Demographics of Africa explained

Place:Africa
Size Of Yeeet:1.256 billion (2017 est.)
Density:44 per sq km (2019 est.)
Growth:2.5% per annum (2017 est.)

The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century[1] and consequently shows a large youth bulge, further reinforced by a low life expectancy of below 50 years in some African countries.[2] Total population as of 2024 is about 1.5 billion,[3] with a growth rate of about 100 million every three years. The total fertility rate (births per woman) for Africa is 4.7 as of 2018, the highest in the world according to the World Bank.[4] The most populous African country is Nigeria with over 206 million inhabitants as of 2020 and a growth rate of 2.6% p.a.

Population

Genetics

See main article: Genetic history of Africa.

History

Alternative Estimates of African Population, 0–2018 AD (in thousands)

Source: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).[5]

Year0100015001600170018201870191319501973199820182100
(projected)
Africa16,500 33,00046,00055,00061,00074,20890,466124,697228,342387,645759,9541 321,0003 924,421[6]
World230,820268,273437,818555,828603,4101,041,0921,270,0141,791,0202,524,5313,913,4825,907,6807,500,000[7] 10 349 323

Shares of Africa and World Population, 0–2020 AD (% of world total)

Source: Maddison and others (University of Groningen) and others.[5]

Vital Statistics 1950–2021AD

Registration of vital events in most of Africa is incomplete. The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations.[10]

