Demographics of Canada explained

Place:	Canada
Size Of Population:	41,012,563^[1] (2024 Q2 est.)
Growth:	0.85% (2022 est.)
Birth:	10.17 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death:	8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life:	83.8 years
Life Male:	81.52 years
Life Female:	86.21 years (2022 est.)
Fertility:	1.33 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant Mortality:	4.38 deaths/1,000 live births
Net Migration:	5.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age 0–14 Years:	15.99%
Age 65 Years:	18.98%
Total Mf Ratio:	0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Sr At Birth:	1.05 male(s)/female
Sr Under 15:	1.06 male(s)/female
Sr 65 Years Over:	0.75 male(s)/female
Nation:	Canadian
Major Ethnic:	White ^[2]
Minor Ethnic:	South Asian Indigenous Chinese Black Filipino Arab Latin American Southeast Asian West Asian Korean Japanese Multiracial/Other, excluding Métis
Official:	English (55.97%) French (20.61%)
Spoken:	Mandarin (1.7%) Cantonese (1.63%) Punjabi (1.44%) Spanish (1.32%) Tagalog (1.24%) Arabic (1.21%) German (1.1%) Italian (1.08%) Others (12.7%)
Footnote:	Language figures are from the 2016 Canadian census and based on total number of first language speakers (mother tongue), and not total number of individuals who may speak the language as a second (L2), third (L3), or more language. See knowledge of languages for this information.

Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.^[3] It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40 million in 2023 and 41 million in 2024.^[4] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth.^[5] The main driver of population growth is immigration,^[6] with 6.2% of the country's population being made up of temporary residents as of 2023,^[7] or about 2.5 million people.^[8] Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.^[9]

Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,^[10] driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification.^{[11] [12]} In 2021, a total of 405,330 immigrants were admitted to Canada. New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.^[13] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees,^[14] accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.^{[15] [16]}

Population

See main article: Population of Canada. The 2021 Canadian census had a total population count of 36,991,981 individuals, making up approximately 0.5% of the world's total population.^{[3] [17]} A population estimate for 2024 put the total number of people in Canada at 41,012,563.^[18]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022:

• One birth every 1 minutes
• One death every 2 minutes
• One net migrant every 2 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 1 minute

Death rate

8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 81Net migration rate

5.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 21stUrbanization

urban population: 81.8% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)

^[19]

Provinces and territories

See main article: Population of Canada by province and territory.

Population	Name	Population, 2021 Census		Growth, 2016–21	Land area (km^2)	Population density (per km^2)	House of Commons seats		Senate seats
		Total	Proportion				Total	Proportion	Total	Proportion
1	Ontario		38.45%	5.8%		15.2	121	35.8%	24	22.86%
2	Quebec		22.98%	4.1%		6.5	78	23.1%	24	22.86%
3	British Columbia		13.52%	7.6%		5.4	42	12.4%	6	5.71%
4	Alberta		11.52%	4.8%		6.7	34	10.1%	6	5.71%
5	Manitoba		3.63%	5.8%		2.3	14	4.1%	6	5.71%
6	Saskatchewan		3.06%	3.4%		2.0	14	4.1%	6	5.71%
7	Nova Scotia		2.62%	5.0%		18.4	11	3.3%	10	9.52%
8	New Brunswick		2.09%	3.8%		10.9	10	3.0%	10	9.52%
9	Newfoundland and Labrador		1.38%	−1.8%		1.4	7	2.1%	6	5.71%
10	Prince Edward Island		0.42%	8.0%		27.2	4	1.2%	4	3.81%
11	Northwest Territories		0.11%	−1.7%		0.04	1	0.3%	1	0.95%
12	Yukon		0.11%	12.1%		0.08	1	0.3%	1	0.95%
13	Nunavut		0.10%	2.5%		0.02	1	0.3%	1	0.95%
Total	Totals		100%	5.2%		4.2	338	100%	105	100%

Population distribution

The vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia.^{[20] [21] [22]}

Cities

See main article: List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population.

Census metropolitan areas

See main article: List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada.

Fertility rate

The total fertility rate is the number of children born in a specific year cohort to the total number of women who can give birth in the country.

In 1971, the birth rate for the first time dipped below replacement and since then has not rebounded.

Canada's fertility rate hit a record low of 1.4 children born per woman in 2020,^[23] below the population replacement level, which stands at 2.1 births per woman. In 2020, Canada also experienced the country's lowest number of births in 15 years,^[23] also seeing the largest annual drop in childbirths (−3.6%) in a quarter of a century.^[23] The total birth rate is 10.17 births/1,000 population in 2022.

Total fertility rate	Years^[24]
	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870
	5.72	5.63	5.54	5.44	5.35	5.26	5.17	5.07	4.98	4.89
	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880
	4.83	4.77	4.75	4.72	4.7	4.68	4.65	4.63	4.6	4.53
	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1899	1890
	4.56	4.52	4.49	4.45	4.42	4.38	4.35	4.31	4.27	4.24
	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900
	4.2	4.19	4.17	4.15	4.13	4.11	4.1	4.08	4.06	4.04
	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910
	4.02	4.03	4.03	4.03	4.03	4.04	4.04	4.04	4.04	4.05
	1911	1912	1913	1914	1915	1916	1917	1918	1919	1920
	4.05	4	3.95	3.89	3.84	3.79	3.74	3.68	3.63	3.58
	1921	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929	1930
	3.53	3.4	3.23	3.22	3.13	3.35	3.32	3.29	3.22	3.28
	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940
	3.19	3.08	2.86	2.8	2.75	2.69	2.64	2.7	2.65	2.76
	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950
	2.82	2.96	3.04	3	3.01	3.37	3.59	3.44	3.45	3.45
	1961	1971	1981	1991	2001	2006	2011	2016	2021	-
	3.81	2.11	1.65	1.67	1.52	1.6	1.63	1.58	1.46	–

Mother's mean age at first birth

Canada is among late-childbearing countries, with the average age of mothers at the first birth being 31.3 years in 2020.^[25]

Average age of childbirth at first birth	Year
	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950	1951	1952	1953	1954	1955
	25.2	25.1	24.9	24.7	24.6	24.5	24.3	24.2	24.2	24.1	24.1
	1956	1957	1958	1959	1960	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966
	24	23.9	23.8	23.7	23.7	23.6	23.6	23.6	23.6	23.5	23.5
	1967	1968	1969	1970	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975	1976	1977
	23.6	23.6	23.7	23.7	23.9	24	24.1	24.3	24.3	24.4	24.5
	1978	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988
	24.7	24.8	24.9	25	25.1	25.3	25.4	25.5	25.6	25.7	25.8
	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
	25.8	25.9	25.9	26.1	26.3	26.2	26.3	26.5	26.7	26.8	27
	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
	27.1	27.3	27.5	27.8	27.9	28	28	28.1	28.1	28.2	28.4
	2011
	28.5

Population projection

According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/World Bank, the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4% growth in population, compared to 21.7% growth in the United States and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics, for the same period the world population growth was 27%, a total of 1,423 million people.^[26] However, over the same period, the population of France grew by 8.0%. And from 1991 to 2011, the population of the UK increased by 10.0%.

