pronounced as /notice/
Debuccalization or deoralization is a sound change or alternation in which an oral consonant loses its original place of articulation and moves it to the glottis (pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, or pronounced as /link/). The pronunciation of a consonant as pronounced as /[h]/ is sometimes called aspiration, but in phonetics, aspiration is the burst of air accompanying a stop. The word comes from Latin Latin: bucca, meaning "cheek" or "mouth".
Debuccalization is usually seen as a subtype of lenition, which is often defined as a sound change involving the weakening of a consonant by progressive shifts in pronunciation. As with other forms of lenition, debuccalization may be synchronic or diachronic (i.e. it may involve alternations within a language depending on context or sound changes across time).
Debuccalization processes occur in many different types of environments such as the following:
pronounced as //q// is debuccalized to pronounced as //ʔ// in several Arabic varieties, such as northern Egyptian, Lebanese, western Syrian, and urban Palestinian dialects, partially also in Jordanian Arabic (especially by female speakers).[1] The Maltese language, which was originally an Arabic dialect, also shows this feature.
Most English-speakers in England and many speakers of American English debuccalize pronounced as //t// to a glottal stop pronounced as /[ʔ]/ in two environments: in word-final position before another consonant (American English IPA)
Before a syllabic pronounced as /[n̩]/ following pronounced as //l//, pronounced as //r//, or pronounced as //n// or a vowel. The pronounced as //t// may then also be nasally released. (American English IPA)
In Cockney English, pronounced as //t// is often realized as a glottal stop pronounced as /[ʔ]/ between vowels, liquids, and nasals (notably in the word bottle), a process called t-glottalization.
The German ending -en is commonly realized as an assimilated syllabic nasal. Preceding voiceless stops are then glottally released: German: Latten pronounced as /[ˈlat͡ʔn̩]/ ('laths'), German: Nacken pronounced as /[ˈnak͡ʔŋ̍]/ ('nape of the neck'). When such a stop is additionally preceded by a homorganic sonorant, it tends to be debuccalized entirely and create the clusters pronounced as /[mʔm̩, lʔn̩, nʔn̩, ŋʔŋ̍]/. For example, German: Lumpen pronounced as /[ˈlʊmʔm̩]/ ('rag'), German: Banken pronounced as /[ˈbaŋʔŋ̍]/ ('banks').
Voiced stops are not usually debuccalized. However, many Upper German and East Central German dialects merge voiced and unvoiced stops at least word-internally, and the merged consonants may be debuccalized. For example, in Bavarian, both Anten ('ducks') and Anden ('Andes') are pronounced pronounced as /[ˈɑnʔn̩]/. Speakers are often unaware of that.
In both languages, syllable-final -k is either realized as pronounced as /[k]/ or pronounced as /[ʔ]/.
In old Kannada at around 10th-14th century, most of the initial pronounced as //p// debuccalized into a pronounced as //h// e.g. OlKn. pattu, MdKn. hattu "ten".
All coda consonants in Slavey must be glottal. When a non-glottal consonant would otherwise be positioned in a syllable coda, it debuccalizes to pronounced as /[h]/:
Older pronounced as //ɡ// was spirantized and later debuccalized in languages such as Belarusian, the Czech–Slovak languages, Ukrainian, and Upper Sorbian, e.g. Serbian bog, Russian box, Czech bůh, Ukrainian bih.
In some varieties of Scots and Scottish English, particularly on the West Coast, a non word-final pronounced as //θ// th shifted to pronounced as /[h]/, a process called th-debuccalization. For example, pronounced as //θɪn// is realized as pronounced as /[hɪn]/.
Pre-pausally, pronounced as //t// may be debuccalized to [h], eg. it, lot, that, what pronounced pronounced as /[ɪh, lɒh, d̪ah, wɒh]/.
In Proto-Greek, pronounced as //s// shifted to pronounced as /[h]/ initially and between sonorants (vowels, liquids, and nasals).
Intervocalic pronounced as //h// had been lost by the time of Ancient Greek, and vowels in hiatus were contracted in the Attic dialect.
Before a liquid or nasal, an pronounced as //h// was assimilated to the preceding vowel in Attic-Ionic and Doric and to the following nasal in Aeolic. The process is also described as the loss of pronounced as //h// and the subsequent lengthening of a vowel or consonant, which kept the syllable the same length (compensatory lengthening).
In Sanskrit, pronounced as //s// becomes pronounced as /[h]/ (written in transliteration) before a pause: e.g. ('erotic love') becomes .
Additionally, the Proto-Indo-European aspirated voiced palato-velar *ǵʰ pronounced as /[ɟʱ]/ became pronounced as /[ɦ]/ through successive affrication, assibilation and debuccalization: e.g. "arm" becomes Sanskrit .
In many Eastern Bengali dialects, the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant pronounced as //ʃ// can become debuccalized to glottal pronounced as /[h]/ or pronounced as /[ɦ]/, e.g. pronounced as //ʃälä// "wife's brother" is pronounced as /[ɦälä]/, and pronounced as //ʃägoɾ// "sea" is pronounced as /[ɦä(g)oɾ]/. The tenuis and aspirated forms of the labial stop pronounced as //p/, /pʰ// and velar stop pronounced as //k/, /kʰ// can get lenited to pronounced as //ɸ// and pronounced as //x// respectively, but also be further debuccalized to pronounced as /[h]/ or pronounced as /[ɦ]/, e.g. pronounced as //pägol// "mad" is pronounced as /[ɦägol]/ and pronounced as //pʰokiɾ/ ~ /ɸokiɾ// "beggar, faqir" is pronounced as /[ɸoɦiɾ]/. In some cases, even the glottal fricative is dropped, e.g. pronounced as //äʃilo// "(he / she / it) came" is pronounced as /[äi̯lo]/.