Mid-year population (thousands)Live births (thousands)Deaths (thousands)Natural change (thousands)Crude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)Total fertility rate (TFR)Infant mortality (per 1000 live births)Life expectancy (in years)
1950227 54910 9496 0634 88648.126.621.50.26.59186.637.62
1951232 48411 2006 1325 06848.226.421.80.16.59184.537.93
1952237 58611 4486 1555 29348.225.922.3-0.26.60181.338.44
1953242 83711 7086 1885 52048.225.522.7-0.46.61178.038.92
1954248 24511 9416 2345 70848.125.123.0-0.46.61174.739.30
1955253 84812 1906 2585 93348.024.623.4-0.66.62171.539.80
1956259 63112 4536 3126 14147.924.323.6-0.96.63168.940.17
1957265 51512 7176 4906 22747.924.423.4-1.16.64169.140.01
1958271 43012 9826 5566 42747.824.123.7-0.86.65166.540.30
1959277 64813 2446 4596 78547.723.224.4-0.56.66161.041.28
1960284 28813 5386 5536 98547.623.024.6-0.46.67158.641.48
1961291 17813 8646 6127 25147.622.724.9-0.36.69156.241.87
1962298 33414 2056 6707 53547.622.325.2-0.36.71153.942.32
1963305 75514 5316 7247 80847.522.025.5-0.36.71151.642.78
1964313 46614 8646 7738 09047.421.625.8-0.36.72149.343.25
1965321 44715 2026 8878 31547.321.425.9-0.46.71147.643.44
1966329 65815 5597 0548 50547.221.425.806.72146.843.43
1967338 16015 9207 1568 76447.121.225.90.26.72144.443.65
1968346 98016 2927 2109 08246.920.826.206.72142.644.10
1969356 07016 6897 3289 36146.920.626.306.71141.044.32
1970365 45017 0867 3849 70246.720.226.5-0.16.71139.244.78
1971375 08617 5287 42310 10546.719.826.9-0.76.71137.145.32
1972384 93017 9397 57210 36746.619.726.9-0.26.71135.645.41
1973395 21218 3417 54710 79446.419.127.30.26.70133.146.15
1974406 06918 8177 65811 16046.318.927.50.86.70132.046.46
1975417 55719 3247 72411 60046.318.527.81.06.69129.646.90
1976429 57319 8187 71012 10946.117.928.206.68126.147.64
1977441 70120 3407 76412 57646.017.628.50.46.67123.648.16
1978454 46320 8617 84113 01945.917.328.71.06.66121.348.57
1979467 97621 4487 90113 54645.816.928.90.16.64118.749.10
1980481 54321 9847 98613 99845.616.629.00.36.60116.449.51
1981495 65522 4908 05514 43545.416.329.10.96.56114.249.91
1982510 54023 0608 14614 91445.216.029.2-0.26.51111.750.28
1983525 33523 6568 63315 02345.016.428.6-0.36.47114.149.55
1984540 18324 1538 77415 37944.716.228.50.16.41112.049.71
1985555 65324 6738 85015 82344.415.928.50.36.34109.850.09
1986571 64625 1618 89116 27044.015.628.50.26.26107.050.55
1987588 08025 6328 94416 68943.615.228.4-0.56.20103.050.90
1988604 51126 0139 36016 65343.015.527.50.16.11105.150.43
1989621 16826 4059 07217 33342.514.627.9-0.56.02100.551.68
1990638 15726 7589 27817 48041.914.527.4-0.95.9199.851.65
1991655 04027 2029 55617 64641.514.626.9-1.15.83100.451.49
1992671 93227 6499 85017 79841.114.626.5-0.95.7699.751.24
1993689 14028 0639 90718 15640.714.426.3-1.15.6797.451.55
1994706 48828 44910 47617 97340.214.825.4-0.15.5996.550.52
1995724 33228 95310 08018 87340.013.926.0-0.65.5195.052.12
1996742 76529 39510 28219 11339.613.825.7-0.85.4294.052.13
1997761 22429 76410 41319 35139.113.725.4-0.95.3492.452.31
1998779 90830 21210 80619 40638.713.824.9-0.35.2791.751.90
1999799 09930 84910 63320 21638.613.325.3-0.55.2288.352.78
2000818 95231 44810 61420 83338.413.025.4-0.45.1885.953.35
2001839 46432 11910 72821 39238.212.825.5-0.35.1483.453.62
2002860 61132 75010 79921 95138.012.525.5-0.25.1080.954.00
2003882 34933 42210 84922 57437.912.325.6-0.25.0678.254.42
2004904 78134 13010 87623 25437.712.025.7-0.25.0275.554.90
2005927 89834 95010 86624 08437.611.725.9-0.25.0072.855.47
2006951 74035 73510 80724 92837.511.326.2-0.24.9770.256.14
2007976 46136 54010 78425 75637.411.026.4-0.34.9567.756.73
20081 001 98137 41110 76926 64237.310.726.6-0.44.9365.357.31
20091 028 20038 12210 67927 44337.110.426.7-0.44.8962.958.02
20101 055 23338 92010 65228 26836.910.126.8-0.84.8660.958.61
20111 082 67639 65110 59429 05736.69.826.8-0.84.8258.959.25
20121 110 79740 26210 56229 70036.29.526.7-0.24.7757.059.81
20131 140 18140 88210 56930 31335.89.326.6-0.24.7255.460.29
20141 170 29941 51710 59030 92735.59.026.4-0.14.6753.960.75
20151 201 10842 12810 64731 48135.18.926.2-0.44.6352.561.13
20161 232 11242 51510 65231 86334.58.625.8-0.54.5651.361.59
20171 263 33443 10210 69532 40834.18.525.6-0.34.5250.061.99
20181 295 26543 71310 76332 95033.78.325.4-0.44.4748.862.34
20191 327 70144 29510 84133 45433.38.225.2-0.44.4247.762.69
20201 360 67744 80711 39033 41732.98.424.6-0.34.3646.462.23
20211 393 67645 36912 03833 33132.58.623.94.3145.461.66

Population density

The Sahara Desert, covering most of North Africa, and the smaller Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa, are very sparsely populated. Heavily populated areas include the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Nile River valley and delta, Nigeria and vicinity and the southern coast of West Africa, Ethiopia, the greater East African Rift area, Madagascar, coastal and urban South Africa, and the Middle Africa megacities of Kinshasa and Luanda.

Population growth

See also: Projections of population growth and Population growth.

See also: List of African countries by population.

The increase in population is explosive, with a population under the age of 14 in the exponential growth phase, a difference from almost the rest of the world, which is already in balance (United States 1966, Europe 1969, Mexico 1990, Latin America 2000, India 2009, Asia 1977).

