Demographics of Indonesia explained

Place:Indonesia
Size Of Population: 280.725.438 (2023 civil registration)
270,203,917 (2020 census)
Growth:1,13% (2023 est.)
Nation:Indonesian
Major Ethnic:Over 1,300 ethnic groups
Official:Indonesian
Spoken:Over 700 languages
Age 0–14 Years:23.87%
Age 15–64 Years:68.31%
Age 65 Years:7.82%
Birth:15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death:6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net Migration:-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Sr At Birth:1.05 male(s)/female
Sr Under 15:1.05 male(s)/female
Sr 65 Years Over:0.66 male(s)/female
Total Mf Ratio:1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Infant Mortality:19.73 deaths/1,000 live births
Life: 73.08 years
Life Male:70.86 years
Life Female:75.4 years
Fertility: 2.1 children born/woman (2022 est.)

The population of Indonesia was 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, an increase from 237.64 million in 2010.[1] [2] The official estimate as at end 2023 was 280 million increasing at a rate of 1.17% per year.[3] Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. Approximately 55% of Indonesia's population resides on Java, which is the most populous island in the world.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967,[4] Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. At this rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the population of the United States if the recent population growth continues.[5]

Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to Western nations, though it is aging as the country's birth rate has slowed and its life expectancy has increased. The median age was 30.2 years in 2017.[6] Indonesia encompasses thousands of different ethnic groups, cultures, and hundreds of languages, some of which are related to each other. Since independence, Indonesian is the language of most written communication, education, government, and business. Many local ethnic languages are the first language of most Indonesians and are still important. Examples of local languages are Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese.

Population

See also: List of Indonesian cities by population and List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia.

Population by province

align=center ProvincePopulation
(2010 census)		Urban %
in 2010		Total
Fertility
Rate		Population
(2020 census)		Urban %
in 2022[7]
align=left Aceh4,494,4102.795,274,900
align=left North Sumatra12,982,2043.0114,799,400
align=left West Sumatra4,846,9092.915,534,500
align=left Riau5,538,3672.826,394,100
align=left Jambi3,092,2652.513,548,200
align=left South Sumatra7,450,3942.568,467,400
align=left Bengkulu1,715,5182.512,010,700
align=left Lampung7,608,4052.459,007,800
align=left Bangka Belitung Islands1,223,2962.541,455,700
align=left Riau Islands1,679,1632.382,064,600
align=left Banten10,632,1662.3511,904,600
align=left Jakarta9,607,7871.8210,562,100
align=left West Java43,053,7322.4348,274,200
align=left Central Java32,382,6572.2036,516,000
align=left Yogyakarta3,457,4911.943,668,700
align=left East Java37,476,7572.0040,665,700
align=left Bali3,890,7572.134,317,400
align=left West Nusa Tenggara4,500,2122.595,320,100
align=left East Nusa Tenggara4,683,8273.825,325,600
align=left West Kalimantan4,395,9832.645,414,400
align=left Central Kalimantan2,212,0892.562,670,000
align=left South Kalimantan3,626,6162.354,073,600
align=left East Kalimantan3,028,4872.613,766,000
align=left North Kalimantan524,656701,800
align=left North Sulawesi2,270,5962.432,621,900
align=left Gorontalo1,040,1642.761,171,700
align=left Central Sulawesi2,635,0092.942,985,700
align=left South Sulawesi8,034,7762.559,073,500
align=left Southeast Sulawesi2,232,5863.202,624,900
align=left West Sulawesi1,158,651--3.331,419,200
align=left Maluku1,533,5063.561,848,900
align=left North Maluku1,038,0873.351,282,900
align=left Papua2,833,3812.874,303,700
align=left West Papua760,422--3.181,134,100
align=left Indonesia237,641,3262.41270,203,900

Source: Population Census 2010,[2] except for final column, taken from Population Census 2020.

