Damocloid Explained

Damocloids are a class of minor planets such as 5335 Damocles and 1996 PW that have Halley-type or long-period highly eccentric orbits typical of periodic comets such as Halley's Comet, but without showing a cometary coma or tail. David Jewitt defines a damocloid as an object with a Jupiter Tisserand invariant (TJ) of 2 or less, while Akimasa Nakamura defines this group with the following orbital elements:

However, this definition that does not focus on Jupiter excludes objects such as,, and .

Using the Tisserand's parameter with respect to Jupiter of 2 or less, there are currently 220 damocloid candidates . Of these objects, 189 have orbital observation arcs greater than 30 days providing reasonably decent orbits. Their average radius is eight kilometers assuming an albedo of 0.04. The albedos of four damocloids have been measured, and they are among the darkest objects known in the Solar System. Damocloids are reddish in color, but not as red as many Kuiper-belt objects or centaurs. Other damocloids include:,,,, and 20461 Dioretsa.

Retrograde objects such as Halley's Comet and damocloid 343158 Marsyas can have relative velocities to Earth of .

Origin

Damocloids are thought to be nuclei of Halley-type comets that have lost all their volatile materials due to outgassing and become dormant. Such comets probably originate from the Oort cloud. This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that a number of objects thought to be damocloids (and assigned minor-planet provisional designations) subsequently showed a coma and were confirmed to be comets: C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS), (LINEAR), (LINEAR), (Spacewatch) and possibly others. Another strong indication of cometary origin is the fact that some damocloids have retrograde orbits, unlike any other minor planets. (Objects with an inclination beyond 90 degrees up to 180 degrees are in a retrograde orbit and orbit in the opposite direction of other objects.)

List

this list from the JPL SBDB contains 20 numbered and 268 unnumbered bodies that meet Akimasa Nakamura's criteria for being classified as a damocloid, that is, either a retrograde orbit, or the following orbital elements: q < 5.2&nbsp;AU, a > 8.0&nbsp;AU, and e > 0.75 (also see). Tisserand's parameter with respect to Jupiter (TJupiter) is also given. Akimasa Nakamura's criteria and a TJupiter of less than two are largely equivalent as only a few listed bodies do not meet the defined TJupiter threshold. Most damocloids are also listed on MPC's list of other unusual minor planets. The orbital data is sourced from JPL-numbered and -unnumbered element files. The list includes A/-designated objects (introduced in 2017) that were mistakenly identified as a comet, but are actually minor planets. However it excludes hyperbolic bodies such as A/2019 G4 as well as 1I/ʻOumuamua and 2I/Borisov, two interstellar objects.

