Demographic economics explained

Demographic economics or population economics is the application of economic analysis to demography, the study of human populations, including size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics.^{[1] [2]}

Aspects

Aspects of the subject include:

• marriage and fertility^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]}
• the family^{[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]}
• divorce^{[18] [19] [20]}
• morbidity^[21] and life expectancy/mortality^{[22] [23] [24]}
• dependency ratios^{[25] [26] [27]}
• migration^{[28] [29] [30]}
• population growth^{[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]}
• population size^{[39] [40] [41]}
• public policy^{[42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]}
• the demographic transition from "population explosion" to (dynamic) stability^[49] or decline.^{[50] [51] [52]}

Other subfields include measuring value of life^{[53] [54]} and the economics of the elderly^{[55] [56] [57]} and the handicapped^{[58] [59] [60]} and of gender,^{[61] [62] [63]} race, minorities, and non-labor discrimination.^{[64] [65]} In coverage and subfields, it complements labor economics^{[66] [67]} and implicates a variety of other economics subjects.^{[68] [69] [70]}

Subareas

The Journal of Economic Literature classification codes are a way of categorizing subjects in economics. There, demographic economics is paired with labour economics as one of 19 primary classifications at JEL: J.^[71] It has eight subareas:

General

Demographic Trends and Forecasts

Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure

Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth

Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped

Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination

Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination

Value of life; Foregone Income

Public Policy

See also

• Cost of raising a child
• Family economics
• Generational accounting
• Growth economics
• Retirement age, international comparison

Related:

• Income and fertility
• Demographic dividend
• Demographic transition
• Demographic gift
• Demographic window
• Demographic trap
• Preston curve
• Development economics

References

• John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, ed. ([1987] 1989. Social Economics: The New Palgrave, pp. v-vi. Arrow-page searchable links to entries for:

"Ageing Populations," pp. 1-3, by Robert L. Clark

"Declining Population," pp. 10-15, by Robin Barlow

"Demographic Transition," pp. 16-23, by Ansley J. Coale

"Extended Family," pp. 58-63, by Oliva Harris

"Family," pp. 65-76, by Gary S. Becker

"Fertility," pp.77-89, by Richard A. Easterlin

"Gender," pp. 95-108, by Francine D. Blau

"Race and Economics," pp. 215-218, by H. Stanback

"Value of Life," pp.289-76, by Thomas C. Schelling

• Nathan Keyfitz, 1987. "demography," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 796–802.
• T. Paul Schultz, 1981. Economics of Population. Addison-Wesley. Book review.
• John B. Shoven, ed., 2011. Demography and the Economy, University of Chicago Press. Scroll-down description and preview.
• Julian L. Simon, 1977. The Economics of Population Growth. Princeton,
• _____, [1981] 1996. The Ultimate Resource 2, rev. and expanded. Princeton. Description and preview links.
  • Dennis A. Ahlburg, 1998. "Julian Simon and the Population Growth Debate," Population and Development Review, 24(2), pp. 317-327.
  • M. Perlman, 1982. [Untitled review of Simon, 1977 & 1981], Population Studies, 36(3), pp. 490-494.
• Julian L. Simon, ed., 1997. The Economics Of Population: Key Modern Writings. Description.
• _____, ed., 1998. The Economics of Population: Classic Writings. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links.
• Joseph J. Spengler 1951. "The Population Obstacle to Economic Betterment," American Economic Review, 41(2), pp. 343-354.
• _____, 1966. "The Economist and the Population Question," American Economic Review, 56(1/2), pp. 1–24.