Note: (a) North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).

https://web.archive.org/web/20130814132347/http://geocurrents.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Indonesia-provinces-North-Kalimantan-Map.png

Age structure

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data are based on the publication: "Indonesia Population Projection 2015-2045"):[8]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total135 337 011134 266 419269 603 430100
0–411 101 52810 850 46521 951 9938.14
5–911 205 65710 739 50321 945 1608.14
10–1411 284 33310 884 50922 168 8428.22
15–1911 189 86110 949 53122 139 3928.21
20–2411 070 77410 887 55521 958 3298.14
25–2910 963 60510 736 36121 699 9668.05
30–3410 777 33710 524 67321 302 0107.90
35–3910 477 47510 305 70420 783 1797.71
40–449 830 9299 693 10919 524 0387.24
45–499 140 3159 023 92418 164 2396.74
50–547 975 5517 947 47715 923 0285.91
55–596 632 3296 691 46713 323 7964.94
60–645 234 7625 287 05210 521 8143.90
65-693 758 9663 921 2637 680 2292.85
70-742 485 3082 757 0625 242 3701.94
75+2 208 2813 066 7645 275 0451.96
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–1433 591 51832 474 47766 065 99524.50
15–6493 292 93892 046 853185 339 79168.75
65+8 452 5559 745 08918 197 6446.75

Vital statistics

United Nations estimates

PeriodPopulation
(thousands)		Live births
(thousands)		Deaths
(thousands)		Natural change
(thousands)		CBRCDRNCTFRIMRLife expectancy
(years)
195069 5682 8261 5051 32140.621.619.05.19189.139.40
195171 0192 9261 5221 40441.221.419.85.23186.839.79
195272 5713 0351 5171 51841.820.920.95.27182.040.69
195374 2083 1461 5261 62042.420.621.85.31177.441.42
195475 9253 2571 5331 72342.920.222.75.35172.942.19
195577 7423 3591 5421 81743.219.823.45.37168.442.92
195679 6623 4751 5441 93143.619.424.25.41164.043.80
195781 6913 5891 5562 03343.919.024.95.45159.844.50
195883 8193 7011 5752 12644.218.825.45.48155.845.05
195986 0483 8111 5782 23344.318.326.05.51151.945.86
196088 3833 9291 5932 33744.518.026.45.55148.346.45
196190 8174 0311 6022 42944.417.626.75.57144.847.12
196293 3454 1271 6032 52344.217.227.05.59141.447.87
196395 9634 2171 6142 60343.916.827.15.60138.148.43
196498 6754 3041 6092 69543.616.327.35.61134.849.23
1965101 1584 3802 1212 25943.321.022.35.62142.742.60
1966103 5614 4261 7402 68642.716.825.95.60129.548.20
1967106 2614 4681 5962 87142.015.027.05.58124.851.07
1968109 1394 5031 5942 90941.314.626.75.54121.451.63
1969112 1494 5551 5822 97340.614.126.55.51118.052.35
1970115 2284 5961 5763 02139.913.726.25.45114.652.99
1971118 3474 6271 5703 05639.113.325.85.36111.553.58
1972121 5044 6671 5603 10738.412.825.65.29108.454.24
1973124 7094 7201 5543 16637.912.525.45.22105.354.85
1974127 9454 7271 5473 18037.012.124.95.09102.355.43
1975131 2134 7831 5443 23936.511.824.75.0499.455.97
1976134 5214 8131 5403 27335.811.524.34.9296.856.51
1977137 8624 8491 5343 31535.211.124.04.8194.157.08
1978141 2514 9081 5353 37334.710.923.94.7291.657.57
1979144 6934 9521 5303 42234.210.623.74.6189.358.15
1980148 1774 9811 5213 46033.610.323.44.4986.958.75
1981151 6864 9971 5263 47233.010.122.94.3684.659.14
1982155 2295 0361 5143 52232.49.822.74.2582.359.76
1983158 7915 0161 5073 50831.69.522.14.1079.960.27
1984162 3324 9861 5023 48430.79.321.53.9477.660.73
1985165 7924 8361 4813 35529.28.920.23.7175.261.31
1986169 1354 7361 4723 26428.08.719.33.5372.861.72
1987172 4214 7321 4813 25127.48.618.93.4270.461.97
1988175 6954 7381 4953 24427.08.518.53.3368.062.21
1989178 9494 7071 4873 22026.38.318.03.2265.662.70
1990182 1604 6471 4773 17025.58.117.43.1063.163.18
1991185 3614 7021 4843 21825.48.017.43.0660.663.54
1992188 5584 6441 4683 17624.67.816.82.9458.164.13
1993191 7374 6521 4643 18824.37.616.62.8855.764.60
1994194 9294 6811 4813 20124.07.616.42.8453.364.86
1995198 1404 7141 4873 22723.87.516.32.8051.065.24
1996201 3744 7621 5193 24423.67.516.12.7748.965.36
1997204 6284 7971 5263 27123.47.516.02.7446.865.73
1998207 8554 7441 5443 20022.87.415.42.6644.865.96
1999210 9974 6831 5593 12322.27.414.82.5842.966.22
2000214 0724 6801 5813 09921.97.414.52.5441.166.43
2001217 1124 6791 5913 08821.57.314.22.5039.566.76
2002220 1154 6621 5963 06621.27.213.92.4637.867.13
2003223 0804 6581 6123 04620.97.213.72.4336.367.41
2004225 9394 6781 8072 87120.78.012.72.4236.965.75
2005228 8054 7461 6793 06720.77.313.42.4333.567.65
2006231 7974 8191 6983 12120.87.313.52.4532.267.91
2007234 8584 9231 7193 20521.07.313.62.4931.068.19
2008237 9374 9271 7633 16420.77.413.32.4829.868.23
2009240 9814 9131 7803 13320.47.413.02.4628.768.49
2010244 0164 9201 8073 11220.27.412.82.4527.668.68
2011247 1005 0291 8433 18620.37.512.92.5026.568.82
2012250 2235 0281 8753 15320.17.512.62.4925.668.97
2013253 2764 9171 8893 02919.47.512.02.4324.669.26
2014256 2304 8571 9042 95319.07.411.52.3923.769.53
2015259 0924 7801 9332 84718.47.511.02.3522.869.70
2016261 8504 7181 9722 74618.07.510.52.3122.069.80
2017264 4994 6342 0042 62917.57.69.92.2621.269.94
2018267 0674 5882 0022 58617.27.59.72.2320.570.34
2019269 5834 5592 0322 52616.97.59.42.2219.870.52
2020271 8584 5262 4372 08916.69.07.72.1919.268.81
2021273 7534 4962 7551 74116.4 10.16.42.1818.667.57
Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022[9]