Designationa
(AU)
ei
(°)
Orbital criteria and classesq
(AU)
Q
(AU)
UnusualCatalogRefs
ClsRetroTJupiterTJ&thinsp;≤&thinsp;2
5335 Damocles11.850.86661.6CEN1.1581.5922.11
9.370.77435CEN1.9482.1216.63unusual
20461 Dioretsa23.880.901160.4CEN-1.5342.3745.39unusual
53.660.954119.3TNO-0.8442.46104.86unusual
14.230.763.3CEN2.5133.4225.04unusual
8.120.562170.3CEN-1.3973.5612.69unusual
278.330.966140.7TNO-2.9039.42547.23
11.580.442105.1CEN-0.2466.4716.7
343158 Marsyas2.530.807154.4NEO1.3170.494.57
(434620) 2005 VD6.670.251172.9CEN-1.39458.34unusual
10.90.401165.5CEN-2.0906.5315.27
191.630.954125.3TNO-2.0698.74374.53
35.70.33110.2TNO-1.56023.947.5
514107 Kaʻepaokaʻawela5.130.378163.1other-0.7453.197.07
24.540.61593.6CEN-0.0059.4539.62
71.460.853144TNO-3.06110.53132.38
54.30.798161.7TNO-3.60110.9697.63
42.030.497103.4TNO-1.02121.1562.92
246.870.954176TNO-4.11711.46482.29
83.60.841137.9TNO-3.15113.26153.94
8.170.468151.5CEN-1.3094.3511.99
1996 PW265.490.99130.1TNO1.7082.49528.5unusual
26.490.94359.4CEN0.9601.5151.47
11.240.81523.7CEN2.0232.0820.41unusual
15.130.90742.5CEN1.4041.4128.85
17.770.94819.5NEO1.4050.9334.62
52.320.95668.2TNO0.7902.31102.33unusual
10.770.793129.3CEN-0.6272.2319.31unusual
23.660.9158.6CEN-1.5102.3744.95unusual
90.210.96345.6TNO1.6303.34177.07unusual
75.230.96517.6TNO1.9652.62147.84unusual
564.680.99558.5TNO1.0692.671126.68unusual
33.10.89518.9TNO2.2833.4662.74
14.390.84626.8CEN1.9462.2226.56unusual
33.280.8494.7TNO2.8185.0261.55
100.430.977165.6TNO-1.7812.36198.5unusual
10.450.8734CEN1.8791.3319.57
11.560.8829.2CEN1.8381.3721.76
11.290.83135.6CEN1.7941.9120.67unusual
5.870.478130.5CEN-0.3273.078.67
2005 OE63.240.95267.5TNO0.9013.05123.43unusual
13.540.89223.2CEN1.7271.4725.61
29.410.90591.5CEN0.1242.7956.03unusual
9.160.584110.3CEN-0.1803.8114.51unusual
17.780.90814.2CEN1.7971.6433.91
838.420.995112.4TNO-0.9484.11672.73unusual
9.60.803165.3CEN-1.0241.8917.31unusual
29.570.9369CEN1.8291.8857.26
42.120.939150.2TNO-1.5712.5681.68unusual
32.190.885172.1TNO-2.1333.760.67
25.680.921133.5CEN-0.9922.0449.32unusual
9.670.76164.7CEN-1.1722.3217.02unusual
19.520.8324.2CEN2.4093.2835.77unusual
8.580.81111CEN2.0811.6215.54
445.810.99476.5TNO0.4842.66888.96unusual
21.290.92610.6CEN1.7471.5841
24.350.9417.2CEN1.6641.4347.27
5.440.39108.3other0.3643.327.57
30.340.91428.8TNO1.8892.6158.07unusual
19.350.83617.4CEN2.2883.1735.53unusual
5.690.61796CEN0.7422.189.2
14.010.87860.2CEN1.1511.726.31unusual
23.540.91769.9CEN0.8041.9545.13unusual
48.870.954107.4TNO-0.4402.2395.5
11.520.85586.4CEN0.5481.6721.37unusual
20.040.92322.8CEN1.6531.5538.54
12.470.833137.8CEN-0.8522.0822.87unusual
13.260.90218CEN1.7061.325.21