A number of Spanish dialects debuccalize pronounced as //s// to pronounced as /[h]/ or pronounced as /link/ at the end of a syllable or intervocalically in certain instances.
In many varieties of Galician, as well as in Galician-influenced Spanish, the phoneme pronounced as //ɡ// may debuccalize (Galician: [[gheada]]) to pronounced as /link/ in most or all instances; pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ are also possible realizations. There is also an inverse hypercorrection process of older or less educated Galician speakers replacing the phoneme pronounced as /link/ of the Spanish language with pronounced as /[ɡ]/, which is called Galician: gueada.
Portuguese is much less affected by debuccalization, but it is especially notable in its Brazilian variety.
Throughout Brazil, the phoneme pronounced as //ʁ// (historically an alveolar trill pronounced as //r// that moved to an uvular position) has a rather long inventory of allophones: pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|r}} {{IPAplink|ʂ|ɻ̝̊}} {{IPAplink|ç}} {{IPAplink|x}} {{IPAplink|ɣ}} {{IPAplink|χ}} {{IPAplink|ʁ}} {{IPAplink|ʀ}} {{IPAplink|ħ}} {{IPAplink|h}} {{IPAplink|ɦ}}]/. Only pronounced as /link/ is uncommon. Few dialects, such as Portuguese: [[South Region, Brazil|sulista]] and Portuguese: [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|fluminense]], give preference to voiced allophones; elsewhere, they are common only as coda, before voiced consonants.
In such dialects, especially among people speaking an educated variety of Portuguese, it is usual for the rhotic coda in the syllable rhyme to be an alveolar tap, as in European Portuguese and many registers of Spanish, or to be realized as pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/. In the rest of the country, it is generally realized as pronounced as /link/, even by speakers who either do not normally use that allophone or delete it entirely, as is common in the vernacular.
However, in some Portuguese: [[Minas Gerais|mineiro]]- and Portuguese: mineiro-influenced Portuguese: fluminense rural registers, pronounced as /[h]/ is used but as an allophone of pronounced as /link/ (rhotic consonants are most often deleted), a Portuguese: mar-mal merger, instead of the much more common and less-stigmatized Portuguese: mau-mal|nocat=yes merger characteristic of all Brazilian urban centers except for those bordering Mercosur countries, where coda pronounced as /link/ was preserved, and the entire North and Northeast regions. Its origin is the replacement of indigenous languages and Portuguese: [[língua geral|línguas gerais]] by Portuguese, which created pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ and r-colored vowel as allophones of both pronounced as //ɾ// (now mostly pronounced as //ʁ//) and pronounced as //l// (now mostly pronounced as /[{{IPAplink|w|u̯}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʊ|ʊ̯}}]/) phonemes in the coda since Native Brazilians could not easily pronounce them (caipira dialect). The later Portuguese influence from other regions made those allophones become rarer in some areas, but the Portuguese: mar-mal merger remained in a few isolated villages and towns.
Finally, many Portuguese: fluminense registers, especially those of the poor and of the youth, most northern and northeastern dialects, and, to a much minor degree, all other Brazilian dialects, debuccalize pronounced as //s// (that is, pronounced as /[ɕ ~ ʑ]/) but less so than in Spanish. However, a Portuguese: mar-mas merger or even a Portuguese: mar-mais merger occurs: Portuguese: mas mesmo assim "but even so" or Portuguese: mas mesma, sim "though, right, the same (f) one" pronounced as /[mɐɦ ˈmeɦmə ˈsĩ]/; Portuguese: mais light "lighter, more slim", or also "less caloric/fatty" pronounced as /[ˈmaɦ ˈlajtɕ]/; Portuguese: mas de mim, não "but from me, no" or Portuguese: mais de mim, não "not more from me" pronounced as /[ˈmaɦ dʑi ˈmĩ ˈnɜ̃w]/. A coda rhotic in the Brazilian dialects in the Centro-Sul area is hardly ever glottal, and the debuccalized pronounced as //s// is unlikely to be confused with it.
In the Moldavian dialect of Romanian, pronounced as /link/ is debuccalized to pronounced as /[h]/ and so, for example, Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: să fie becomes Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: să hie. The same occurred in Old Spanish, Old Gascon, and Old Japanese and still occurs in Sylheti.
See main article: Irish initial mutations. In Scottish and Irish Gaelic, s and t changed by lenition to pronounced as /[h]/, spelled sh and th.
Inscription in Faliscan from the 4th century BC on show occasional debuccalization of pronounced as //f// to pronounced as //h// (e.g. hileo : Latin filius). Whether the shift is displayed in the inscriptions is highly irregular, with some forms even showing an ostensibly opposite shift of written f in place of an expected h (e.g. fe : Latin hic), possibly by means of hypercorrection.[2]
See main article: Yoruboid languages and Proto-Yoruboid language. Debuccalization occurs extensively within the dialectal continuum of Yoruboid languages, particularly among the Olukumi language, Igala language, the Northeast Yoruba dialect known as Owe, and Southeastern dialects of the Yoruba language, such as Ikale. Many of these shifts came from Proto-Yoruboid language (or its descendant language, Proto-Edekiri), and descendant languages shifted from pronounced as //s// to pronounced as //h//. In other cases shifts from pronounced as //f// to pronounced as //h// also occur from Proto-Yoruboid to Standard Yoruba. Many other alternatives shift from pronounced as //s// to pronounced as //r//, but it is unclear if that process is associated with the debuccalization occurring.
Debuccalization also occurs in other Volta-Niger languages, including Igbo, the Ayere-Ahan languages, and the Edo
Debuccalization can be a feature of loanword phonology. For example, debuccalization can be seen in Indonesian loanwords into Selayar.