Registered births and deaths

Data from Department of Statistics of Indonesia :[10]

Average populationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1,000)Crude death rate (per 1,000)Natural change (per 1,000)Fertility rates
2003213,600,000 4,439,17613.4
2004216,400,000approx. 4,439,17613.3
2005219,800,000approx. 4,439,17613.2
2006222,700,000approx. 4,439,17613.0
2007225,600,000approx. 4,439,17612.8
2008228,500,000approx. 4,439,17612.5
2009231,400,000approx. 4,418,87112.2
2010237,641,326approx. 4,418,8711,236,15418.65.2
2011241,000,000approx. 4,418,87113.2
2012244,200,000approx. 4,418,87113.12.6
2015255,587,900approx. 4,418,871
2016258,496,500approx. 4,414,499
2017261,355,500approx. 4,414,4992.4
2018264,161,600approx. 4,414,499
2019266,911,900approx. 4,414,499
2020269,603,400approx. 4,414,499
2021271,350,0002.18

Fertility and Births (Demographic and Health Surveys)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[11]

YearTotalUrbanRural
CBR TFRCBR TFRCBR TFR
1981-19834.3
19873.4 (3.1)2.9 (2.6)3.7 (3.4)
199125.13.02 (2.50)24.02.60 (2.03)25.63.24 (2.73)
19942.9 (2.4)2.3 (1.8)3.2 (2.7)
19972.8 (2.4)2.4 (2.0)3.0 (2.6)
2002-200321.92.6 (2.2)22.12.4 (2.1)21.72.7 (2.3)
200720.92.6 (2.2)20.22.3 (2.0)21.52.8 (2.4)
201220.42.6 (2.0)20.12.4 (1.9)20.72.8 (2.2)
201718.12.4 (2.1)17.72.3 (1.9)18.52.6 (2.2)

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2020 Indonesia's average total fertility rate was 2.04 children/born per woman.[12]

Fertility rate and aging population (by province)

Total fertility rate (TFR) and population over age 60 by region as of 2010:[13]

ProvinceTotal fertility ratePopulation over age 60 (2010)
20102020
3.01 2.485.9
2.91 2.468.1
2.82 2.284.0
2.51 2.285.5
2.56 2.236.2
2.51 2.305.8
2.45 2.287.2
2.54 2.245.8
2.38 2.213.4
1.82 1.755.1
2.43 2.117.0
2.20 2.0910.3
1.94 1.8912.9
2.00 1.9810.4
2.35 2.014.6
2.13 2.049.7
3.82 2.797.4
2.64 2.335.8
2.56 2.314.6
2.35 2.315.8
2.61 2.184.0
2.43 2.108.4
2.94 2.326.6
2.55 2.228.2
3.20 2.575.8
2.76 2.305.9
3.33 2.586.2
3.56 2.526.2
3.35 2.474.8
3.18 2.663.2
2.87 2.762.4