The current population growth rate for Canada in 2022 was 0.75%.

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Canada has consistently risen since the country's formation.

Life expectancy	Year^[27]
	1831	1841	1851	1861	1871	1881	1891	1901	1911
	39.0	40.3	41.0	41.6	42.6	44.7	45.2	48.6	52.5
	1921	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929
	57.0	57.0	56.9	58.8	59.2	57.2	58.6	58.4	57.9
	1930	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939
	58.9	60.3	61.4	62.3	62.7	62.4	62.7	61.3	63.3	63.7
	1940	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949
	64.0	63.7	64.6	64.6	65.3	66.3	66.5	66.7	67.3	67.6
	1950	1950–55	1955–60	1960–65	1965–70	1970–75	1975–80	1980–85	1985–90
	68.2	69.1	70.3	71.3	72.2	73.0	74.3	75.9	76.8
	1990–95	1995–2000	2000–2005	2005–2010	2010–2015	2015–2020
	77.8	78.6	79.7	80.8	81.8	83.7

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2016)Infant mortality rate

total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 180th

male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 4.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

Age characteristics

See main article: articles and Aging in Canada. Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 10.V.2016) (To ensure confidentiality, the values, including totals are randomly rounded either up or down to a multiple of '5' or '10.' As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the individual values since totals and sub-totals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentages, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100%.):^[28]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	17 264 200	17 887 530	35 151 730	100
0–4	973 030	925 760	1 898 790	5.40
5–9	1 034 685	983 445	2 018 130	5.74
10–14	985 200	937 445	1 922 645	5.47
15–19	1 039 215	986 940	2 026 160	5.76
20–24	1 144 495	1 098 200	2 242 695	6.38
25–29	1 144 475	1 141 515	2 285 990	6.50
30–34	1 148 290	1 181 105	2 329 400	6.63
35–39	1 118 635	1 169 730	2 288 365	6.51
40–44	1 104 445	1 150 690	2 255 135	6.42
45–49	1 157 755	1 202 205	2 359 965	6.71
50–54	1 318 755	1 359 320	2 678 070	7.62
55–59	1 285 190	1 335 050	2 620 240	7.45
60–64	1 114 880	1 175 630	2 290 510	6.52
65–69	953 070	1 019 405	1 972 475	5.61
70–74	677 975	742 900	1 420 875	4.04
75–79	469 550	552 305	1 021 850	2.91
80–84	325 760	423 885	749 645	2.13
85–89	185 535	296 985	482 525	1.37
90–94	68 675	154 835	223 505	0.64
95–99	13 245	43 280	56 525	0.16
100+	1 340	6 895	8 230	0.02
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	2 992 915	2 846 650	5 839 565	16.61
15–64	11 576 135	11 800 390	23 376 525	66.50
65+	2 695 150	3 240 490	5 935 640	16.89

Age structure

0–14 years: 15.99% (male 3,094,008/female 2,931,953)

15–24 years: 11.14% (male 2,167,013/female 2,032,064)

25–54 years: 39.81% (male 7,527,554/female 7,478,737)

55–64 years: 14.08% (male 2,624,474/female 2,682,858)

65 years and over: 18.98% (male 3,274,298/female 3,881,126) (2020 est.)Median age

total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 40th

male: 40.6 years

female: 42.9 years (2020 est.)

total: 40.6 years

male: 39.6 years

female: 41.5 years (2011)

Median age by province and territory in 2011^[29]

1. Newfoundland and Labrador: 44.0

1. Nova Scotia: 43.7

1. New Brunswick: 43.7

1. Prince Edward Island: 42.8

1. Quebec: 41.9

1. British Columbia: 41.9

1. Ontario: 40.4

1. Yukon: 39.1

1. Manitoba: 38.4

1. Saskatchewan: 38.2

1. Alberta: 36.5

1. Northwest Territories: 32.3

1. Nunavut: 24.1

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15–24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

25–54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

55–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 47.3

youth dependency ratio: 23.5

elderly dependency ratio: 23.8

potential support ratio

4.2 (2015 est.)

