Dairy product explained

Cookbook:Dairy

Dairy products or milk products, also known as lacticinia, are food products made from (or containing) milk.[1] The most common dairy animals are cow, water buffalo, nanny goat, and ewe. Dairy products include common grocery store food around the world such as yogurt, cheese, milk and butter.[2] [3] A facility that produces dairy products is a dairy.[4] Dairy products are consumed worldwide to varying degrees. Some people avoid some or all dairy products because of lactose intolerance, veganism, environmental concerns, other health reasons or beliefs.

Types of dairy product

See main article: List of dairy products.

Milk

Milk is produced after optional homogenization or pasteurization, in several grades after standardization of the fat level, and possible addition of the bacteria Streptococcus lactis and Leuconostoc citrovorum. Milk can be broken down into several different categories based on type of product produced, including cream, butter, cheese, infant formula, and yogurt.

Milk varies in fat content. Skim milk is milk with zero fat, while whole milk products contain fat.

Milk is an ingredient in many confectioneries. Milk can be added to chocolate to produce milk chocolate.

Butter

Butter, mostly milk fat, produced by churning cream

Fermented

Fermented milk products include:

Yogurt

Yogurt, milk fermented by thermophilic bacteria, mainly Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus sometimes with additional bacteria, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus

Cheese

Cheese, produced by coagulating milk, separating curds from whey, and letting it ripen, generally with bacteria, and sometimes also with certain molds.

Custard

Frozen

Casein

Consumption patterns worldwide

Rates of dairy consumption vary widely worldwide. High-consumption countries consume more than per capita per year. These countries are: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Costa Rica, most European countries, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, North America and Pakistan. Medium-consumption countries consume to 150 kg per capita per year. These countries are: India, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, North and Southern Africa, most of the Middle East, and most of Latin America and the Caribbean. Low-consumption countries consume under 30 kg per capita per year. These countries are: Senegal, most of Central Africa, and most of East and Southeast Asia.[5] [6]

Lactose levels

For those with some degree of lactose intolerance, considering the amount of lactose in dairy products can be important to health.

!Dairy product!Amount of lactose
MilkHighest
ButterMinimal (made from milk fat)
Hard cheeseVery low
Soft cheeseMore than hard cheese

Intolerance and health research

Dairy products may upset the digestive system in individuals with lactose intolerance or a milk allergy.[7] [8] [9] People who experience lactose intolerance usually avoid milk and other lactose-containing dairy products, which may cause mild side effects, such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea.[7] [8] Such individuals may use non-dairy milk substitutes.

Cancer

The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR), World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF), Cancer Council Australia (CCA) and Cancer Research UK have stated that there is strong evidence that consumption of dairy products decreases risk of colorectal cancer.[10] [11] [12] [13] The AICR, WCRF, CCA and Prostate Cancer UK have stated that there is limited but suggestive evidence that dairy products increase risk of prostate cancer.[10] [11] [12] [14] [15] The American Cancer Society (ACS) have stated that because dairy products "may lower the risk of some cancers and possibly increase the risk of others, the ACS does not make specific recommendations on dairy food consumption for cancer prevention."[16]

It has been suggested that consumption of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in dairy products could increase cancer risk, particularly prostate cancer.[17] [18] However, a 2018 review by the Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) concluded that there is "insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions as to whether exposure to dietary IGF-1 is associated with an increased incidence of cancer in consumers".[18] The COC also stated it is unlikely that there would be absorption of intact IGF-1 from food by most consumers.[19]

The British Dietetic Association have described the idea that milk promotes hormone related cancerous tumour growth as a myth, stating "no link between dairy containing diets and risk of cancer or promoting cancer growth as a result of hormones".[20]

A 2019 review concluded that higher-quality research was needed to characterise valid associations between dairy consumption and risk of and/or cancer-related mortality.[21] A 2021 umbrella review found strong evidence that consumption of dairy products decreases risk of colorectal cancer.[22] Fermented dairy is associated with significantly decreased bladder cancer and colorectal cancer risk.[23]

A 2023 review found no association between consumption of dairy products and breast cancer.[24]