As of 2019, the total population of Africa is estimated at 1.3 billion, representing 16 percent of the world's population.[11] According to UN estimates, the population of Africa may reach 2.49 billion by 2050 (about 26% of the world's total) and 4.28 billion by 2100 (about 39% of the world's total).[11] The number of babies born in Africa compared to the rest of the world is expected to reach approximately 37% in the year 2050.[12]

The population of Africa first surpassed one billion in 2009, with a doubling time of 27 years (growth rate 2.6% p.a.).[13]

Population growth has continued at almost the same pace, and total population is expected to surpass 2 billion by 2038 (doubling time 29 years, 2.4% p.a.).[14]

Sub-Saharan Africa are expected to make more than half of the global population increase projected through 2050.[15]

The reason for the uncontrolled population growth since the mid 20th century is the decrease of infant mortality and general increase of life expectancy without a corresponding reduction in fertility rate, due to a very limited use of contraceptives. Further factors generally associated with decreased fertility include wealth, education, and female labor participation.[16] Uncontrolled population growth threatens to overwhelm infrastructure development and to cripple economic development.[17] Kenya and Zambia are pursuing programs to promote family planning in an attempt to curb growth rates.[18]

The extreme population growth in Africa is driven by East Africa, Middle Africa and West Africa, which regions are projected to more than quintuple their populations over the 21st century. The most extreme of these is Middle Africa, with an estimated population increase by 681%, from less than 100 million in 2000 to more than 750 million in 2100 (almost half of this figure is driven by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, projected to increase from 47 million in 2000 to 362 million in 2100). Projected population growth is less extreme in Southern Africa and North Africa, which are expected, respectively, to not quite double and triple their populations over the same period.[11]

Population estimates by region (in billions):

2000 2050 2100
0.260.85 (+227%, +1.8% p.a.)1.45 (+458%, +0.6% p.a.)
0.0960.38 (+296%, +2.1% p.a.) 0.75 (+681%, +0.8% p.a.)
0.170.37 (+118%, +1.1% p.a.) 0.50 (+194%, +0.3% p.a.)
0.051 0.087 (+70%, +0.6% p.a.) 0.094 (+82%, -0.1% p.a.)
0.23 0.80 (+248%, +2.0% p.a.) 1.48 (+543%, +0.7% p.a.)
Africa 0.81 2.49 (+207%, +1.7% p.a.) 4.28 (+428%, +0.6% p.a.)
World 6.14 9.73 (+58%, +0.5% p.a.) 10.88 (+77%, +0.0% p.a.)

Births

All countries in Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27.1% of global livebirths.[19]

Health

History of health care development in sub-Saharan Africa

In September 1987, UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Committee announced the launching of the Bamako Initiative— chartered in response to financial issues occurring in the region during the 1980s, and with the aim of increasing access to vital medications through community involvement in revolving drug funds.[20] [21] The 1987 Bamako Initiative conference, organized by the WHO was held in Bamako, the capital of Mali, and helped reshape the health policy of sub-Saharan Africa.[22] The meeting was attended by African Ministers of Health who advocated for improvement of healthcare access through the revitalization of primary healthcare. The new strategy substantially increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. The public health community within the region raised issues in response to the initiative, of which included: equity, access, affordability, integration issues, relative importance given to medications, management, dependency, logistics, and sustainability. As a result of these critiques, the Initiative later transformed to address the increase of accessibility of health services, the enhancement of quality of health services, and the overall improvement of health system management. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.[23] [24]

Major health challenges

The Eastern African, Central African, Western African and Southern African regions experience disproportionate rates of infectious and chronic diseases in comparison to other global regions.

Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes persists as an epidemic in the region posing a public health and socioeconomic crisis for Sub-Saharan Africa. Scarcity of data for pathogenesis and subtypes for diabetes in Sub-Saharan African communities has led to gaps in documenting epidemiology for the disease. High rates of undiagnosed diabetes in many countries leaves individuals at a high risk of chronic health complications, thus, posing a high risk of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality in the region.[25]

HIV/AIDS

In 2011, Africa was home to 69% of all people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide.[26] In response, a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV/AIDS. Among these are combination prevention programmes, considered to be the most effective initiative, the abstinence, be faithful, use a condom campaign, and the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation's outreach programs.[27] According to a 2013 special report issued by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retroviral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005, with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone.[28] [29] The number of AIDS-related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 percent less than the number in 2005.[30] The number of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 percent less than the number in 2001.

Malaria

Malaria is an endemic illness in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of malaria cases and deaths worldwide occur.[31]

Maternal and infant mortality

Studies show that more than half of the world's maternal deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa.[32] [33] However progress has been made in this area, as maternal mortality rates have decreased for multiple countries in the region by about half since 1990. Additionally, the African Union ratified the Maputo Protocol in July 2003, which pledges to prohibit female genital mutilation.[34]

The Sub-Saharan African region alone accounts for about 45% of global infant and child mortalities. Studies have shown a relationship between infant survival and the education of mothers, as years of education positively correlate with infant survival rates. Geographic location is also a factor, as child mortality rates are higher in rural areas in comparison to urban regions.[35]

Measles

Routine immunization has been introduced to countries within Sub-Saharan Africa in order to prevent measles outbreaks within the region.[36]

Neglected tropical diseases

Neglected tropical diseases such as hookworm infection encompass some of the most common health conditions which affect an estimated 500 million individuals in the sub-Saharan African region.[37]

Non-communicable diseases

Results of Global Burden of Disease studies reveal that the age-standardized death rates of non-communicable diseases in at least four Sub-Saharan countries including South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and Ethiopia supersede that of identified high-income countries.[38] Improvement in statistics systems and increase in epidemiological studies with in-depth analysis of disease risk factors could improve the understanding of non-communicable diseases (i.e.: diabetes, hypertension, cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, etc.) in sub-Saharan Africa as well as better inform decisions surrounding healthcare policy in the region.

Onchocerciasis

Onchocerciasis ("river blindness"), a common cause of blindness, is also endemic to parts of the region. More than 99% of people affected by the illness worldwide live in 31 countries therein.[39] In response, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was launched in 1995 with the aim of controlling the disease.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality on a global scale, especially in high HIV-prevalent populations in the sub-Saharan African region, with a high case fatality rate.[40]

National healthcare systems

National health systems vary between countries. In Ghana, most health care is provided by the government and largely administered by the Ministry of Health and Ghana Health Services. The healthcare system has five levels of providers: health posts which are first level primary care for rural areas, health centers and clinics, district hospitals, regional hospitals and tertiary hospitals. These programs are funded by the government of Ghana, financial credits, Internally Generated Fund (IGF), and Donors-pooled Health Fund.[41]

A shortage of health professionals compounded by migration of health workers from sub-Saharan Africa to other parts of the world (namely English-speaking nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom) has negatively impacted productivity and efficacy of the region's health systems.[42]

More than 85% of individuals in Africa use traditional medicine as an alternative to often expensive allopathic medical health care and costly pharmaceutical products. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) Heads of State and Government declared the 2000s decade as the African Decade on African Traditional Medicine in an effort to promote The WHO African Region’s adopted resolution for institutionalizing traditional medicine in health care systems across the continent.[43] Public policy makers in the region are challenged with consideration of the importance of traditional/indigenous health systems and whether their coexistence with the modern medical and health sub-sector would improve the equitability and accessibility of health care distribution, the health status of populations, and the social-economic development of nations within sub-Saharan Africa.[44]

Ethnicity

See main article: List of ethnic groups of Africa.