31.30.9558.7TNO1.6031.4161.2
20.160.919147.8CEN-1.0521.6338.7
10.70.79226.2CEN2.0572.2219.17
378.150.984143.9TNO-2.4546.11750.19
31.720.91146.1TNO-1.5382.8660.57unusual
10.960.888.1CEN1.8421.3220.6
31.630.952156.6TNO-1.2151.561.75
21.610.941.4CEN1.5742.1641.06
10.890.8278.8CEN2.0831.8819.91
23.070.92718.6CEN1.7261.6944.45
2.090.09392MBA2.4491.892.28
49.390.94629.2TNO1.8442.6596.14unusual
62.460.941105.2TNO-0.5333.69121.23unusual
173.90.96999.9TNO-0.4625.39342.42unusual
14.450.897121.6CEN-0.4141.527.4
24.220.89816.9CEN2.0332.4745.96
70.080.96353.4TNO1.2622.63137.54unusual
14.60.76241.6CEN1.9793.4825.72unusual
44.840.93218.7TNO2.1383.0786.62unusual
10.020.79315.1CEN2.1532.0817.96
6.280.783123.8CEN0.0691.3611.19
2169.280.99964.7TNO0.6991.724336.84unusual
14.860.80525.6CEN2.1602.926.81
26.980.924143.9CEN-1.2192.0651.89unusual
17.290.89115.2CEN1.9011.8932.7
26.10.918118.8CEN-0.6572.1450.06unusual
28.670.90325.8CEN1.9962.7854.56
18.820.90527.7CEN1.7111.7935.85
13.180.78121.4CEN-0.6432.923.46unusual
22.910.93911.3CEN1.6461.444.41
11.340.8644.5CEN1.9401.5421.15
21.060.9243.7CEN1.7801.640.52
15.750.4153.4CEN-2.5229.4522.06
21.260.473100.5CEN-0.40411.231.33
288.790.989110.4TNO-0.7453.12574.45unusual
19.580.884109.3CEN-0.3342.2836.88unusual
8.10.79816.2CEN2.0871.6414.56
8.940.7823.9CEN2.0811.9615.92
18.560.77824.6CEN2.4394.1233unusual
37.660.945141.6TNO-1.2392.0673.26unusual
45.160.9691.2TNO1.5821.4288.9
62.790.959146.7TNO-1.5552.55123.03unusual
484.170.9970.9TNO0.9064.89963.46unusual
11.140.8645.3CEN1.9341.5120.76
9.580.865.1CEN1.9201.3417.83
13.440.8848CEN1.8771.5625.32
29.890.882160CEN-1.9503.5356.26
10.570.838.5CEN2.0661.819.34
6.310.478106.9CEN0.2623.299.33unusual
9.290.588136.1CEN-0.9963.8314.74unusual
59.150.974101.8TNO-0.2251.55116.75
958.560.99198.6TNO-0.5288.371908.74
10.310.8485.9CEN1.9891.5719.05
58.040.95197.1TNO-0.1642.82113.27unusual
11.990.86372.9CEN0.8831.6422.34
5.680.466175.1CEN-0.9263.038.33
81.490.969154.7TNO-1.7082.54160.45unusual
17.050.79115.4CEN2.4423.5730.54unusual
12.580.786130.4CEN-0.8312.6922.47unusual
11.010.83611.3CEN2.0391.8120.22
19.840.925.2CEN1.7831.5838.1
34.030.9114.3TNO2.2063.0665
8.170.75261.3CEN1.4302.0314.31unusual
32.90.869170.8TNO-2.2974.3161.48
12.720.8869.6CEN1.8411.4523.99
13.470.8934.4CEN1.8311.4425.5
8.990.8546.5CEN1.9381.3116.68
13.220.8945.6CEN1.8141.425.03
9.240.8449.5CEN1.9711.4417.04
10.380.8426.8CEN2.0131.6419.12
19.980.9288.8CEN1.7081.4538.52
13.160.8899.8CEN1.8321.4624.86
70.29195.9CEN0.5144.979.04unusual
44.840.992.4TNO0.0104.585.18unusual
21.370.94193.7NEO0.1551.2541.48
12.180.86515.8CEN1.9031.6422.72
8.260.7618.1CEN2.1871.9814.53
12.330.8679.1CEN1.9371.6423.02
