Demographics of Kerala explained

Size Of Population:34.8 million
Density:859 per sq.km
Growth:3.31% yearly (2021 estimate)
Birth Rate:13.9 per 1000 pop. (2018 estimate)
Death Rate:6.95 per 1000 pop. (2018 estimate)
Life Male:75 years
Life Female:80.15 years
Fertility:1.82 births per woman
Infant Mortality:7 per 1000 live births
Net Migration:−0.08 per 1000 (2019 estimate)
Age 0–14 Years:19%
Age 15–64 Years:70%
Age 65 Years:12%
Total Mf Ratio:0.97 males/female
Sr At Birth:1.04 males/female

Kerala is a state in south-western India. Most of Kerala's 34.8 million people (in 2011) are ethnically Malayalis (Malayalam speakers). People of Kerala trace their origins to Dravidians and Aryans. Kerala people have mixed ancestry. Additional ancestries derive from millennia of trade links across the Arabian Sea, whereby people of Arab, Jewish, Syrian, Portuguese, English and other ethnicities settled in Kerala. Many of these immigrants intermarried with native Malayalam speakers resulting in formation of many Muslim and Christian groups in Kerala.[1] [2] Some Muslims and Christians thus take lineage from Middle Eastern and European settlers who mixed with native population.

Malayalam is Kerala's official language and is spoken by at least 97% of the people of Kerala; the next most common language are English . Tamil which is spoken mainly in the bordering districts of Kerala with Tamilnadu, especially Idukki and Palakkad districts.Tulu and Kannada is spoken in northern parts of Kasaragod district, bordering Karnataka. In addition, Kerala is home to 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis (1.10% of the populace).[3] Some 63% of tribals reside in the eastern districts of Wayanad (where 35.82% are tribals), Palakkad (1.02%), and Idukki (15.66%).[4] These groups, including the Paniyars, Mooppans, Irulars, Kurumbars, and Mudugars,[5] speak their own native languages.[6] [7] [8] Cholanaikkan tribe in the Silent Valley National Park were contacted only in the 1970s and they are the most isolated tribe in the state.[9]

Population

Population density of Kerala
Kerala's districts, shaded by population density
Source:

Kerala is home to 2.76% of India's population, and at 859 persons per km2;[10] its land is three times as densely settled as the rest of India. Kerala's western coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2,022 persons per km2, 2.5 times the overall population density of the state, 859 persons per km2, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.[11] However, Kerala's population growth rate is far lower than the national average, although Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 – adding 15.6 million people to reach a total of 29.1 million residents in 1991 – the population stood at 31.8 million by 2001 and 33.3 million in 2011.[10] Kerala's people are most densely settled in the coastal region, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated. Kerala is the second-most urbanised major state in the country with 47.7% urban population according to the 2011 Census of India.[12]

Hinduism is followed by the majority of Keralites (54.7%). The major religions followed in Kerala are Hinduism (54.7% — Hinduism in Kerala), Islam (26.6%) and Christianity (18.4%).[13]

Kerala also had a tiny Jewish population until recently, said to date from 587 BC when they fled the occupation of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar.[14] The 2001 Indian census recorded only 51 Jews in Kerala. The Paradesi Synagogue in Kochi is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations.[15]

The state has many famous temples, mosques, and churches. The oldest church in India is found in Kerala, believed to be established by St. Thomas, the disciple of Jesus Christ and the Cheramaan Juma Mosque is considered to be the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent which was built by an Islamic missionary Malik Dinar.