Vital statistics

-	^[30] ^[31] ^[32] ^[33]	Average population (on July 1)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Birth rate (per 1,000)	Death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Crude Migration change (per 1,000)	Total fertility rate
1900	5,500,000	150,000	89,000	61,000	27.2	16.2	11.0
1901	5,600,000	175,000	79,000	96,000	31.2	14.1	17.1	0.8
1902	5,760,000	180,000	77,000	103,000	31.3	13.4	17.9	9.9	4.8
1903	5,930,000	186,000	78,000	108,000	31.3	13.2	18.1	10.6
1904	6,100,000	192,000	82,000	110,000	31.4	13.5	17.9	10.0
1905	6,280,000	195,000	82,000	113,000	31.0	13.0	18.0	10.7
1906	6,460,000	193,000	85,000	108,000	29.9	13.2	16.7	11.2
1907	6,650,000	196,000	85,000	111,000	29.5	12.8	16.7	11.9	4.74
1908	6,850,000	208,000	86,000	122,000	30.3	12.6	17.7	11.5
1909	7,040,000	213,000	90,000	123,000	30.2	12.8	17.4	9.6
1910	7,250,000	220,000	95,000	125,000	30.4	13.1	17.3	11.7
1911	7,460,000	225,000	100,000	125,000	30.1	13.4	16.7	11.5	4.7
1912	7,610,000	238,000	99,000	139,000	31.3	13.0	19.3	0.4	4.62
1913	7,760,000	246,000	102,000	144,000	31.7	13.1	19.6	−0.3
1914	7,910,000	252,000	100,000	152,000	31.9	12.6	19.3	−0.3
1915	8,060,000	257,000	101,000	156,000	31.9	12.5	19.4	−0.8
1916	8,220,000	252,000	107,000	145,000	30.7	13.0	17.7	1.8
1917	8,380,000	244,000	106,000	138,000	29.1	12.7	16.4	2.7	4.26
1918	8,450,000	243,000	134,000	109,000	28.8	15.9	12.9	−4.6
1919	8,710,000	241,000	119,000	122,000	27.7	13.7	14.0	15.9
1920	8,880,000	259,000	118,000	141,000	29.2	13.3	15.9	3.2
1921	9,060,000	265,000	105,000	160,000	29.3	11.6	17.7	2.2	3.98
1922	9,230,000	261,000	107,000	154,000	28.3	11.6	16.7	1.7	3.86
1923	9,400,000	251,000	111,000	140,000	26.7	11.8	14.9	3.2
1924	9,560,000	255,000	104,000	151,000	26.7	10.9	15.8	0.9
1925	9,730,000	254,000	104,000	150,000	26.1	10.7	15.4	2.1
1926	9,890,000	244,000	113,000	131,000	24.7	11.4	13.3	2.9
1927	10,040,000	244,000	110,000	134,000	24.3	11.0	13.3	1.6	3.32
1928	10,190,000	246,000	114,000	132,000	24.1	11.2	12.9	1.8
1929	10,350,000	243,000	118,000	125,000	23.5	11.4	12.1	3.4	3.22
1930	10,498,000	251,000	113,000	138,000	23.9	10.8	13.1	1.0	3.28
1931	10,630,000	247,000	108,000	139,000	23.2	10.2	13.0	−0.6	3.2
1932	10,794,000	243,000	108,000	135,000	22.5	10.0	12.5	2.7	3.08
1933	10,919,000	229,000	106,000	123,000	21.0	9.7	11.3	0.1	2.86
1934	11,029,000	228,296	105,277	123,019	20.7	9.5	11.2	−1.2	2.8
1935	11,135,000	228,396	109,724	118,672	20.5	9.9	10.6	−1.1	2.76
1936	11,242,000	227,980	111,111	116,869	20.3	9.9	10.4	−0.9	2.70
1937	11,339,000	227,878	118,019	109,859	20.1	10.4	9.7	−1.1	2.65
1938	11,448,000	237,091	110,647	126,444	20.7	9.7	11.0	−1.5	2.70
1939	11,565,000	237,991	112,729	125,262	20.6	9.7	10.9	−0.8	2.65
1940	11,682,000	252,577	114,717	137,860	21.6	9.8	11.8	−1.8	2.77
1941	11,810,000	263,993	118,797	145,196	22.4	10.1	12.3	−1.5	2.83
1942	11,962,000	281,569	117,110	164,459	23.5	9.8	13.7	−1.0	2.96
1943	12,125,000	292,943	122,640	170,303	24.2	10.1	14.1	−0.7	3.04
1944	12,291,000	283,967	120,393	163,574	24.0	9.8	14.2	−0.7	3.01
1945	12,441,000	300,570	117,319	183,251	24.3	9.5	14.8	−2.7	3.02
1946	12,316,000	331,471	115,358	216,113	26.9	9.4	17.5	−27.6	3.37
1947	12,576,000	359,943	118,157	241,786	28.6	9.4	19.2	1.5	3.60
1948	12,852,000	348,226	119,866	228,360	27.1	9.3	17.8	3.7	3.44
1949	13,475,000	367,092	124,567	242,525	27.2	9.2	18.0	28.2	3.46
1950	13,737,000	372,009	124,220	247,789	27.1	9.0	18.0	1.1	3.46
1951	14,050,000	381,092	125,823	255,269	27.1	9.0	18.2	4.1	3.50
1952	14,496,000	403,559	126,385	277,174	27.8	8.7	19.1	11.7	3.64
1953	14,886,000	417,884	127,791	290,093	28.1	8.6	19.5	6.7	3.72
1954	15,330,000	436,198	124,855	311,343	28.5	8.1	20.3	8.7	3.83
1955	15,736,000	442,937	128,476	314,461	28.1	8.2	20.0	5.8	3.83
1956	16,123,000	450,739	131,961	318,778	28.0	8.2	19.8	4.2	3.86
1957	16,677,000	469,093	136,579	332,514	28.1	8.2	19.9	13.3	3.93
1958	17,120,000	470,118	135,201	334,917	27.5	7.9	19.6	6.3	3.88
1959	17,522,000	479,275	139,913	339,362	27.4	8.0	19.4	3.5	3.94
1960	17,909,000	478,551	139,693	338,858	26.7	7.8	18.9	2.7	3.895
1961	18,271,000	475,700	140,985	334,715	26.0	7.7	18.3	1.5	3.840
1962	18,614,000	469,693	143,699	325,994	25.2	7.7	17.5	0.9	3.767
1963	18,964,000	465,767	147,367	318,400	24.6	7.8	16.8	1.7	3.694
1964	19,325,000	452,915	145,850	307,065	23.4	7.5	15.9	2.8	3.449
1965	19,678,000	418,595	148,939	269,656	21.3	7.6	13.7	4.2	3.192
1966	20,048,000	387,710	149,863	237,847	19.3	7.5	11.9	6.6	2.749
1967	20,412,000	370,894	150,283	220,611	18.2	7.4	10.8	7.0	2.528
1968	20,729,000	364,310	153,196	211,114	17.6	7.4	10.2	5.1	2.386
1969	21,028,000	369,647	154,477	215,170	17.6	7.3	10.2	4.0	2.334
1970	21,324,000	371,988	155,961	216,027	17.4	7.3	10.1	3.8	2.258
1971	21,962,032	362,187	157,272	204,915	16.5	7.2	9.3	19.8	2.141
1972	22,218,463	347,319	162,413	184,906	15.6	7.3	8.3	3.2	1.98
1973	22,491,777	343,373	164,039	179,334	15.3	7.3	8.0	4.2	1.89
1974	22,807,969	350,650	166,794	183,856	15.4	7.3	8.1	5.8	1.837
1975	23,143,275	359,323	167,176	192,147	15.5	7.2	8.3	6.2	1.824
1976	23,449,808	359,987	167,009	192,978	15.4	7.1	8.2	4.9	1.796
1977	23,725,843	361,400	167,498	193,902	15.2	7.1	8.2	3.4	1.782
1978	23,963,203	358,852	168,179	190,673	15.0	7.0	8.0	1.9	1.768
1979	24,201,544	366,064	168,183	197,881	15.1	6.9	8.2	1.6	1.754
1980	24,515,667	370,709	171,473	199,236	15.1	7.0	8.1	4.7	1.74
1981	24,819,915	371,346	171,029	200,317	15.0	6.9	8.1	4.2	1.7
1982	25,116,942	373,082	174,413	198,669	14.9	6.9	7.9	3.9	1.69
1983	25,366,451	373,689	174,484	199,205	14.7	6.9	7.9	1.9	1.68
1984	25,607,053	377,031	175,727	201,304	14.7	6.9	7.9	1.5	1.65
1985	25,842,116	375,727	181,323	194,404	14.5	7.0	7.5	1.6	1.67
1986	26,100,278	372,913	184,224	188,689	14.3	7.1	7.2	2.7	1.675
1987	26,446,601	369,742	184,953	184,789	14.0	7.0	7.0	6.1	1.68
1988	26,791,747	376,795	190,011	186,784	14.1	7.1	7.0	5.9	1.68
1989	27,276,781	392,661	190,965	201,696	14.4	7.0	7.4	10.4	1.77
1990	27,691,138	405,486	191,973	213,513	14.6	6.9	7.7	7.3	1.83
1991	28,037,420	403,816	195,569	208,247	14.4	7.0	7.4	5.0	1.72
1992	28,371,264	399,109	196,535	202,574	14.1	6.9	7.1	4.7	1.71
1993	28,684,764	389,037	204,912	184,125	13.5	7.1	6.4	4.5	1.68
1994	29,000,663	386,243	207,077	179,166	13.3	7.1	6.1	4.8	1.69
1995	29,302,311	378,685	210,733	167,952	12.9	7.2	5.7	4.6	1.67
1996	29,610,218	366,833	212,880	153,953	12.4	7.2	5.2	5.2	1.63
1997	29,905,948	349,543	215,669	133,874	11.7	7.2	4.4	5.5	1.57
1998	30,155,173	342,966	218,091	124,875	11.4	7.2	4.1	4.2	1.56
1999	30,401,286	337,821	219,530	118,291	11.1	7.2	3.9	4.2	1.54
2000	30,685,730	328,596	218,062	110,534	10.7	7.1	3.6	5.7	1.51
2001	31,020,902	334,615	219,538	115,077	10.8	7.1	3.7	7.1	1.54
2002	31,360,079	329,894	223,603	106,291	10.5	7.1	3.4	7.4	1.51
2003	31,644,028	336,352	226,169	110,183	10.6	7.1	3.4	5.6	1.54
2004	31,940,655	339,012	226,584	112,428	10.6	7.1	3.5	5.8	1.55
2005	32,243,753	345,365	230,132	115,233	10.6	7.1	3.5	5.9	1.57
2006	32,571,174	357,921	228,079	129,842	10.9	7.0	3.9	6.2	1.61
2007	32,888,886	370,369	235,217	135,152	11.2	7.2	4.0	5.7	1.66
2008	33,247,298	381,860	238,617	143,243	11.4	7.2	4.2	6.6	1.69
2009	33,630,069	384,651	238,418	146,233	11.3	7.1	4.2	7.2	1.68
2010	34,005,905	379,191	240,075	139,116	11.1	7.1	4.0	7.1	1.64
2011	34,339,221	379,244	243,511	135,733	11.0	7.1	3.9	5.9	1.62
2012	34,713,395	383,101	246,596	136,505	11.0	7.1	3.9	7.0	1.62
2013	35,080,992	381,054	252,338	128,716	10.8	7.2	3.6	7.0	1.60
2014	35,434,066	384,577	258,821	125,756	10.8	7.3	3.5	6.5	1.61
2015	35,704,498	382,979	264,333	118,646	10.7	7.4	3.3	4.1	1.60
2016	36,110,803	384,023	267,213	116,810	10.6	7.4	3.2	8.1	1.59
2017	36,545,075	377,627	278,298	99,329	10.3	7.6	2.7	9.2	1.54
2018	37,072,620	374,617	285,675	88,942	10.1	7.7	2.4	12.0	1.50
2019	37,618,495	372,978	285,270	87,708	9.9	7.6	2.3	12.4	1.47
2020	38,028,638	360,552	307,205	53,347	9.4	8.1	1.3	9.4	1.41
2021	38,239,864	369,721	311,942	57,779	9.5	8.0	1.5	4.2	1.44
2022	38,939,056	351,679	326,483	25,196	9.1	8.4	0.7	17.6	1.33
2023	40,097,761	363,112	332,009	31,103	9.2	8.4	0.8	29.0