18.810.9183.8CEN1.7811.5436.07
28.840.903128.6CEN-1.0782.7954.89unusual
12.40.8897.1CEN1.8211.3723.43
11.60.8741.5CEN1.8981.4621.75
22.470.72169.3CEN-2.6026.2938.64
13.860.71171CEN-1.8954.0223.7unusual
9.580.7567.4CEN2.3042.3416.83
8.370.8419.2CEN1.9761.3315.41
71.970.955101.5TNO-0.3683.26140.67unusual
21.940.835139.9CEN-1.4913.6240.26unusual
12.790.8757.1CEN1.9161.6123.97
8.660.71294.4CEN0.4622.4914.83unusual
9.350.8080.3CEN2.1361.816.91
16.730.8778.3CEN2.0132.0531.4
23.960.9287.2CEN1.8001.7246.2
456.590.989156.1TNO-2.5064.96908.23unusual
11.980.8868.2CEN1.8281.3722.58
80.60.96691.7TNO0.0022.76158.45unusual
20.20.7641.6CEN2.7974.7635.64unusual
14.210.90237.9CEN1.4921.3927.03
54.150.95691.2TNO0.0572.39105.91unusual
14.520.88214.1CEN1.8861.7227.32
8.070.83610.5CEN1.9891.3214.82
10.930.80513.4CEN2.1502.1319.73
144.420.96558TNO1.5015.05283.78unusual
14.470.853159.2CEN-1.2672.1326.81unusual
36.440.902157.5TNO-1.9673.5769.32unusual
19.350.83118.2CEN-0.7483.2835.42unusual
63.070.95722.2TNO1.9452.69123.45unusual
29.10.93612.2CEN1.8101.8756.32
47.630.937129.7TNO-1.2453.0192.25unusual
7.20.538167.1CEN-1.2093.3211.07unusual
66.610.959171TNO-1.9222.72130.49unusual
10.770.8750.6CEN1.8771.3520.19
21.020.93514.1CEN1.6331.3740.67
23.250.93811.8CEN1.6571.4445.06
13.780.91817.2NEO1.6141.1426.42
10.720.83110.5CEN2.0541.8119.63
13.030.66152.3CEN-1.7064.4321.63
2016 LS13.340.606114.3CEN-0.6605.2621.42unusual
13.90.7621.9CEN2.3443.3324.46unusual
31.020.906105.2TNO-0.3732.959.13unusual
8.540.8284.9CEN2.0401.4715.61
9.20.55192.4CEN0.4754.1314.27unusual
7.390.554138.3CEN-0.7783.311.49unusual
35.690.94887.2TNO0.2261.8569.52
3.610.526117.8MBA0.7801.715.51
29.620.952.3CEN1.6621.4857.77
30.390.86211.2TNO2.5764.256.59
24.860.9371.4CEN1.7411.5848.14
8.470.832.3CEN2.0361.4415.5
10.30.8344.6CEN2.0511.718.89
11.150.85148.5CEN-0.8471.6720.62unusual
14.350.88253CEN1.3041.6927unusual
10.290.8134.4CEN1.8681.9618.63
5.450.407139.8other-0.4743.247.67
28.690.883137.2CEN-1.4353.3554.03unusual
17.570.90419.9CEN1.7761.6933.45
186.350.984152.4TNO-1.8522.95369.75unusual
24.650.94611.2CEN1.5961.3347.97
33.150.9283.4TNO0.3832.6463.66
43.250.94774.9TNO0.6032.2984.22unusual
32.780.883160.9TNO-2.0633.8261.74unusual
67.320.95365.8TNO0.9743.19131.45unusual
1311.870.99755.8TNO1.4754.462619.28unusual
14.60.622101.3CEN-0.1565.5223.67
58.90.97194.8TNO-0.0461.73116.07unusual
17.380.92571.8CEN0.7331.3133.44
34.550.857148.8TNO-2.1214.9464.16unusual
9.020.8015.1CEN2.1471.7916.25
11.620.78287.1CEN0.5422.5320.71unusual
9.660.792113.3CEN-0.1192.0117.3unusual
239.430.992152.1TNO-1.4641.85477.02unusual
34.080.9542.5TNO1.6841.5666.6
125.750.975144.2TNO-1.7293.14248.36unusual