Historical population!Year!Population!Decadal growth
201133,406,0614.91
200131,841,3749.43
199129,098,51814.32
198125,453,68019.24
197121,347,37526.29
196116,903,71524.76
195113,549,11822.82
194111,031,54116.04
19319,507,05021.85
19217,802,1279.16
19117,147,67311.75
19016,392,620–

Population graph of Kerala from 2005 to 20

Source:[16]

Features

Social development

Kerala ranks highest in India with respect to social development indices such as elimination of poverty, primary education and healthcare. This resulted from significant efforts begun in 1911 by the erstwhile Princely states of Cochin and Travancore to boost healthcare and education among the people. This central focus – deemed unusual in India – was then maintained after Kerala's post-independence inauguration as a state.[17] Thus, Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India of 93.91% (2011);[18] and life expectancy is now the highest in India. The suicide rates in Kerala are the highest in India.[19] As per the 2011 census, Kerala and Puducherry are the only domiciles in India with a female-to-male ratio higher than 0.99. The ratio for Kerala is 1.084 – 1084 females per 1000 males – while the national figure is 0.940.[20] It is also one of the states in India to have sub-replacement fertility.[21]

UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) designated Kerala as the world's first "baby-friendly state" via its "Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative". The state is also known for Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine – this traditional expertise is currently drawing increasing numbers of medical tourists. However, drawbacks to this situation includes the population's steady ageing – indeed, 11.2% of Keralites are age 60 or over.

Kerala's unusual socioeconomic and demographic situation was summarised by author and environmentalist Bill McKibben:[22]

Expatriation and Emigration

As of 2011, a total of 2,280,000 Keralites reside outside India. Largest populations are found in UAE (883,313) and US (68,076).[23]

The major concentrations of expat Keralites are in the following nations: (figures as of 2011)[24]

Diversity

There are more than 2,500,000 migrants living in Kerala,[25] mostly from Assam and West Bengal, constituting more than 8% of the population. There are also migrants from Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and the North East.[26] [25] [27]

Studies indicate that by the time of 2026 state elections, migrants will become a crucial voting block in many of the constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kannur districts.[28]

Lists

Urban centres

According to 2011 Census of India, Kerala has six 1.5 million-plus urban agglomerations: Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, and Kannur, all of which has a population of at least 1.5 million.[29] [30] [31] Over a third of Keralites live in these large cities (a higher percentage than any other state), and over half the population lives in urban centres.[32]

Thiruvananthapuram is the largest city in Kerala in terms of population

The above table lists Kerala cities in terms of their respective corporation statistics.

According to the 2011 Census, 7 of the top 50 most populous metropolitan areas in India belong to Kerala. They are Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur and Kollam ranking 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27 and 48 respectively.[31] [29]

Most populous urban agglomerations

The following is a list of most populous urban agglomerations in the Kerala state of India. Population statistics indicated are as of 2011 census.[33] [34] [35]

(Note that this is a list of metropolitan (UA) population and does not indicate the corporation populations. Cities in India are officially ranked in terms of these numbers)

Rank UA Population (2011) Population (2001) District
1 2,117,990 1,355,972 Ernakulam
2 2,030,519715,681 Kozhikode
31,854,783 103,122 Thrissur
4 1,698,645 170,409 Malappuram
5 1,679,754 1,089,635 Thiruvananthapuram
6 1,642,892 498,207 Kannur
7 1,110,005 380,091Kollam
8 455,408 141,558 Alappuzha
9 427,091 68,585 Alappuzha
10 357,533 172,878 Kottayam
11 293,566 283,369 Palakkad
12 241,072 282,675 Alappuzha
13 238,238 49,242 Palakkad
14 229,706 129,367 Kasaragod
15 192,761 75,968 Kasaragod
16 127,971 51,967 Kottayam
17 114,901 48,380 Thrissur
18 114,574 37,173 Ernakulam

Ethnic groups

See main article: article and Ethnic groups in Kerala.

The vast majority of residents of Kerala are Malayalis, but there are many smaller ethnic groups including Tuluvas, Tamils, Kannadigas and Konkanis. In addition, as of early 2013 there are close to 2.5 million (7.5% of state population) migrant workers from other states of India in Kerala.[36]

Language

Kerala is the most unilingual state of India in which about 97% of the total population speak Malayalam as their Native language. In addition, there is a significant Tamil population in Idukki district, which accounts for 17.48% of its total population.[37] Tulu and Kannada are spoken in the northern portions of Kasaragod district, each of which account for 8.77% and 4.23% of total population in the district respectively.[37] [38]

Religion

See main article: article and Religion in Kerala. Hindus constitute 54.7% of the population of Kerala, followed by Islam with 26.6% population and Christianity at third with 18.4% population as per 2011 census.

Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901–2011)[39] [40]
Census
Year		HindusDecadal Growth rate (%)MuslimsDecadal Growth rate (%)ChristiansDecadal Growth rate (%)Total
Population		Decadal Growth rate (%)
19014,378,30568.5%N/A1,119,47317.5%N/A891,76713.9%N/A6,389,545100.0%N/A
19114,762,39366.8%+8.771,263,60217.7%+12.871,101,28915.5%+23.507,127,284100.0%+11.55
19215,052,03964.9%+6.081,360,18017.5%+7.641,376,35417.7%+24.987,788,573100.0%+9.28
19316,021,98263.4%+19.201,624,11217.1%+19.401,856,02419.5%+34.859,502,118100.0%+22.00
19416,699,60061.8%+11.251,883,78617.4%+11.602,263,88820.9%+21.9810,847,274100.0%+14.16
19518,344,35161.6%+24.552,374,59817.5%+26.052,825,72020.9%+24.8213,544,669100.0%+24.87
196110,282,56860.9%+23.233,027,63917.9%+27.503,587,36521.2%+26.9516,897,572100.0%+24.75
197112,683,27759.4%+23.354,162,71819.5%+37.494,494,08921.1%+25.2821,340,084100.0%+26.29
198114,801,34758.2%+16.705,409,68721.3%+30.005,233,86520.6%+16.4625,444,899100.0%+19.24
199116,668,58757.3%+12.626,788,35423.3%+25.495,621,51019.3%+7.4129,078,451100.0%+14.28
200117,920,10556.3%+7.517,863,84224.7%+15.846,057,42719.0%+7.7531,841,374100.0%+9.50
201118,282,49254.9%+2.028,873,47226.6%+12.846,141,26918.4%+1.3833,406,061100.0%+4.91
Indicates Least growth rateIndicates Most growth rateSource: Census of India (1901–2011)
Detailed breakdown of religious demographics!Religion !! 2001[41] !%!! 2011[42] !%
Hinduism 17,883,44956.1618,282,49254.73
Islam 7,863,84224.708,873,47226.56
Christianity 6,057,42719.026,141,26918.38
Buddhism 2,027>0.014,7520.01
Jainism 4,5280.014,4890.01
Sikhism 2,762>0.013,8140.01
Other 2,256>0.017,6180.02
Not stated ——88,1550.26
Total31,841,374~10033,406,061~100

Religious demographics of Travancore (1816–1941)

See main article: article and Travancore.

Religious Demographics of Travancore (1816–1941)
Census yearHindusChristiansMuslimsTotal population
1816 – 1820752,37182.99%112,15812.37%42,0584.64%906,587
18811,755,61073.12%498,54220.76%146,9096.12%2,401,158
18911,871,86473.18%526,91120.60%158,8236.21%2,557,736
19012,063,79869.91%697,38723.62%190,5666.46%2,952,157
19112,298,39067.03%903,86826.36%226,6176.61%3,428,975
19212,562,30163.96%1,172,93429.27%270,4786.75%4,006,062
19313,137,79561.57%1,604,47531.46%353,2746.93%5,095,973
19413,671,48060.49%1,963,80832.35%434,1507.15%6,070,018
Sources:[43] [44] [45] [46]

Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871–1951)

See main article: article and Malabar District.

Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871&1951)
Religion18711951
1Hinduism72.43%63.25%
2Islam25.72%33.49%
3Christianity1.43%3.24%
Sources:[47] [48]

Communities

See main article: article and Religion in Kerala.

See also: Caste system among South Asian Christians.