Ethnic groups

See main article: article and Ethnic groups in Indonesia. Indonesia is a country of great ethnic diversity, with approximately 1,300 distinct indigenous ethnic groups living side by side across more than 17,000 islands.[14] [15] The majority of Indonesia's population is descended from Austronesian peoples who are concentrated in western and central Indonesia, which is part of the Asian continent. Another large group is the Melanesian peoples, who inhabit the eastern part of Indonesia (the Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea, and the East Nusa Tenggara) in Oceania.[16] [17]

The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, accounting for 40.2% of the population and are culturally, economically, and politically dominant. The Javanese are concentrated in Java, the most populous island, especially in the central and eastern parts, and also in significant numbers in most provinces due to extensive migration throughout the archipelago. The Sundanese are the next largest group (15.4%), followed by the Malays, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis. A sense of Indonesian nationalism is present along with strong ethnic and regional identities.[18]

Religions

See main article: article and Religion in Indonesia. Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation; based on civil registration data in 2023 from Ministry of Home Affairs, 87.06% of Indonesians are Muslims, 10.47% Christians (7.41% Protestants, 3.06% Roman Catholic), 1.68% Hindu, 0.71% Buddhists, 0.03% Confucians and 0.05% other faiths.[19] Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese[20] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are Chinese.[21]

Languages

See main article: article and Languages of Indonesia.

Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia,[22] widely spoken by over 97% of the population. However, Indonesia is a highly multilingual country. According to Ethnologue, there are currently 737 regional languages spoken across the Indonesian archipelago. This extensive linguistic diversity accounts for about 10% of the world’s total languages, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country in the world.[23] The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, which is prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Balinese, Banjarese and Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian language family and represent a unique linguistic heritage.[24] The most widely spoken language as a mother tongue is Javanese, spoken by over 80 million speakers, mainly in central and east Java, but also on many other islands due to migration.

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population
male
female
(2011 est.)

Education is free in state schools; it is compulsory for children through to grade 12. Although about 92% of eligible children are enrolled in primary school, a much smaller percentage attend full-time. About 44% of secondary school-age children attend junior high school, and some others of this age group attend vocational schools.

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook,[25] unless otherwise indicated.

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.33%

15-64 years: 70.72%

65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census)[26] [27]

Median age

total: 31.1 years

male: 30.5 years

female: 31.8 years (2020 est.)

Birth rate

15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate

6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Population growth rate

1.097% (2010 est.)

1.04% (2012 est.)

0.86% (2017 est.)

0.79% (2022 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 57.9% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanisation: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 19.73 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 22.15 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 17.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 73.08 years

male: 70.86 years

female: 75.4 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.01 children born/woman (2022 est.)

HIV/AIDS

Adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2017 est.)

People living with HIV/AIDS: 630,000 (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS deaths: 39,000 (2017 est.)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

6.9% (2016)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.9% (2013)

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s)

adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups:

Javanese
Sundanese
Malay
Batak
Madurese
Betawi
Minangkabau
Buginese
Bantenese
Banjarese
Balinese
Acehnese
Dayak
Sasak
Chinese
other
(2010 est.)

Religions

Muslim
Christianity
Protestant
Roman Catholic
Hinduism
other (includes Buddhist and Confucian)
unspecified
(2018 est.)

Languages

Indonesian (official, a form of Malay influenced by other languages of Indonesia), local languages (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese).

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years

male: 12 years

female: 11 years (2005)

Education expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2014)

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. 9. Statistics Indonesia. id. 21 January 2021. 21 January 2021. 22 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210122154418/https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf. live.
  2. Web site: Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010 . Statistics Indonesia . 18 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171123162558/http://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/1267 . 23 November 2017 . dead .
  3. Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2023 ~(https://webapi.bps.go.id/download.php?f=603cXqPpJ1BhatsSfWE2yuhpRf3enmqavnkjhP1pvbLequb3n+oKUmXTRDpHn5lKFsTwDIXGUfWQB9T673DIELvjplkdUUuC2CggpdYbesXDeJGhuZe3MmwR0n6KDrcuobXbIM6h6f4XFVQcUcDvTgfOR7v0VF+ndkXkdeidcrwsp8LXQ8EEX5DP4lmBSwIQiXV7pshJjDbTb0QmuSigNSpIwyo4UJLeLJJ4NbeoCFQlQDgwCyeRXK5Qqj8sAvoWX0i1p5E64FCvTfUicFGpDQ

    ).