Journals

• Demography – Scope and links to issue contents & abstracts.
• Journal of Population Economics – Aims and scope and 20th Anniversary statement, 2006.
• Population and Development Review – Aims and abstract & supplement links.
• Population Bulletin – Each issue on a current population topic.
• Population Studies —Aims and scope.
• Review of Economics of the Household

Notes and References

1. 10.1057/9780230226203.0428 . Economic Demography . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Kelley . Allen C. . Schmidt . Robert M. . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 655 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
2. 12342564 . Bernard M. S. . van Praag . Bernard van Praag . Journal of Population Economics . 20007247 . 1988 . The notion of population economics . 1 . 1 . 5–16 . 10.1007/bf00171507.
3. 10.1057/9780230226203.1044 . Marriage Markets . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Foster . Andrew . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 356 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
4. 10.1057/9780230226203.0560 . Fertility in Developing Countries . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Schultz . T. Paul . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 291 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
5. 10.1057/9780230226203.0434 . Economic Growth in the Very Long Run . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Galor . Oded . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 685 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
6. 10.1057/9780230226203.0559 . Fertility in Developed Countries . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Adsera . Alicia . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 286 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
7. Book: 10.1016/S1573-4463(86)01006-4 . Models of marital status and childbearing . Handbook of Labor Economics . 1986 . Montgomery . Mark . Trussell . James . 978-0-444-87856-4 . 1 . 205–71.
8. 10.1162/jeea.2005.3.2-3.494 . The Demographic Transition and the Emergence of Sustained Economic Growth . 2005 . Galor . Oded . Journal of the European Economic Association . 3 . 2–3 . 494–504 . 40004992. 10419/80187 . free .
9. Eric Hanushek . Eric A . Hanushek . 1992 . The Trade-Off between Child Quantity and Quality . Journal of Political Economy . 100 . 1 . 84–117 . 2138807 . 10.1086/261808. 154820218 .
10. 10.1007/s001480050013 . 20007500 . Religion as a determinant of marital fertility . 1996 . Lehrer . Evelyn L. . Journal of Population Economics . 9 . 2 . 173–96 . 12320501. 24326107 .
11. 10.1057/9780230226203.0550 . Family Economics . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Ermisch . John . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 260 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
12. Book: Ermisch, John . 2003 . An Economic Analysis of the Family . Princeton . Princeton University Press . 978-0-691-09667-4 . registration .
13. 10.1057/9780230226203.2528 . Family . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Becker . Gary S. . 9780333786765 . 1 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
14. Book: Becker, Gary S. . Gary S. Becker . 1981 . 1991 . A Treatise on the Family . Cambridge, MA . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-90698-3. A Treatise on the Family .
15. Gary S. Becker . Gary S. . Becker . 1988 . Family Economics and Macro Behavior . American Economic Review . 78 . 1 . 1–13.
16. Book: Lehrer, Evelyn . 2007 . Religion, Economics and Demography: The Effects of Religion on Education, Work, and the Family . Routledge . 978-0-415-70194-5.
17. 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00038.x . 3657335 . Religion as a Determinant of Economic and Demographic Behavior in the United States . 2004 . Lehrer . Evelyn L. . Population and Development Review . 30 . 4 . 707–726. 10419/20687 . 4981446 . free .
18. 10.1057/9780230226203.1043 . Marriage and Divorce . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Weiss . Yoram . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 347 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
19. Evelyn L. . Lehrer . Carmel U. . Chiswick . Religion as a Determinant of Marital Stability . Demography . 30 . 3 . August 1993 . 385–404 . 10.2307/2061647 . 2061647 . 8405605. free .
20. From Polygyny to Serial Monogamy: a Unified Theory of Marriage Institutions*. The Review of Economic Studies. 82. 2. 2015-01-07. 0034-6527. 565–607. 10.1093/restud/rdv001. en. David. de la Croix. Fabio. Mariani. 2078.1/110739. free.
21. 10.1057/9780230226203.1310 . Population Health, Economic Implications of . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Canning . David . Bloom . David E. . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 516 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