Cardiovascular disease

The American Medical Association (AMA) recommends that people replace full-fat dairy products with nonfat and low-fat dairy products.[25] In 2017, the AMA stated that there is no high-quality clinical evidence that cheese consumption lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease.[26] In 2021, they stated that "taken together, replacing full-fat dairy products with nonfat and low-fat dairy products and other sources of unsaturated fat shifts the composition of dietary patterns toward higher unsaturated to saturated fat ratios that are associated with better cardiovascular health".[25]

In 2017, the National Heart Foundation of New Zealand published an umbrella review which found an "overall neutral effect of dairy on cardiovascular risk for the general population".[27] Their position paper stated that "the evidence overall suggests dairy products can be included in a heart-healthy eating pattern and choosing reduced-fat dairy over full-fat dairy reduces risk for some, but not all, cardiovascular risk factors".[28]

In 2019 the National Heart Foundation of Australia published a position statement on full fat dairy products, "Based on current evidence, there is not enough evidence to recommend full fat over reduced fat products or reduced fat over full fat products for the general population. For people with elevated cholesterol and those with existing coronary heart disease, reduced fat products are recommended."[29] The position statement also noted that the "evidence for milk, yoghurt and cheese does not extend to butter, cream, ice-cream and dairy-based desserts; these products should be avoided in a heart healthy eating pattern".[29]

Recent reviews of randomized controlled trials have found that dairy intake from cheese, milk and yogurt does not have detrimental effects on markers of cardiometabolic health.[30] [31]

Other

Consumption of dairy products such as low-fat and whole milk have been associated with an increased acne risk, however, there is no conclusive evidence.[32] [33] [34] Fermented and low-fat dairy products are associated with a decreased risk of diabetes.[35] [36] Consumption of dairy products are also associated with a decreased risk of gout.[37]

A 2023 review found that higher intake of dairy products is significantly associated with a lower risk of inflammatory bowel disease.[38]

Avoidance on principle

Some groups avoid dairy products for non-health-related reasons. Some religions restrict or do not allow the consumption of dairy products. For example, some scholars of Jainism advocate not consuming any dairy products because dairy is perceived to involve violence against cows.[39] Orthodox Judaism requires that meat and dairy products not be served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 14:21.[40]

Veganism is the avoidance of all animal products, including dairy products, most often due to the ethics regarding how dairy products are produced. The ethical reasons for avoiding meat and dairy products include how dairy is produced, how the animals are handled, and the environmental effect of dairy production.[41] [42] According to a report of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization in 2010 the dairy sector accounted for 4 percent of global human-made greenhouse gas emissions.[43] [44]

Growing awareness of dairy products' environmental impact, specifically greenhouse gas emissions, is leading to many people reducing or avoiding dairy. In the EU, dairy is responsible for 27% of all diet related emissions, on average, while plant-based milks cause 2.5 - 4.5 times fewer emissions.[45] [46]