Current vital statistics

^[34]

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January–March 2023	85,451	85,486	-35
January–March 2024	89,624	87,906	+1,718
Difference	+4,173 (+4.88%)	+2,420 (+2.83%)	+1,753

Employment

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 20.2%

male: 20.9%

female: 19.4% (2020 est.)

Ethnicity and visible minorities

See main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada.

Canadians as ethnic group by province

All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.^[35] The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify directly with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage.^{[36] [37]}

Province / Territory	Percent Canadians	Total Canadians
Alberta	22.7%	902,310
British Columbia	19.0%	866,530
Manitoba	18.2%	232,660
New Brunswick	57.8%	415,810
Newfoundland and Labrador	43.4%	271,345
Nova Scotia	42.6%	387,360
Ontario	23.5%	3,109,770
Prince Edward Island	45.0%	60,000
Quebec	60.1%	4,474,115
Saskatchewan	25.0%	274,580
Canada total	32.3%	11,136,134

Ethnic origin

See main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada. According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians. The major panethnic groups chosen were; European, North American, Asian, North American Indigenous, African, Latin, Central and South American, Caribbean, Oceanian, and Other .^{[38] [39]} Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.^[38]

The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Indian (5.1 percent),Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).^[40]

Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being "White", representing 69.8 percent of the population. The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.^[41] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority, the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).^[42]

As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethno-cultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.

Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2021.^[43]

Ethnic origin^[44]	%	Population
Canadian	15.6%	5,677,205
English	14.7%	5,322,830
Irish	12.1%	4,413,120
Scottish	12.1%	4,392,200
French	11.0%	3,985,945
German	8.1%	2,955,695
Indian	5.1%	1,855,415
Chinese	4.7%	1,713,870
Italian	4.3%	1,546,390
Ukrainian	3.5%	1,258,635
Dutch	2.7%	988,585
Polish	2.7%	982,820
Québécois	2.7%	981,635
British Isles, n.o.s.	2.6%	981,635
Filipino	2.5%	925,490
French Canadian	2.5%	906,315
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.	1.9%	691,260
First Nations, n.o.s.	1.7%	632,340
Métis	1.5%	560,335
European, n.o.s.	1.5%	551,910

The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows in 2006^[45] (total responses; only percentages 10% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):

• Quebec (7,723,525): Canadian (59.1%), French (29.1%)
• New Brunswick (735,835): Canadian (50.3%), French (27.2%), English (25.9%), Irish (21.6%), Scottish (19.9%)
• Newfoundland and Labrador (507,265): Canadian (49.0%), English (43.4%), Irish (21.8%)
• Nova Scotia (906,170): Canadian (39.1%), Scottish (31.2%), English (30.8%), Irish (22.3%), French (17.0%), German (10.8%)
• Prince Edward Island (137,375): Scottish (39.3%), Canadian (36.8%), English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%)
• Ontario (12,651,795): Canadian (23.3%), English (23.1%), Scottish (16.4%), Irish (16.4%), French (10.8%)
• Alberta (3,567,980): English (24.9%), Canadian (21.8%), German (19.2%), Scottish (18.8%), Irish (15.8%), French (11.1%)
• Manitoba (1,174,345): English (21.8%), German (18.6%), Canadian (18.5%), Scottish (18.0%), Ukrainian (14.9%), Irish (13.2%), French (12.6%), North American Indian (10.6%)
• Saskatchewan (1,008,760): German (28.6%), English (24.9%), Scottish (18.9%), Canadian (18.8%), Irish (15.5%), Ukrainian (13.5%), French (12.2%), North American Indian (12.1%)
• British Columbia (4,324,455): English (27.7%), Scottish (19.3%), Canadian (19.1%), German (13.1%), Chinese (10.7%)
• Yukon (33,320): English (28.5%), Scottish (25.0%), Irish (22.0%), North American Indian (21.8%), Canadian (21.8%), German (15.6%), French (13.1%)
• Northwest Territories (40,800): North American Indian (37.0%), Scottish (13.9%), English (13.7%), Canadian (12.8%), Irish (11.9%), Inuit (11.7%)
• Nunavut (31,700): Inuit (85.4%)

Italics indicates either that this response is dominant within this province, or that this province has the highest ratio (percentage) of this response among provinces.

Visible minority population

Group! colspan="2"

1981 census ^[46] ^[47]	1986 census ^[48] ^[49]		1991 census ^[50]		1996 census^[51]
Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%
Visible minority
Chinese (East Asian)
Southeast Asian (except Filipino)
Korean (East Asian)
Japanese (East Asian)
Visible minority,
Other
Not a visible minority
Indigenous (see breakdown below)
Non-Indigenous &<br />Non-Visible Minority (European/White)
Total population in private households

Note: Indigenous population decline between 1991 and 1996 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count; "the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal".^[52]

Group! colspan="2"

2001 census	2006 census		2011 survey		2016 census^[53]		2021 census^[54]
Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%
Visible minority
Chinese (East Asian)
Southeast Asian (except Filipino)
Korean (East Asian)
Japanese (East Asian)
Visible minority,
Not a visible minority
Indigenous (see breakdown below)
Non-Indigenous &<br />Non-Visible Minority (European/White)
Total population in private households

Indigenous population

Group! colspan="2"

1996^[55]	2001^[56]		2006^[57]		2011^[58]		2016^[59]		2021^[60]
%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total
Total Indigenous	2.8%	799,005	3.3%	976,305	3.8%	1,172,785	4.3%	1,400,685	4.9%	1,673,780		1,807,250
First Nations	1.8%	529,040	2.1%	608,850	2.2%	698,025	2.6%	851,560	2.8%	977,230		1,048,405
Métis	0.7%	204,115	1.0%	292,305	1.2%	389,780	1.4%	451,795	1.7%	587,545		624,220
Inuit	0.14%	40,220			0.16%	50,485	0.2%	59,445	0.2%	65,025		70,540

Note: Other Indigenous and mixed Indigenous groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Indigenous

Future projections

Statistics Canada projects that visible minorities will make up between 38.2% and 43.0% of the total Canadian population by 2041, compared with 26.5% in 2021.^[61] Among the working-age population (15 to 64 years), meanwhile, visible minorities are projected to represent between 42.1% and 47.3% of Canada's total population, compared to 28.5% in 2021.^[61]

Pan−ethnic Origin Projections (2031−2041)

	2031^[62]		2036		2041
	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
European	26,085,000		25,749,000		25,296,000
South Asian	4,283,000		5,010,000		5,658,000
East Asian	3,120,000		3,445,000		3,740,000
African	2,381,000		2,762,000		3,134,000
Indigenous	2,484,000		2,673,000		2,848,000
Southeast Asian	2,009,000		2,324,000		2,640,000
Middle Eastern	1,801,000		2,141,000		2,475,000
Latin American	821,000		931,000		1,036,000
Other	644,000		742,000		841,000
Projected Canadian Population	43,629,000		45,776,000		47,668,000

Languages

See main article: Languages of Canada.

Knowledge of language

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses, and first appeared on the 1991 Canadian census. The following figures are from the 1991 Canadian census, 2001 Canadian census, 2011 Canadian census, and the 2021 Canadian census.