22. 10.1057/9780230226203.1141 . Mortality . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Vaupel . James W. . Von Kistowski . Kristín G. . Rau . Roland . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 781 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
23. 10.1080/00324728.1975.10410201 . 11630494 . The Changing Relation between Mortality and level of Economic Development . 1975 . Preston . Samuel H. . Population Studies . 29 . 2 . 231–248. 2572360 .
24. 10.1093/ije/dym079 . Commentary: The Preston Curve 30 years on: Still sparking fires . 2007 . Bloom . D. E . Canning . D. . International Journal of Epidemiology . 36 . 3 . 498–9; discussion 502–3 . 17550948. free .
25. 12292225 . 1996 . Kelley . AC . Schmidt . RM . Saving, dependency and development . 9 . 4 . 365–86 . Journal of Population Economics . 10.1007/BF00573070. 1440355 .
26. David N. . Weil . Population Growth, Dependency, and Consumption . The American Economic Review . 89 . 2 . May 1999 . 251–5 . 117115 . 10.1257/aer.89.2.251.
27. 10.1017/S071498080001463X . Population Aging and Its Economic Costs: A Survey of the Issues and Evidence . 2010 . Denton . Frank T. . Spencer . Byron G. . Canadian Journal on Aging . 19 . 1–31. 10.1.1.613.1972 . 79567183 .
28. 10.1057/9780230226203.1772 . Urban Growth . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Ioannides . Yannis M. . Rossi-Hansberg . Esteban . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 544 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
29. 10.1057/9780230226203.0824 . Internal Migration . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Walker . James R. . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 421 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
30. 10.1057/9780230226203.0830 . International Migration . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Borjas . George J. . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 453.
31. 10.1057/9780230226203.1309 . Population Dynamics . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Lee . Ronald D. . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 512 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
32. 10.1057/9780230226203.0755 . Human Capital, Fertility and Growth . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Galor . Oded . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 109 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
33. Oded . Galor . David N. . Weil . Population, Technology, and Growth: From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and beyond . The American Economic Review . 90 . 4 . September 2000 . 806–28 . 117309 . 10.1257/aer.90.4.806. 10.1.1.195.5342 .
34. Book: David Gale . Johnson . Ronald Demos . Lee . 1987 . Population Growth and Economic Development: Issues and Evidence . University of Wisconsin Press . 978-0-299-11130-4.
35. Allen C. . Kelley . Economic Consequences of Population Change in the Third World . Journal of Economic Literature . December . 4 . 1988 . 1685–728 . 2726858.
36. 10.1007/BF00160435 . The role of fertility and population in economic growth . 1994 . Brander . James A. . Dowrick . Steve . Journal of Population Economics . 7 . 1–25 . 12287546 . 1. 20943767 .
37. Michael . Kremer . Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990 . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 . 3 . August 1993 . 681–716 . 2118405 . 10.2307/2118405.
38. Partha . Dasgupta . Partha Dasgupta . The Population Problem: Theory and Evidence . Journal of Economic Literature . 33 . 4 . December 1995 . 1879–902 . 2729316.
39. 10.1126/science.268.5210.520 . Economic Growth, Carrying Capacity, and the Environment . 1995 . Arrow . K. . Bolin . B. . Costanza . R. . Dasgupta . P. . Folke . C. . Holling . C. S. . Jansson . B.-O. . Levin . S. . Mäler . K.-G. . Perrings . C. . Pimentel . D. . Science . 268 . 5210 . 520–1 . 17756719. 1995Sci...268..520A .
40. 10.1126/science.7618100 . Population growth and earth's human carrying capacity . 1995 . Cohen . J. . Science . 269 . 5222 . 341–6 . 7618100. 1995Sci...269..341C .
41. Book: Cohen, Joel E. . 1995 . How Many People Can the Earth Support? . Norton . 978-0-393-31495-3.
42. 10.1057/9780230226203.0228 . Child Health and Mortality . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Currie . Janet . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 769 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
43. Book: National Research Council . United States National Research Council . 1986 . Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions . National Academies Press . 978-0-309-03641-2 . registration .
44. [Theodore W. Schultz]
