17.47align=right 17align=right 16.33
align=right Infant mortality ratedeaths/1,000 live birthsalign=right 42.65align=right 40align=right 39 (2005)align=right 15.4
align=right Mortality under age 5deaths/1,000align=right 55align=right 49 (2005)align=right 22
align=right Life expectancy at birth total population:yearsalign=right 66.99align=right 68align=right 65.1 (2000–2005)align=right 66.54
align=right Life expectancy at birth male:yearsalign=right 64.61align=right 64align=right 61.9 (2000–2005)align=right 63.13
align=right Life expectancy at birth female:yearsalign=right 69.48align=right 70align=right 68.4 (2000–2005)align=right 70.23
align=right Total fertility ratechildren born/womanalign=right 2.2517align=right 1.9align=right 2.1 (2000–2005)align=right 2.3
align=right Age specific fertility rate:ages 15–19 (per 1,000)align=right 22.5align=right 45align=right 49.7 (2000–2005)align=right 18.7
align=right Urban population:% of total population
align=right Gross secondary school enrolment ratio males:%
align=right Gross secondary school enrolment ratio females:%
align=right Contraceptive prevalence rate all methods:% of women aged 15 to 49
who are married or in union
align=right Contraceptive prevalence rate modern methods:% of women aged 15 to 49
who are married or in union
align=right Persons with disabilities:% of total population
align=right National poverty rate:% of total population (2002)
align=right Human development index% of total population
align=right Population projected to 2025:personalign=right 3,725,352align=right 3,112,000
align=right Population projected to 2050:personalign=right 4,340,496align=right 3,388,000

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Date . Mongolia National Census 2020 Results . National Statistical Office of Mongolia . 2020-06-12 . 2020-06-12.
  2. Web site: CIA World Factbook. 2012. CIA. 14 November 2012.
  3. Web site: World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision.
  4. Web site: Population . Mongolian Statistical Information Service . 27 April 2019.
  5. Web site: Population, in 2023 .
  6. Web site: Social and economic situation of Mongolia.
  7. Web site: World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations. 2017-07-15.
  8. Web site: Монголия - Монголия - Каталог статей - Чойбалсан|Монголия|Ностальгия.
  9. Web site: "Chinese language fever" in Mongolia on the upswing . english.hanban.org . 7 February 2020 . 12 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161112153659/http://english.hanban.org/article/2016-08/09/content_652567.htm . dead .
  10. "Монгол улсын ястангуудын тоо, байршилд гарч буй өөрчлөлтуудийн асуудалд" М.Баянтөр, Г.Нямдаваа, З.Баярмаа pp.57-70
  11. http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf Mongolia National Census 2010 Provision Results. National Statistical Office of Mongolia
  12. Web site: 2020 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MONGOLIA /summary/. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210715110250/https://www.1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En . 2021-07-15 .
  13. In the 1956 National Census Darkhad were counted with Uriankhai
  14. http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf National Census 2010 Preliminary results
  15. For the 2000-2006 and 2000-2005 periods, respectively. UNICEF - At a glance: Mongolia, accessed June 15th, 2006
  16. Web site: 2020 Population and Housing Census. National Statistics Office of Mongolia. https://web.archive.org/web/20230901022031/https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf. 1 September 2023. 15 August 2023. bot: unknown.
  17. Web site: City Population - Historical population figures.
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  21. (2000) PADCO: Mongolia Urban Development and Housing Sector Strategy, Final Report, Vol. 2, published 2005.
  22. https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/country/mgportal.html U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base - Mongolia Country Summary
  23. Web site: United Nations World Population Prospects: The 2007 Revision.
  24. Web site: United Nations ESCAP 2007 Statistical Yearbook . 2008-04-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170105062237/http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/index.asp . 2017-01-05 . dead .
  25. Statistical Yearbook of Mongolia 2007, National Statistical Office, Ulaanbaatar, 2008