Language! colspan="2"

2021^[63]	2011^[64]		2001^[65] ^[66]		1991^[67]
English	31,628,570		28,360,235^[68]		25,246,220^[69]		22,505,415
French	10,563,235		9,960,585		9,178,100		8,508,960
Chinese	1,528,860		1,297,505		1,028,445		557,305
Hindustani	1,176,295		576,165		366,740		163,930
Spanish	1,171,450		873,395		610,580		402,430
Punjabi	942,170		545,730		338,720		167,925
Arabic	838,045		470,965		290,280		164,380
Tagalog	737,565		491,075		244,690		136,975
Italian	547,655		595,600		680,970		701,910
German	419,195		525,480		635,520		684,955
Portuguese	336,865		266,950		264,990		254,465
Persian	330,725		196,110		111,700		49,380
Russian	309,235		230,755		157,455		84,050
Tamil	237,890		179,465		111,580		37,330
Vietnamese	232,800		192,070		165,645		113,115
Gujarati	209,410		118,950		80,835		54,210
Polish	204,460		217,735		249,695		239,575
Korean	203,885		149,035		91,610		40,230
Serbo-Croatian	155,775		154,700		153,085		100,541
Greek	145,060		150,620		158,800		161,320
Haitian Creole	134,895		128,555		76,140		49,970
Ukrainian	131,655		144,260		200,520		249,535
Bengali	120,605		69,490		34,650		N/A	<0.1%
Romanian	116,520		97,180		60,520		30,520
Dutch	107,985		135,085		157,875		173,290
Cree	105,850		96,690		97,200		93,825
Japanese	98,070		74,690		65,030		45,370
Hebrew	83,205		70,695		63,675		52,450
Turkish	78,500		44,080		32,520		N/A	<0.1%
Malayalam	77,910		22,125		9,185		N/A	<0.1%
Hungarian	64,625		73,695		89,230		97,410
Ilocano	61,680		21,880		N/A	<0.03%	N/A	<0.1%
Somali	59,005		37,115		N/A	<0.03%	N/A	<0.1%
Swahili	57,295		31,690		25,300		N/A	<0.1%
Telugu	54,685		12,645		N/A	<0.03%	N/A	<0.1%

Mother tongue

First language! colspan="2"

2016	2011		2006
						Notes
Single language responses	33,947,610		32,481,635		30,848,270
Official languages	26,627,545		25,913,955		24,700,425
English	19,460,855		18,858,980		17,882,775
French	7,166,700		7,054,975		6,817,650
Non-official languages	7,321,070		6,567,680		6,147,840
	1,227,680		n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Combined responses of Mandarin, Cantonese, Chinese n.o.s. and Min Nan
Mandarin (Standard Chinese)	592,035		248,705		170,950
Cantonese	565,275		372,460		361,450
Punjabi	501,680		430,705		367,505
Spanish	458,850		410,670		345,345
Tagalog (Filipino)	431,385		327,445		235,615
Arabic	419,895		327,870		261,640
German	384,040		409,200		450,570
Italian	375,645		407,485		455,040
Hindustani	321,465		263,345		224,045		Combined responses of Hindi and Urdu
Portuguese	221,535		211,335		219,275
Persian (Farsi)	214,200		170,045		134,080
Urdu	210,820		172,800		145,805
Dravidian languages	189,405		n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Combined responses of Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada.
Russian	188,255		164,330		133,580
Polish	181,705		191,645		211,175
Vietnamese	156,430		144,880		141,625
Korean	153,425		137,925		125,570
Tamil	140,720		131,265		115,880		Most of the Canadian Tamils live in Toronto.
Hindi	110,645		90,545		78,240
Gujarati	108,775		91,450		81,465
Greek	106,520		108,925		117,285
Ukrainian	102,485		111,540		134,500
Dutch	99,015		110,490		128,900
Romanian	96,660		90,300		78,495
Bengali	73,125		59,370		45,685
Creoles	72,130		61,725		53,515
Cree, n.o.s.	64,045		77,900		78,855		In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'.
Hungarian	61,235		67,920		73,335		The majority of Hungarian speakers in Canada live in Ontario. A community of Hungarian speakers is found within a part of Windsor, Ontario.
Berber languages (Kabyle)	n/a	n/a	57,855		25,578
Serbian	57,345		56,420		51,665
Croatian	48,200		49,730		55,330
Japanese	43,640		39,985		40,200
Chinese, n.o.s.	38,575		425,210		456,705
Somali	36,760		31,380		27,320
Inuktitut	35,215		33,500		32,015		In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.
Armenian	33,455		29,795		30,130
Turkish	32,815		29,640		24,745
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795		n/a	n/a		n/a	n/a
Malayalam	28,570		16,080		11,925
Albanian	26,895		23,820		n/a	n/a
Ilocano	26,345		17,915		13,450
Amharic	22,465		18,020		14,555
Czech	22,295		23,585		24,450
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130		19,440		19,105
Bulgarian	20,020		19,050		16,790
Hebrew	19,530		18,450		17,635
Niger–Congo languages, n.i.e.	19,140		14,075		n/a	n/a
Nepali	18,275		8,480		n/a	n/a
Ojibway	17,885		17,625		24,190
Slovak	17,585		17,580		18,820
Pashto	16,910		12,465		9,025
Macedonian	16,770		17,245		18,435
Tigrigna	16,650		10,220		7,105
Sinhala	16,335		14,185		10,180
Bisayan languages	n/a	n/a	16,240		11,240
Telugu	15,655		9,315		6,625
Finnish	15,295		17,415		21,030
Yiddish	13,555		15,205		16,295
Akan (Twi)	13,460		12,680		12,780
Swahili	13,375		10,090		7,935
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,920		n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Oji-Cree	12,855		9,835		11,690
Lao	12,670		12,970		13,940
Danish	12,630		14,145		18,735
Malay	12,275		10,910		9,490
Bosnian	12,210		11,685		12,790
Sindhi	11,860		11,330		10,355
Kurdish	11,705		9,805		7,660
Hakka	10,910		5,115		n/a	n/a
Dene	10,700		11,215		9,745
Afrikaans	10,260		8,770		n/a	n/a
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230		10,785		10,975		In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi'.
Slovenian	9,785		10,775		13,135
Taiwanese	n/a	n/a	9,635		9,620
Serbo-Croatian	9,555		10,155		12,510
African languages, n.i.e.	n/a	n/a	9,125		n/a	n/a
Thai	9,255		7,935		n/a	n/a
Marathi	8,295		5,830		n/a	n/a
Bantu languages, n.i.e.	n/a	n/a	7,150		n/a	n/a
Lithuanian	7,075		7,245		8,335
Swedish	6,840		7,350		8,220
Mi'kmaq	6,690		7,635		7,365
Tibetan	6,165		n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Atikamekw	6,150		5,820		5,250
Canadian Gaelic	n/a	n/a	6,015		6,015
Fukien (Fuzhou dialect)	n/a	n/a	5,925		n/a	n/a
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845		3,975		n/a	n/a
Maltese	5,565		6,220		6,405
Estonian	5,445		6,385		8,240
Latvian	5,455		6,200		7,000
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250		3,895		n/a	n/a
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,180		5,255		n/a	n/a
Oromo	4,960		11,140		n/a	n/a
Norwegian	4,615		5,800		7,225
Tibetan languages	n/a	n/a	4,640		n/a	n/a
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	n/a	n/a	4,360		n/a	n/a
Sign languages, n.i.e.	4,125		3,815		n/a	n/a
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895		4,690		5,660
Lingala	3,810		3,085		n/a	n/a
Burmese	3,585		2,985		n/a	n/a
Stoney	3,025		3,050		n/a	n/a
Shanghainese	n/a	n/a	2,920		n/a	n/a
Blackfoot	2,815	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	3,085
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	2,420		3,630		n/a	n/a
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	2,155		16,970		n/a	n/a
Frisian	2,095	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	2,890
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	2,020
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,405	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Siouan languages (Dakota/Sioux)	1,265	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	5,585
Algonquin	1,260	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,920
Scottish Gaelic	1,095	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Welsh	1,075	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Carrier	1,030	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,560	<0.01%
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,020	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	365	<0.01%
Mohawk	985	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	290	<0.01%
South Slavey	950	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,605
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,180	<0.01%
North Slave (Hare)	765	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,065	<0.01%
Chilcotin	655	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,070	<0.01%
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	530	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Chipewyan	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	525	<0.01%
Michif	465	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	935	<0.01%
Nisga'a	400	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	680	<0.01%
Malecite	300	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	535	<0.01%
Kutchin-Gwich’in (Loucheux)	260	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	360	<0.01%
Tlingit	95	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	80	<0.01%
Other languages	n/a	n/a	77,890		172,650
Multiple language responses	818,640		639,540		392,760
English and French	165,335		144,685		98,630
English and a non-official language	533,260		396,330		240,005
French and a non-official language	86,145		74,430		43,335
English, French, and a non-official language	33,900		24,095		10,790
Total^[70] ^[71] ^[72]	34,767,250		33,121,175		31,241,030