See also

References and notes

References

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Gilman . Daniel Coit . Peck . Harry Thurston . Colby . Frank Moore . The New International Encyclopædia . 1907 . . 474.
  2. Web site: Dairy Clemson University, South Carolina. clemson.edu. 2016-11-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075653/http://www.clemson.edu/centers-institutes/sullivan/ourservices/patients/nutrition101/Dairy/. 31 December 2016. live.
  3. News: Is Butter a Dairy Product, and Does it Contain Lactose? . 2016-07-01 . Authority Nutrition . en-US . 2016-11-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170128171255/https://authoritynutrition.com/is-butter-dairy/ . 28 January 2017 .
  4. Web site: Definition of DAIRY . Merriam-Webster . 2016-10-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20161030001827/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dairy . 30 October 2016 . live .
  5. Web site: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Dairy production and products: Milk and milk products. https://web.archive.org/web/20161027154749/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-and-milk-products/en/#.WBTleuErLdQ . 27 October 2016 .
  6. Web site: WHO 3. Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends. World Health Organization. 2019-03-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20190312153655/https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/index4.html. 12 March 2019.
  7. Web site: Lactose Intolerance . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health . 5 April 2021 . 2021.
  8. Web site: Lactose intolerance . Genetics Home Reference . 2016-02-08 . 2016-02-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160125220304/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/lactose-intolerance . 25 January 2016 . live .
  9. Web site: Milk Allergy – Food Allergy Research & Education . foodallergy.org . 2016-02-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160208163510/http://www.foodallergy.org/allergens/milk-allergy . 8 February 2016 .
  10. Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD. 2020. The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions. The Journal of Nutrition. 150. 4. 663–671. 10.1093/jn/nxz268. 31758189. 7317613 .
  11. https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Meat-fish-and-dairy-products.pdf "Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer"
  12. https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/prevention-policy/national-cancer-prevention-policy/obesity/related-resources/dairy-foods-and-cancer "Information sheet: Dairy foods and cancer"
  13. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-myths/can-milk-and-dairy-products-cause-cancer "Can milk and dairy products cause cancer?"
  14. https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/prostate-cancer-report.pdf "Diet, nutrition, physical activity and prostate cancer"
  15. https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information/are-you-at-risk/can-i-reduce-my-risk "Which foods might increase my risk of prostate cancer?"
  16. https://www.cancer.org/healthy/eat-healthy-get-active/acs-guidelines-nutrition-physical-activity-cancer-prevention/guidelines.html "American Cancer Society Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity"
  17. Harrison S, Lennon R, Holly J, Higgins JP, Gardner M, Perks C, Gaunt T, Tan V, Borwick C, Emmet P, Jeffreys M, Northstone K, Rinaldi S, Thomas S, Turner SD, Pease A, Vilenchick V, Martin RM, Lewis SJ . 2017. Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 28. 6. 497–528. 10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1. 28361446. 5400803 .
  18. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803090/COC_2018_S01_IGF-1_COC_Statement.pdf "Statement on possible carcinogenic hazard to consumers from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the diet
  19. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803092/COC_2018_S01_IGF-1_Non-technical_summary.pdf "Non-Technical Summary of Statement on possible carcinogenic hazard to consumers from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the diet"
  20. Web site: 2024. Cancer Diets: Myths and More. British Dietetic Association. en-GB. July 26, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240726215251/https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/cancer-diets-myths-and-more.html. live.
  21. Jeyaraman . Maya M . Abou-Setta . Ahmed M . Grant . Laurel . Farshidfar . Farnaz . Copstein . Leslie . Lys . Justin . Gottschalk . Tania . Desautels . Danielle . Czaykowski . Piotr . Pitz . Marshall . Zarychanski . Ryan . Dairy product consumption and development of cancer: an overview of reviews . BMJ Open. 9 . 1 . 2019 . 2044-6055 . 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023625 . e023625. 30782711 . 6352799 . free .
  22. Papadimitriou N, Markozannes G, Kanellopoulou A, Critselis E, Alhardan S, Karafousia V, Kasimis JC, Katsaraki C, Papadopoulou A, Zografou M, Lopez DS, Chan DS, Kyrgiou M, Ntzani E, Cross AJ, Marrone MT, Platz EA, Gunter MJ, Tsilidis KK . 2021. An umbrella review of the evidence associating diet and cancer risk at 11 anatomical sites. Nature Communications. 12. 1. 4579. 10.1038/s41467-021-24861-8. 34321471. 8319326 . 2021NatCo..12.4579P .
  23. Zhang K, Dai H, Liang W, Zhang L, Deng Z . 2019. Fermented dairy foods intake and risk of cancer. Int J Cancer. 144. 9. 2099–2108. 10.1002/ijc.31959. 30374967. 53114731 . free.