  4. Book: Witton, Patrick . Indonesia . Lonely Planet . 2003 . Melbourne . 47 . 1-74059-154-2.
  5. News: Indonesia Population Approaching U.S. Revives Birth Control . Shamim Adam . Berni Moestafa . Novrida Manurung . 28 January 2014 . Bloomberg L.P. . 18 May 2015 . 7 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220407082750/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-27/indonesia-facing-populace-larger-than-u-s-revives-birth-control . live .
  6. Web site: Indonesia Demographics Profile. 14 June 2018. 13 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221113141001/https://www.indexmundi.com/indonesia/demographics_profile.html. live.
  7. Web site: Long Form Sensus Penduduk 2020 - Badan Pusat Statistik . 2024-02-21 . sensus.bps.go.id . 21 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240221162004/https://sensus.bps.go.id/main/index/sp2022 . live .
  8. Web site: UNSD – Demographic and Social Statistics . 28 June 2022 . 14 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220414000805/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/ . live .
  9. 8285:8356. M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI.
  10. Web site: Department of Statistics of Indonesia . 3 May 2021 . 4 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221204130050/https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/12/1886/1/total-population-projection-result-by-province-and-gender.html . live .
  11. Web site: MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys. 5 July 2014. 15 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181115005515/http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/dhs#_r=&collection=&country=&dtype=&from=1890&page=8&ps=&sk=&sort_by=nation&sort_order=&to=2014&topic=&view=s&vk=. live.
  12. Web site: Indonesia People 2020, CIA World Factbook. 4 September 2021. 9 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210809020955/https://theodora.com/wfbcurrent/indonesia/indonesia_people.html. live.
  13. http://www.ifa-fiv.org/wp-content/2014/09/Indonesian_Ageing_Monograph-print-version1.pdf{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  14. Web site: Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia. id. Na'im. Akhsan. Syaputra. Hendry. Statistics Indonesia. 2011. 23 September 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194534/http://www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/watermark%20_Kewarganegaraan%2C%20Suku%20Bangsa%2C%20Agama%20dan%20Bahasa_281211.pdf. 23 September 2015.
  15. Web site: Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia. Statistics Indonesia. 1 January 2021. id. 18 November 2015.
  16. Book: Taylor, Jean Gelman . Indonesia . Yale University Press . 2003 . 978-0-300-09709-2 . 5–7.
  17. Book: Dawson . B.. Gillow . J.. The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia. Thames and Hudson Ltd.. 1994. London. 7. 978-0-500-34132-2.
  18. Book: Ananta, Aris. Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. 2016-04-29. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.. 978-981-4695-94-7. en.
  19. Web site: Religion in Indonesia .
  20. Book: Oey, Eric . Bali . Singapore . Periplus Editions . 1997 . 3rd . 962-593-028-0.
  21. Web site: Indonesia – Buddhism . U.S. Library of Congress . 15 October 2006 . 15 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091015180248/http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/40.htm . live .
  22. Article 36 of The 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia . Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
  23. Web site: What Countries Have the Most Languages? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820110531/https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/countries-most-languages . 20 August 2020 . 20 August 2020 . Ethnologue . 22 May 2019 . en.
  24. Book: Simons . Gary F. . Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition . Fennig . Charles D. . SIL International . 2018 . 20 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190626224541/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages . 26 June 2019.
  25. Web site: CIA. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. Indonesia. 2012. 6 April 2012. 10 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230410041925/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/. live.
  26. Web site: The Indonesian Population Census 2020 Highlights. https://web.archive.org/web/20210629171627/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/meetings/2021/egm-covid19-census-20210209/docs/s03-04-IDN.pdf. 29 June 2021. live.
  27. Web site: Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia: Statistics Indonesia Releases 2020 Census Results. 23 January 2021. 1 June 2022. 13 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221113141004/https://setkab.go.id/en/statistics-indonesia-releases-2020-census-results/. live.

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