Speakers of Bantu languages (part of the Niger–Congo family) predominate in southern, central and southeast Africa. The Bantu farmers from West Africa's inland savanna progressively expanded over most of Africa.[45] But there are also several Nilotic groups in South Sudan and East Africa, the mixed Swahili people on the Swahili Coast, and a few remaining indigenous Khoisan (San and Khoikhoi) and Pygmy peoples in southern and central Africa, respectively. Native Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, and are found in parts of southern Cameroon. In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as the "San" have long been present. Together with the Khoikhoi, they form the Khoisan. The San are the pre-Bantu indigenous people of southern Africa, while Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous African peoples of Central Africa.[46]

The peoples of West Africa primarily speak Niger–Congo languages belonging mostly, though not exclusively, to its non-Bantu branches, though some Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic-speaking groups are also found. The Niger–Congo-speaking Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan and Wolof ethnic groups are the largest and most influential. In the central Sahara, Mandinka or Mande groups are most significant. Chadic-speaking groups, including the Hausa, are found in the more northerly parts of the region nearest to the Sahara and Nilo-Saharan communities such as the Kanuri,[47] [48] Zarma and Songhai[49] are present in eastern parts of West Africa bordering Central Africa.

The peoples of North Africa comprise three main groups: Berbers in the northwest, Egyptians and Libyans in northeast, and Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples in the east. The non-native Muslim settlers who arrived in the 7th century introduced the Arabic language and Islam to the region, initiating a process of linguistic Arabization of the region's inhabitants. The Semitic Phoenicians (who founded Carthage) and Hyksos, the Indo-Iranian Alans, the Indo-European Greeks, Romans and Vandals settled in North Africa as well.Berber-speaking populations still make significant communities within Morocco and Algeria and are still also present in smaller numbers in Tunisia and Libya.[50] The Berber-speaking Tuareg and other often-nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa. In Mauritania, there is a small Berber community and Niger–Congo-speaking peoples in the South, though in both regions Arabic and Arab culture predominates. In Sudan, although Arabic and Arab culture predominates, it is also inhabited by originally Nilo-Saharan-speaking groups such as the Nubians, Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa[51] who over the centuries have variously intermixed with migrants from the Arabian peninsula. Small communities of Afro-Asiatic-speaking Beja nomads can also be found in Egypt and Sudan.In the Horn of Africa, Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups predominate. Ethiopian and Eritrean groups like the Amhara and Tigrayans (collectively known as Habesha) speak languages from the Semitic branch of Afro-Asiatic language family, while the Oromo and Somali speak languages from the Cushitic branch of Afro-Asiatic. In southern Ethiopia and Eritrea, Nilotic peoples related to those in South Sudan are also found, while Bantu and Khoisan ethnic minorities inhabit parts of southern Somalia near the Kenyan border.Prior to the decolonization movements of the post-World War II era, Europeans were represented in every part of Africa.[52] Decolonisation during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million pieds-noirs in North Africa),[53] Kenya, Congo,[54] Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola.[55] By the end of 1977, more than one million Portuguese were thought to have returned from Africa.[56] Nevertheless, people in Africa of European descent remain a minority in many African states, particularly South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion.[57] South Africa has the largest population of white people in Africa.[58] The Boers or Afrikaners, the British diaspora and the Coloureds (multiracial) are the largest European-descended groups in Africa today.

European colonization also brought sizable groups of Asians, particularly people from the Indian subcontinent, to British colonies. Large Indian communities are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, and some other southern and East African countries. The large Indian community in Uganda was expelled by the dictator Idi Amin in 1972, though many have since returned. The islands in the Indian Ocean are also populated primarily by people of Asian origin, often mixed with Africans and Europeans. The Malagasy people of Madagascar are Austronesian people and native African people, but those along the coast are generally mixed with Bantu, Arab, Indian and European origins. Malay and Indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in South Africa as Cape Coloureds (people with origins in two or more races and continents). Beginning with the 21st century many Hispanics, primarily Mexicans, Central Americans, Chileans, Peruvians, and Colombians, have immigrated to Africa. Around 500,000 Hispanics have immigrated to Africa, most of whom live in South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and Ghana. During the 20th century, small but economically important communities of Lebanese and Chinese[59] have also developed in the larger coastal cities of West and East Africa, respectively.[60]

Languages

See main article: Languages of Africa. There are three major linguistic phyla native to Africa: Niger–Congo languages (including Bantu) in West, Central, Southeast and Southern Africa; Nilo-Saharan languages (unity debated) spoken from Tanzania to Sudan and from Chad to Mali; Khoisan languages (probably no phylogenetic unit, see Khoe languages), concentrated in the Kalahari Desert of Namibia and Botswana; There are several other small families and language isolates, as well as languages that have yet to be classified.

