Salvia miltiorrhiza explained

Salvia miltiorrhiza
T:丹參
S:丹参
P:dānshēn
W:tan1-shen1
J:daan1-sam1
Y:dāan-sām

Salvia miltiorrhiza, also known as red sage, redroot sage, Chinese sage, or danshen, is a perennial plant in the genus Salvia, highly valued for its roots in traditional Chinese medicine.[1] Native to China and Japan, it grows at 90to elevation, preferring grassy places in forests, hillsides, and along stream banks. The specific epithet miltiorrhiza means "red ochre root".

Chemical constituents

Chemical compounds isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza include salvianolic acid (or salvianolic acid B),[2] [3] dihydrotanshinone, miltirone,[4] tanshinone I, and tanshinone IIA.[5] [6] [7] Tanshinone IIA is one of the most abundant constituents of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza.[5]

Description

S. miltiorrhiza is a deciduous perennial with branching stems that are 30to tall, with widely spaced leaves that are both simple and divided. The 30cm (10inches) inflorescences are covered with hairs and sticky glands. Flowers grow in whorls, with light purple to lavender blue corollas that are approximately 2.5cm (01inches) long, with a dark purple calyx. Salvia miltiorrhiza prefers well-drained soil, with about half a day of sunlight. It is hardy to approximately -10°C.[8] Most Salvia seeds have a higher germination rate when exposed to light, though it is not required.[9]

Drug interactions

Danshen may potentiate the effects of the anticoagulation drug warfarin, possibly causing bleeding complications.[5] [10] [11] Other adverse effects may include allergic reactions, dizziness, headache, or gastrointestinal upset.[5]

Traditional Chinese medicine

Alone or combined with other Chinese herbal medicines, Salvia miltiorrhiza has been used in China and, to a lesser extent, in other countries as a treatment for various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.[5] [10] A 2007 Cochrane review of the use of danshen for acute ischaemic stroke found that the quality of evidence was poor, and there was no evidence of benefit.[12] Similarly, a 2008 Cochrane meta-analysis found the clinical trials on danshen were low in quality, and were insufficient to make any judgment about its efficacy for people with heart attack.[13] Meta-analyses of oral and injectable forms of danshen in people with angina concluded that the effects of the treatment were inconclusive because the studies were low in quality and the conclusions were not based on strong evidence.[14]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Ji X-Y . Tan BK-H . Huang S-H . Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza After Accute Myocardial Infarction in Rats . https://books.google.com/books?id=B1eTFCzDi48C&pg=PA183 . 183–95 . Tan, BK-H . Bay B-H . Zhu Y-Z . 2004 . Novel compounds from natural products in the new millennium: potential and challenges . Singapore . World Scientific . 978-981-256-221-0. etal.
  2. Wang QL, Tao YY, Yuan JL, Shen L, Liu CH . Salvianolic acid B prevents epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through the TGF-beta1 signal transduction pathway in vivo and in vitro . BMC Cell Biology . 11 . 31 . May 2010 . 20441599 . 2874764 . 10.1186/1471-2121-11-31 . free .
  3. Liu CL, Xie LX, Li M, Durairajan SS, Goto S, Huang JD . Salvianolic acid B inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced endothelial cell apoptosis through regulating PI3K/Akt signaling . PLOS ONE . 2 . 12 . e1321 . December 2007 . 18091994 . 2117346 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0001321 . 2007PLoSO...2.1321L . free .
  4. Akaberi M, Iranshahi M, Mehri S . Molecular Signaling Pathways Behind the Biological Effects of Salvia Species Diterpenes in Neuropharmacology and Cardiology . Phytotherapy Research . 30 . 6 . 878–93 . June 2016 . 26988179 . 10.1002/ptr.5599 . 11776526 .
  5. Web site: Danshen . Drugs.com . 22 January 2019 . 2018.
  6. Lee WY, Cheung CC, Liu KW, Fung KP, Wong J, Lai PB, Yeung JH . Cytotoxic effects of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza on doxorubicin-resistant human liver cancer cells . Journal of Natural Products . 73 . 5 . 854–9 . May 2010 . 20455578 . 10.1021/np900792p .
  7. Xu J, Wei K, Zhang G, Lei L, Yang D, Wang W, Han Q, Xia Y, Bi Y, Yang M, Li M . 6 . Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Chinese Salvia species: A review . Journal of Ethnopharmacology . 225 . 18–30 . October 2018 . 29935346 . 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.029 . 49392160 .
  8. Book: Clebsch B, Barner CD . The New Book of Salvias. Timber Press. 2003. 196–198. 978-0-88192-560-9.
  9. Book: Sutton J . The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias. Workman Publishing Company. 2004. 123. 978-0-88192-671-2.
  10. Web site: Dhamananda S . Salvia. Institute for Traditional Medicine. 31 August 2015.
  11. Chan TY . Interaction between warfarin and danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) . The Annals of Pharmacotherapy . 35 . 4 . 501–4 . April 2001 . 11302416 . 10.1345/aph.19029 . 20809476 .
  12. Wu B, Liu M, Zhang S . Dan Shen agents for acute ischaemic stroke . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2 . CD004295 . April 2007 . 17443544 . 10.1002/14651858.CD004295.pub3 .
  13. Wu T, Ni J, Wu J . Danshen (Chinese medicinal herb) preparations for acute myocardial infarction . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2 . CD004465 . April 2008 . 2016 . 18425903 . 10.1002/14651858.CD004465.pub2 . 8406986 .
  14. Shao H, Li M, Chen F, Chen L, Jiang Z, Zhao L . The Efficacy of Danshen Injection as Adjunctive Therapy in Treating Angina Pectoris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Heart, Lung & Circulation . 27 . 4 . 433–442 . April 2018 . 29150156 . 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.10.016 .

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