30.060.74790.5CEN0.1477.6152.5
317.810.996108.3NEO-0.4161.24634.38
8.920.76627.9CEN2.0722.0915.76unusual
152.420.97289TNO0.0804.26300.57unusual
12.930.87263CEN1.1051.6624.21
320.92581.3TNO0.4462.3961.62unusual
95.810.98368.2TNO0.6351.6190.02
93.930.96146.9TNO1.6723.71184.15unusual
370.070.9968.3TNO0.9093.83736.31unusual
8.950.8081.2CEN2.1271.7216.19
19.510.86274.1CEN0.8042.6936.33unusual
154.080.98191TNO-0.0022.97305.19unusual
8.150.788170.9CEN-0.8811.7214.57unusual
A/2018 V3121.440.989165TNO-1.3391.34241.54
7.250.694152.3CEN-0.7872.2212.27unusual
(594872) 2019 CR14.460.594160.3CEN-2.1665.8723.04
24.20.956139.6NEO-0.7541.0847.32
A/2019 G2699.850.997159.2TNO-1.7462.291397.41
A/2019 G317.150.834156.8CEN-1.5402.8531.45
8.790.555134.3CEN-0.9183.9113.66unusual
11.670.702108.3CEN-0.2243.4819.86unusual
12.420.76514.8CEN2.3422.9121.93
A/2019 O257.370.83193.3TNO-0.1219.68105.05
A/2019 O432.880.889115.1TNO-0.8173.6462.12
25.110.92113CEN-0.4652.0148.22unusual
A/2019 Q259.680.979159NEO-1.2051.26118.11
A/2019 T138.240.888120.9TNO-1.1434.2872.2
37.390.93122TNO1.9482.5672.22unusual
A/2020 A125.940.936149CEN-1.1521.6750.2
A/2020 B152.320.96718.5TNO1.6411.75102.88
7.690.922165.5NEO-0.2370.614.79
2020 EP10.50.76476.4CEN0.9272.4818.51unusual
14.40.77328.6CEN2.2163.2725.52unusual
A/2020 H9341.710.992137.9TNO-1.4582.58680.84
16.60.709147.3CEN-1.8084.8428.36unusual
13.070.87238.7CEN1.6121.6824.47unusual
7.940.502106.1CEN0.0613.9511.94unusual
34.880.88103.8TNO-0.4404.265.57unusual
56.080.95582.5TNO0.3492.54109.62unusual
A/2020 M45092.510.999160.1TNO-2.8435.9510179.07
6.240.376166.6CEN-1.1393.898.58unusual
6.90.684155.8CEN-0.7792.1811.63unusual
28.370.89479.5CEN0.565353.75unusual
674.790.99376.8TNO0.6274.821344.75unusual
19.130.87580.5CEN0.5792.3935.88
18.180.85677.4CEN0.7092.6233.74unusual
17.520.8845.7CEN2.0032.0333.02unusual
20.440.878105.6CEN-0.2542.4938.4unusual
7.730.773161.2CEN-0.7911.7513.71unusual
23.540.91832.5CEN1.6471.9445.14
501.830.967169.3TNO-4.89616.49987.16
7.60.435160.4CEN-1.3664.2910.91unusual
35.410.889148.6TNO-1.8923.9366.88unusual
22.120.8210.8CEN2.5553.9940.25unusual
A/2021 E2216.270.989167.5TNO-1.8022.29430.26
A/2021 E4733.10.994116.4TNO-1.1814.681461.53
10.810.79254.9CEN1.4922.2419.37
86.210.96125.1TNO-1.2523.46168.96unusual
24.640.9442.3CEN1.6521.3947.89
25.640.869129CEN-1.1793.3647.92
8.4120.588563.78CEN1.533.46113.36unusual
6.3220.615971.35CEN1.382.42810.22unusual
321.10.985984.79TNO0.2554.524637.62unusual
105.80.9619103.18TNO-0.5134.025207.49unusual
Designationa
(AU)
ei
(°)
Orbital criteria and classesq
(AU)
Q
(AU)
UnusualCatalogRefs
ClsRetroTJupiterTJ&thinsp;≤&thinsp;2

See also

External links