45. Web site: Amartya . Sen . Amartya Sen . 1995 . Authoritarianism versus Cooperation . International Lecture Series on Population Issues . John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160623233814/http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/PopPobreza/AmartyaSen.pdf . 2016-06-23 . Republished as 10.1007/s001480050029 . 20007525 . Population policy: Authoritarianism versus cooperation . 1997 . Sen . Amartya . Journal of Population Economics . 10 . 1 . 3–22. 154992419 .
46. Book: Nancy . Birdsall . Nancy Birdsall . Allen C. . Kelley . Steven W. . Sinding . 2001 . Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World . Oxford . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-152953-5.
47. Paul A. . Samuelson . Paul A. Samuelson . An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money . Journal of Political Economy . 66 . 6 . December 1958 . 467–82 . 1826989 . 10.1086/258100. 153586213 .
48. 10.1057/9780230226203.0627 . Generational Accounting . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Gokhale . Jagadeesh . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 630 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
49. 10.1057/9780230226203.1602 . Stable Population Theory . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Tuljapurkar . Shripad . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 826 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
50. 10.1257/0002828053828680 . The Baby Boom and Baby Bust . 2005 . Greenwood . Jeremy . Seshadri . Ananth . Vandenbroucke . Guillaume . American Economic Review . 95 . 183–207.
51. 10.1057/9780230226203.0738 . Historical Demography . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Mosk . Carl . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 38 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
52. 10.1057/9780230226203.0374 . Demographic Transition . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Lee . Ronald D. . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 433 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
53. 10.1057/9780230226203.1784 . Value of Life . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Kip Viscusi . W. . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 586 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
54. 10.1257/0002828053828563 . The Quantity and Quality of Life and the Evolution of World Inequality . 2005 . Becker . Gary S . Philipson . Tomas J . Soares . Rodrigo R . American Economic Review . 95 . 1 . 277–291. 29120118 . 10.1.1.589.702 . 12760521 .
55. 10.1057/9780230226203.1431 . Retirement . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Hurd . Michael . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 130 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
56. 10.1057/9780230226203.1307 . Population Ageing . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . 2008 . Weil . David N. . 978-0-333-78676-5 . 499 . London . Palgrave Macmillan.
57. Book: Robert Louis . Clark . Joseph John . Spengler . Joseph J. Spengler . 1998 . The Economics of Individual and Population Aging . Cambridge . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-22883-1 . registration .
58. Book: 10.1016/S1574-0714(06)02024-0 . Selfishness, altruism and normative principles in the economic analysis of social transfers . Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity . 2006 . Blanchet . Didier . Fleurbaey . Marc . 9780444521453 . 2 . 1465.
59. 10.1080/0305498850110203 . 1050498 . The Expansion of Special Education . 1985 . Tomlinson . Sally . Oxford Review of Education . 11 . 2 . 157–165.
60. Margaret M. . Bubolz . Alice P. . Whiren . The Family of the Handicapped: An Ecological Model for Policy and Practice . Family Relations . 33 . 1 . January 1984 . 5–12 . 584584 . 10.2307/584584.
61. Oded . Galor . David N. . Weil . The Gender Gap, Fertility, and Growth . The American Economic Review . 86 . 3 . June 1996 . 374–87 . 2118202.
62. Also available online.
63. Book: Jacobsen, Joyce P. . Joyce P. Jacobsen . The economics of gender . Blackwell Publishing . Malden, Massachusetts . 3rd . 2007 . 9781405161824 .
64. Book: Thomas . Sowell . Thomas Sowell . 1975 . Race and Economics . McKay. Race and Economics .
65. Book: Sowell, Thomas . 1995 . Race and Culture: A World View . registration . Basic Books . 978-0-465-06797-8.
66. [JEL classification codes#Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories]
67. http://www.nber.org/jel/J1.html Labor and Demographic Economics: Demographic Economics
68. Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka, 1996. Population Economics. MIT Press. Description & chapter previews.
69. Book: 10.1016/S1574-003X(97)80018-9 . Introduction: Population and family economics . Handbook of Population and Family Economics . 1997 . Rosenzweig . Mark R. . Stark . Oded . 9780444826459 . 1 . 1 .
70. Search of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online, "population OR demography".
71. Of which a complete list for JEL: J with corresponding Wikipedia links is at .