Castes of Kerala

The Scheduled Caste (SC) population of Kerala State is 3,123,941 which is 9.8% of overall population. Scheduled Tribes in Kerala, with a population of 364,000, constitute 1.14% of the population.[49]

Denominations groups among Christians:

Catholic church (Syrian and Latin rites) is the largest denomination among Kerala Christians. Malankara orthodox church, Jacobite Syrian orthodox church and Marthomite Syrian church denominations claim Syrian roots. Major Protestant groups include Church of South India (CSI), various Pentecostal churches. Chaldean Syrian, Seventh Day Adventists, Salvation Army are some other denominations.[50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]

Tribal communities

Kerala has approximately 35 distinct scheduled tribes that constitute 1.3% of the population. Though entirely unique, their languages are often not highlighted as distinct in the census. The Paniyan, who are the numerically dominant tribe, live in north east of the state and practice settled cultivation. The Kattunaikan, Kurichian and Kuruman belong to the same region. Palleyan, Palliyan and Palliyar inhabit the Idukki region not far from the Anamalai and Palani hills of Tamil Nadu where you find the same population. The Kadar, Irular, Kurumbas, Maha malasar and Malasar inhabit the Palghat region close to their counterparts in Niligiri and Anamalai hills of Tamil Nadu. The same is the case of the Kudiya and Koraga living in the northern most tip of the state next to Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka.[56]

Age structure

(2011 census)

0–6 years: 9.95%

7–14 years: 23.9%

15–59 years: 54.3%

60 years and over:12.8%

Population by age (2011)!Age (Years):!Male population!Female population
0–412475341205558
5–913031901251922
10–1414389171383853
15–1913282991282253
20–2412988261366983
25–2912039781400114
30–3411282171327284
35–3911618191417854
40–4411174241295074
45–4911055981242932
50–54931191996954
55–59861527880881
60–64685136729535
65–69459232542902
70–74326562406810
75–79208317293050
80+204348337501
Median age!Year:!1961!1971!1981!1991!2001!2011
Age:19.2819.3921.8124.3628.8732

Urbanisation

Urbanisation Rate in Kerala!Year!Ruralpopulation

(%)!UrbanPopulation

(%)

196184.915.11
197183.7616.24
198181.2618.74
199173.6126.39
200174.0425.96
201152.2647.74

Birth rate

Year Births Deaths Natural
change 		Birth
rate 		Death
rate		N. change
rate
1997 607,727 166,428 441,299 19.2 5.3 13.9
1998 591,508 185,788 405,720 18.4 5.8 12.6
1999 596,948 186,828 410,120 18.3 5.7 12.6
2000 593,724 178,795 414,929 18.0 5.4 12.6
2001 579,063 182,059 397,004 18.1 5.7 12.4
2002 581,925 184,597 397,328 18.0 5.7 12.3
2003 558,369 194,264 364,105 17.2 6.0 11.2
2004 563,153 199,017 364,136 17.1 6.1 11.0
2005 559,082 204,157 354,925 17.3 6.3 11.0
2006 556,326 219,094 337,232 16.6 6.6 10.0
2007 545,154 238,691 306,463 16.2 7.1 9.1
2008 535,738 221,769 313,969 15.7 6.5 9.2
2009 544,348 238,691 305,657 16.2 7.1 9.1
2010 546,964 238,864 308,100 15.8 6.9 8.9
2011 560,268 245,002 315,266 16.7 7.3 9.4
2012 550,411 239,982 310,429 16.4 7.1 9.3
2013 536,352 260,915 276,157 15.9 7.7 8.2
2014 534,458 248,242 286,216 15.8 7.3 8.5
2015 516,013 252,576 263,437 15.1 7.4 7.7
2016 496,292 256,130 240,162 14.5 7.5 7.0
2017 503,588 263,342 240,246 14.6 7.6 7.0
2018 488,174 258,530 229,644 14.1 7.5 6.6
2019 480,113 270,567 209,546 13.8 7.8 6.0
2020 446,891 250,983 195,908 12.8 7.2 5.6
2021 419,767 339,648 80,119 11.9 9.7 2.3
Birth data by religion
Percentage Distribution of Live Birth by Religion of the Family[57]
Religion2021[58] %2020[59] %2019[60] %2018[61] %2017[62] %2016[63] % 2015[64] % 2014[65] % 2013[66] % 2012[67] % 2011[68] % 2010[69] % 2009[70] % 2008[71] % 2007[72] % 2006[73] % 2005[74] %
Muslim169,29640.33%196,13843.89%212,933 44.35% 213,805 43.80% 216,525 43.00% 211,182 42.55% 213,865 41.45% 218,437 40.87%214,257 39.96%175,89231.96% 214,099 38.21% 209,276 38.26% 204,711 37.61% 194,583 36.32% 183,796 33.71% 196,493 35.32% 191,675 34.28%
Hindu181,39643.21%185,41141.49%197,061 41.04% 203,158 41.61% 210,071 41.71% 207,831 41.88%221,220 42.87% 231,031 43.23% 236,420 44.08% 214,591 38.99% 248,610 44.37% 246,297 45.03% 247,707 45.51% 241,305 45.04% 250,094 45.88% 258,119 46.40% 262,976 47.04%
Christian59,76614.24%62,26513.93%68,596 14.29% 69,844 14.31%75,335 14.96%76,205 15.35%79,565 15.42% 83,616 15.65% 84,660 15.78% 102,546 18.63% 94,664 16.90% 88,936 16.26% 90,451 16.62% 94,175 17.58% 98,220 18.02% 96,469 17.34% 98,353 17.59%
Others9,1432.18%2,9670.66%1,408 0.29% 1,214 0.25% 1,497 0.30%8520.18%9330.18% 1,178 0.22% 869 0.16% 57,215 10.39% 2,671 0.48% 651 0.12% 704 0.13% 5,151 0.96% 6,108 1.12% 1,545 0.28% 1,098 0.19%
Not Stated1660.04%1100.02%115 0.02% 153 0.03%169 0.03%222 0.04%430 0.08% 196 0.03% 146 0.02% 167 0.03% 224 0.04% 1,806 0.33% 775 0.14% 524 0.10% 6,936 1.27% 3,700 0.66% 4,980 0.89%
Total419,767100%446,891100%480,113100%488,174100%503,588100%496,292100%516,013100%534,458100%536,352100%550,411100%560,268100%546,964100%544,348100%535,738 100% 545,154 100% 556,326 100% 559,082 100%