In addition, the Afroasiatic languages are spread throughout Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel. The Afroasiatic homeland may be either in Western Asia or in Africa.

More recently introduced to Africa are Austronesian languages spoken in Madagascar, as well as Indo-European languages spoken in South Africa and Namibia (Afrikaans, English, German), which were used as lingua francas in former European colonies.

The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect) at between 1,250 and 2,100,[61] and by some counts at "over 3,000",[62] Nigeria alone has over 500 languages (according to the count of SIL Ethnologue),[63]

Around a hundred languages are widely used for inter-ethnic communication. Arabic, Somali, Berber, Amharic, Oromo, Igbo, Swahili, Hausa, Manding, Fulani and Yoruba are spoken by tens of millions of people. Twelve dialect clusters (which may group up to a hundred linguistic varieties) are spoken by 75 percent, and fifteen by 85 percent, of Africans as a first or additional language.[64]

Niger–Congo is the largest phylum of African languages, with more than 500 million speakers (2017); it is dominated by the Bantu branch, spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa in the Bantu expansion, Bantu speakers accounting for about half of Niger–Congo speakers. Arabic is the most widely spoken single language in Africa by far, with a population of Arab Africa of the order of 330 million (2017). Other Afroasiatic languages are spoken by of the order of 100 million speakers in Africa (2017). Nilo-Saharan are spoken by of the order of 100 million speakers (2017). Khoisan groups a number of mostly endangered click languages, the largest being Khoekhoe with of the order of 300,000 speakers (2016).

Former colonial languages, such as English, French and Portuguese, are used as official languages in many African nations, and are spoken by a fifth of Africans.[65] [66] [67]

Religion

See main article: Religion in Africa, Traditional African religions, Islam in Africa and Christianity in Africa.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Zinkina J., Korotayev A. Explosive Population Growth in Tropical Africa: Crucial Omission in Development Forecasts (Emerging Risks and Way Out). World Futures 70/2 (2014): 120–139 .
  2. See List of countries by life expectancy; according to the 2012 CIA Factbook, 4 of 53 countries show a life expectancy at birth below 50 years
  3. Web site: Population of Africa – Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. en. 2024-05-17.
  4. Web site: Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Africa . The World Bank . 29 May 2020 . 13 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200513095844/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG . live .
  5. Web site: Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820. Maddison. 27 July 2016 . 17 July 2019. 12 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183845/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf. live.
  6. Web site: Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects . 2022-07-23 . Our World in Data.
  7. Web site: World Population Day: July 11, 2018. United States Census Bureau. 11 July 2018. 18 July 2019. 18 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190718064224/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html. live.
  8. Web site: Africa Population (LIVE). worldometers.info. 17 July 2019. 2 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200902033531/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/. live.
  9. Web site: Pew Research Center. World's population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century. ANTHONY CILLUFFO. NEIL G. RUIZ. 17 June 2019.
  10. Web site: Population & Demography Data Explorer . 2022-07-22 . Our World in Data.
  11. Web site: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects, 2019. 2021-01-31. 22 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210122210505/https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/. live.
  12. News: 2018-09-22. What to do about Africa's dangerous baby boom. The Economist. 2020-12-27. 0013-0613. 25 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180925235351/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/22/what-to-do-about-africas-dangerous-baby-boom. live.
  13. Web site: Africa population tops a billion . . 18 November 2009 . 18 November 2009 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043159/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8366591.stm . live . "World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision" United Nations (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)
  14. Web site: World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations. esa.un.org. 2017-11-29. 24 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180124201358/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/. live.
  15. Book: World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results. New York. United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
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