Work

Language used most often at work

Language	% of total population (2016)^[73]	% of total population (2006)^[74]
English
French
Non-official
English and French
English and non-official
Other

Home

Language used most often at home

Language	% of total population (2016)^[75]	% of total population (2006)^[76]
English
French
Non-official
English and non-official
English and French
Other

Immigration

See main article: Immigration to Canada and Canada immigration statistics. According to the 2021 Canadian census, immigrants in Canada number 8.3 million persons and make up approximately 23 percent of Canada's total population.^[61] This represents the eighth-largest immigrant population in the world, while the proportion represents one of the highest ratios for industrialized Western countries.^[77]

Immigrants from specific countries are divided into several ethnic groups. For example, there are both Punjabis and Muhajirs from Pakistan, both Turks and Kurds from Turkey and both Sinhalese and Tamil from Sri Lanka. Immigrants from Iran are divided into Mazandaranians, Azeris, Persians, Kurds, Gilaks and Lurs.^[78]

Since confederation in 1867 through to the contemporary era, decadal and demi-decadal census reports have detailed immigration statistics. During this period, the highest annual immigration rate in Canada occurred in 1913, when 400,900 new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population,^{[79] [80]} while the greatest number of foreign-born individuals admitted to Canada in single year occurred in 2021, with 405,330 new immigrants accounting for 1.1 percent of the total population.

Statistics Canada projects that immigrants will represent between 29.1% and 34.0% of Canada's population in 2041, compared with 23.0% in 2021,^[81] while the Canadian population with at least one foreign born parent (first and second generation persons) could rise to between 49.8% and 54.3%, up from 44.0% in 2021.^{[82] [83] [84]}

Canada Immigration Statistics^{[85] [86] [87] [88]} !Year!Immigrant percentage!Immigrant population!Total responses!Total population

1871		594,207		3,689,257
1881		602,984		4,324,810
1891		643,871		4,833,239
1901		699,500		5,371,315
1911		1,586,961		7,206,643
1921		1,955,736		8,787,949
1931		2,307,525		10,374,196
1941		2,018,847		11,506,655
1951		2,059,911		14,009,429
1961		2,844,263		18,238,247
1971		3,295,535	21,568,310	21,568,311
1981		3,843,335	24,083,495	24,343,181
1986		3,908,150	25,022,005	25,309,331
1991		4,342,890	26,994,045	27,296,859
1996		4,971,070	28,528,125	28,846,761
2001		5,448,480	29,639,030	30,007,094
2006		6,186,950	31,241,030	31,612,897
2011		6,775,765	32,852,325	33,476,688
2016		7,540,830	34,460,060	35,151,728
2021		8,361,505	36,328,475	36,991,981

Migration data

Canada Net migration, 1952-1971! Year !! Immigration !! Emigration !! Net Migration

1952	164,498	60,559	106,939
1953	168,868	57,975	110,893
1954	154,227	57,150	97,077
1955	109,946	61,893	48,053
1956	164,857	68,753	96,104
1957	282,164	74,383	207,781
1958	124,851	61,681	63,170
1959	106,928	69,189	37,739
1960	104,111	75,596	28,515
1961	71,689	72,305	-616
1962	74,586	76,740	-2,154
1963	93,151	83,563	9,588
1964	112,606	92,430	20,176
1965	146,758	105,307	41,451
1966	194,743	91,489	103,254
1967	222,876	108,462	114,414
1968	183,974	100,036	83,938
1969	161,531	90,089	71,495
1970	147,713	80,961	66,752
1971	121,162	70,097	51,065

Canada Net migration, 1972-2019! Year !! Immigration !! Emigration !! Net migration !! Net non-permanent migration !! Total net migration