17.1 births/1,000 population (1994–2001 est.)[75]

Birth Rate was 17.1 in 1994–2001 (20.3 in 1984–1990 & 25.0 in 1974–1980). Pathanamthitta (14.5 in 1994–2001, 17.2 in 1984–1990 & NA in 1974–1980) had the lowest TBR and Malappuram(22.4, 29.5 & 33.6) had the highest TBR.

According to the 2011 Census, Thiruvalla taluk has the lowest birth rate and Tirurangadi taluk has the highest birth rate.[76]

Lowest Birth Rate (2011):

  1. Thiruvalla – 10.63 per 1,000
  2. Mallappally – 10.69 per 1,000
  3. Kozhenchery – 10.86 per 1,000
  4. Chengannur – 10.93 per 1,000
  5. Adoor – 11.09 per 1,000

Highest Birth Rate (2011):

  1. Tirurangadi – 19.99 per 1,000
  2. Ernad – 19.68 per 1,000
  3. Perinthalmanna – 19.43 per 1,000
  4. Tirur – 19.16 per 1,000
  5. Nilambur – 18.34 per 1,000

Vital stats for the year 2011:[77]

CommunityPopBirthsBirth RateDeathsDeath RateNGR%
Total33,406,061560,26816.77245,0027.330.94%
Hindu18,282,492248,61013.60148,0978.100.55%
Muslim8,873,472214,09924.1345,3055.111.90%
Christian6,141,26994,66415.4150,3658.200.72%

Net migration rate

(-)3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1991 est.)

Of the emigrants from Kerala, 42.2% were Muslims, 36.6% were Hindus and 21.2% were Christians in 1992–93. The most preferred destination was Saudi Arabia (37.8%), followed by UAE (25.9%), Other Gulf countries (13.0%), Oman (11.8%), Other Countries (7.5%) and USA(3.8%).[81]

Sex ratio

According to the 2011 census, women outnumber men in all the districts of Kerala with the highest proportion in Kannur and Pathanamthitta districts.