1972	122,006	26,175	95,831	2,975	98,806
1973	184,200	40,714	143,486	7,928	151,414
1974	218,465	42,020	176,445	1,977	178,422
1975	187,881	34,280	153,601	7,931	161,532
1976	146,429	28,292	118,137	-2,969	115,168
1977	117,914	29,106	88,808	-1,982	86,826
1978	86,313	31,692	54,621	-2,970	51,651
1979	112,036	24,492	87,544	7,930	95,474
1980	143,498	17,623	125,875	14,869	140,744
1981	128,794	24,604	104,190	30,281	134,471
1982	121,331	31,054	90,277	-3,727	86,550
1983	89,377	31,803	57,574	4,369	61,943
1984	88,599	29,064	59,535	-349	59,186
1985	84,339	26,864	57,474	10,981	68,455
1986	97,343	30,232	67,111	46,537	113,648
1987	152,031	28,865	123,166	40,899	164,065
1988	161,534	24,534	137,000	108,917	245,917
1989	191,516	26,706	164,810	67,356	232,166
1990	216,424	25,011	191,413	-10,951	180,462
1991	232,776	43,396	189,380	-54,661	134,719
1992	254,856	48,721	206,135	-31,933	174,202
1993	256,754	50,657	206,097	-63,292	142,805
1994	224,395	55,682	168,713	-16,500	152,213
1995	212,875	51,252	151,623	169	151,792
1996	226,061	49,841	176,220	-9,667	166,553
1997	216,034	62,803	153,231	791	154,022
1998	174,184	57,842	116,342	921	117,263
1999	189,971	54,387	135,584	22,431	158,015
2000	227,429	57,109	170,330	28,433	198,763
2001	250,638	59,391	191,247	47,286	238,533
2002	229,049	45,682	183,367	29,133	212,500
2003	221,349	49,876	171,473	22,943	194,416
2004	235,859	55,085	180,774	14,225	194,999
2005	262,246	52,436	209,810	3,159	212,969
2006	251,649	47,890	203,759	12,741	216,500
2007	236,763	51,455	185,308	43,958	229,266
2008	247,262	52,678	194,584	71,669	266,253
2009	252,218	41,131	211,087	55,977	267,064
2010	280,739	42,187	238,552	31,927	270,479
2011	248,735	50,932	197,803	42,802	240,605
2012	257,825	50,426	207,399	46,207	253,606
2013	259,046	26,608	232,438	52,984	285,422
2014	260,308	54,956	205,352	16,970	222,322
2015	271,867	56,566	215,301	-9,330	205,971
2016	296,385	56,772	239,613	88,722	328,335
2017	286,537	43,832	242,705	138,034	380,739
2018	321,054	37,915	283,139	154,917	438,056
2019	341,174	35,791	305,383	189,781	495,164

Canada Net migration 2020-present! Year !! Immigration !! Emigration !! Net Migration !! Non-permanent Resident Inflow !! Non-permanent Resident Outflow !! Net Non-permanent Resident !! Total Net Migration

2020	184,594	19,235	165,359	-	-	-96,066	69,293
2021	406,046	37,131	368,915	-	-	77,052	291,863
2022	437,612	35,015	402,597	961,728	461,467	500,261	902,858
2023	471,771	35,903	435,868	1,342,380	537,479	804,901	1,240,769

^[89]

Religion

See also: Religion in Canada. In 2021, 53.3% of Canadians were Christians,^[90] down from 67.3% in 2011.^[91] 29.9% were Catholic while 13.2% belonged to a specific Protestant denomination, 7.6% were Christian not otherwise specified, 2.1% were "other Christian and Christian-related traditions", 1.7% were Christian Orthodox, 0.4% were Jehovah's Witnesses and 0.2% were Latter Day Saints adherents.

34.6% of Canadians were non-religious or secular, up from 23.9% in 2011. Of the non-Christian religions listed, 4.9% of Canadians were Muslim (3.2% in 2011), 2.3% were Hindu (1.5% in 2011), 2.1% were Sikh (1.4% in 2011), 1.0% were Buddhist (1.1% in 2011), 0.9% were Jewish (1.0% in 2011), 0.2% were believers of traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality (same as 2011), and 0.6% were believers of other religions and spiritual traditions (0.4% in 2011).

Religion status of the Canadian Population in 2021
Religion	Total	Percent
Christian n.o.s.
Latter Day Saints
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions
Muslim
Sikh
Traditional (North American Indigenous) Spirituality
Other religions and spiritual traditions
No religion and secular perspectives

See also

• Demographics of North America
• 1666 census of New France
• 2016 Canadian census
• 2021 Canadian census
• List of Canadian census areas demographic extremes
• Interprovincial migration in Canada
• Canada immigration statistics
• Cahiers québécois de démographie academic journal
• Canadian Studies in Population academic journal

Notes

1. Web site: December 19, 2023 . Population estimates, quarterly . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240329193840/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 . March 29, 2024 . March 22, 2024. Statistics Canada.
2. Web site: Government of Canada . Statistics Canada . 2022-10-26 . The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity . In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups. . 2022-10-26 . www12.statcan.gc.ca.
3. Web site: February 9, 2022 . Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population . live . February 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220209165904/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada . 2022-02-09 .
4. Web site: Colley . Mark . 2024-03-28 . Canada's population hits 41 million, growing by a million in just nine months . Toronto Star . en.
5. Web site: Energy Efficiency Trends in Canada, 1990 to 2008 . Natural Resources Canada . 2011 . December 13, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222162432/http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/statistics/trends10/chapter3.cfm . December 22, 2015.
6. Book: Barry . Edmonston . Eric . Fong . The Changing Canadian Population . 2011 . McGill-Queen's Press . 978-0-7735-3793-4 . 181 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160412152653/https://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA181 . April 12, 2016.
7. Web site: For the 1st time, Canada will set targets for temporary residents - National Globalnews.ca . 2024-06-20 . globalnews.ca . en-US.
8. Web site: Canada Moves to Limit Number of Temporary Residents . 2024-06-20 . www.voanews.com.
9. News: Campion-Smith . Bruce . February 8, 2017 . Canada's population grew 1.7M in 5 years, latest census shows . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170208142923/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/02/08/canadas-population-grew-17m-in-5-years.html . February 8, 2017 . February 8, 2017 . Toronto Star.
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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of Canada.

• Book: Bumsted , J. M . Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Library of Congress (ABC-CLIO). 2003. 978-1-57607-672-9. registration . The people of Canada. .
• Book: Magocsi , Paul R. Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. 1999. 978-0-8020-2938-6.
• Book: Richard , Madeline . Ethnic history and marital assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971. University of British Columbia Press. 1992. 978-0-7748-0431-8.
• Book: Thornton, Russell. A population history of North America. Michael R. Haines, Richard Hall Steckel. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 2000. 0-521-49666-7.
• Book: Wilson, Donna M. Northcott, Herbert C. Dying and Death in Canada. University of Toronto Press. Toronto. 2008. 978-1-55111-873-4.
• Roderic Beaujot and Don Kerr, (2007) The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population, Canadian Scholars' Press, .

External links

• Canada Year Book (2010) – Statistics Canada
• Population estimates and projections, 2010 – 2036 – Statistics Canada
• Canada's population clock