Districts Population Males %Females %
1,307,375 628,61348.1% 678,76251.9%
2,523,003 1,181,44646.8% 1,341,55753.2%
817,420 401,68449.1% 415,73650.9%
3,086,293 1,470,94247.7% 1,615,35152.3%
4,112,920 1,960,32847.7% 2,152,59252.3%
2,809,934 1,359,47848.4% 1,450,45651.6%
3,121,200 1,480,76347.4% 1,640,43752.6%
3,282,388 1,619,55749.3% 1,662,83150.7%
1,108,974 552,80849.8% 556,16650.2%
1,974,551 968,28949% 1,006,26251%
2,127,789 1,013,14247.6% 1,114,64752.4%
1,197,412 561,71646.8% 635,69653.2%
2,635,375 1,246,96847.3% 1,388,40752.7%
3,301,427 1,581,67847.9% 1,719,74952.1%

Vital statistics

YearInfantMortality

Rate

(per 1000 birth)

CrudeBirth Rate

(per 100)

CrudeDeath Rate

(per 1000)

NaturalGrowth

Rate

(per 1000)

MaternalMortality Rate

(Maternal death/

100000 live birth)

TotalFertility

Rate

(Birth/Woman)

20001417.96.411.51.7
20011117.36.610.71.8
20021016.96.410.51.8
20031116.76.310.41.8
20041215.26.19.1951.7
20051415.06.48.61.7
20061514.96.78.21.7
20071314.76.87.9811.7
20081214.66.68.01.7
20091214.76.87.91.7
20101314.87.07.8661.7
20111215.27.08.2611.7
20121214.96.98.01.7
20131214.76.97.81.6
20141214.86.68.2461.6
20151214.86.68.2421.6
20161014.37.66.71.7
20171014.26.87.41.7
2018713.96.97.031 (est)1.8

Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy at birth is 78 years.[82]

In 1991, Kerala had the lowest TFR (Children born per women) in the whole of India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians had 1.78 and Muslims had 2.97. In 2000, the TFR was 1.73 with Muslims having 2.28, Nairs having a TFR of 1.47 and Syrian Christians having TFR of 1.55. TFR for Scheduled Castes was 1.52 in 1997–98 and 1.37 in 1992–93. The lowest Fertility rate recorded anywhere in India is TFR of 1.17 for Vettuvan caste in Kerala.[83]

As per the 2011 Census, the fertility rate per community is as Hindu: 1.544 children per woman, Muslim: 2.351 and Christian: 1.716. For SC, the fertility is 1.485 and for ST, it is 1.629.[84]

For Hindus, the TFR is highest in Wayanad (1.710) and lowest in Thiruvananthapuram (1.435). For the Muslims, it is Kannur (2.779) and Pathanamthitta (1.707), while for the Christians the respective districts are Kasaragod (1.929) and Kollam (1.539).

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature by K. M. George, p2, Google book
  2. Caste, Class and Catholicism in India 1789–1914 by Kenneth Ballhatchet, p2,
  3. .
  4. .
  5. .
  6. .
  7. .
  8. .
  9. Heller . Patrick . Social capital as a product of class mobilization and state intervention: Industrial workers in Kerala, India . World Development . June 1996 . 24 . 6 . 1055–1071 . 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00015-0. free .
  10. Web site: Census of India : Provisional Population Totals India : Paper1 : Census 2011 . Censusindia.gov.in . 16 August 2014.
  11. Book: Shoreline change assessment for Kerala coast . National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests . R Ramesh . R Purvaja . A Senthil Vel . 30 May 2015 . 30 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204904/http://www.ncscm.org/cms/geo/pdf/research/kerala_fact_sheet.pdf . dead .
  12. Web site: Level of Urbanisation in Indian States. mohua.gov.in. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
  13. Web site: Indian Census. Censusindia.gov.in. 20 November 2014.
  14. http://ednafernandes.com/ Edna Fernandes
  15. Web site: . Oldest Commonwealth synagogue turns 450 . Business Standard. 9 December 2018 . Press Trust of India . 2024-10-11.
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