  24. Arafat HM, Omar J, Shafii N, Naser IA, Al Laham NA, Muhamad R, Al-Astani TA, Shaqaliah AJ, Shamallakh OM, Shamallakh KM, Abusalah MA . 2023. The association between breast cancer and consumption of dairy products: a systematic review. Ann Med. 55. 1. 2198256. 10.1080/07853890.2023.2198256. 37078247. 10120447.
  25. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, Rebholz CM, Sacks FM, Thorndike AN, Van Horn L, Wylie-Rosett J . 2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association . Circulation . 144 . 23 . e472–e487 . December 2021 . 34724806 . 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031 . 240422142 . Review. 5. free.
  26. Sacks. Frank M.. Lichtenstein. Alice H.. Wu. Jason H.Y.. Appel. Lawrence J.. Creager. Mark A.. Kris-Etherton. Penny M.. Miller. Michael. Rimm. Eric B.. Rudel. Lawrence L.. Robinson. Jennifer G.. Stone. Neil J.. Van Horn. Linda V.. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. June 15, 2017. e1–e23. 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510. 28620111. 136. 3. 367602. free.
  27. https://web.archive.org/web/20231103201245/https://assets.heartfoundation.org.nz/documents/shop/nutrition/docs/dairy-and-heart-health-evidence-paper.pdf "Dairy and Heart Health
  28. https://web.archive.org/web/20231103201119/https://assets.heartfoundation.org.nz/documents/shop/nutrition/docs/dairy-position-statement.pdf Dairy and the heart - Position statement
  29. https://web.archive.org/web/20230809193626/https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/getmedia/54b5c4af-d1ba-40aa-ab08-b7c7ac41b8e9/Nutrition_Position_Statement_-_DAIRY.pdf "Dairy & Heart Healthy Eating"
  30. Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, Ghobadi S, Akhlaghi M, Faghih S . 2021. No adverse effects of dairy products on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 15. 6. 102279. 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102279. 34562868. 237636239 .
  31. Kiesswetter E, Stadelmaier J, Petropoulou M, Morze J, Grummich K, Roux I, Lay R, Himmelsbach L, Kussmann M, Roeger C, Rubach M, Hauner H, Schwingshackl L . 2023. Effects of Dairy Intake on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health in Adults: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis. Advances in Nutrition. 14. 3. 438–450. 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.03.004. 36914032. 10201829 .
  32. Aghasi M, Golzarand M, Shab-Bidar S, Aminianfar A, Omidian M, Taheri F . 2018. Dairy intake and acne development: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Clinical Nutrition. 38. 3. 1067–1075. 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.015. 29778512. 29167833 .
  33. Dall'Oglio F, Nasca MR, Fiorentini F, Micali G. 2021. Diet and acne: review of the evidence from 2009 to 2020. International Journal of Dermatology. 60. 6. 672–685. 10.1111/ijd.15390. 33462816. 231643205 .
  34. Meixiong J, Ricco C, Vasavda C, Ho BK . 2022. Diet and acne: A systematic review. JAAD International. 29. 7. 95–112. 10.1016/j.jdin.2022.02.012. 35373155. 8971946 .
  35. Gao D, Ning N, Wang C, Wang Y, Li Q, Meng Z, Liu Y, Li Q . 2013. Dairy products consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis . PLOS ONE. 8. 9. e73965. 10.1371/journal.pone.0073965. 24086304. 3785489 . 2013PLoSO...873965G . free .
  36. Zhang K, Bai P, Deng Z . 2022. Dose-Dependent Effect of Intake of Fermented Dairy Foods on the Risk of Diabetes: Results From a Meta-analysis. Can J Diabetes. 46. 3. 307–312. 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.09.003. 35568432. 239148132 .
  37. Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J . 2011. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 23. 2. 192–202. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283438e13. 21285714. 4104583 .
  38. Talebi S, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Rahimlou M, Naeini F, Ranjbar M, Talebi A, Mohammadi H. 2023. The Association between Total Protein, Animal Protein, and Animal Protein Sources with Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Advances in Nutrition. 14. 4. 752–761. 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.008. 37187455. 10334156 .
  39. Book: Wiley, K.L. . Historical Dictionary of Jainism . Scarecrow Press . Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series . 2004 . 978-0-8108-6558-7 . 15 April 2019 . 78 . In recent times, out of concern for the treatment of cows in commercial dairy farming, some Jains in the diaspora and in India now observe a vegan diet and discourage the use of dairy products in temple rituals..
  40. Web site: Kosher and Halal. https://web.archive.org/web/20180317103210/https://meat.tamu.edu/ansc-307-honors/kosher-halal/. 17 March 2018. live.
  41. News: Ethical Reasons to Give Up Dairy Products – dummies . dummies . en-US . 2017-01-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005842/http://www.dummies.com/food-drink/special-diets/dairy-free/ethical-reasons-to-give-up-dairy-products/ . 2 February 2017 . live .
  42. News: My year of eating ethically . 2010-06-30 . The Independent . en-GB . 2017-01-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000822/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/my-year-of-eating-ethically-2013871.html . 29 September 2017 . live .
  43. News: Dairy sector adds 4 percent to man-made emissions: FAO. 2010-04-20. Reuters. 2019-05-09. en.
  44. News: Your Questions About Food and Climate Change, Answered. Moskin. Julia. 2019-04-30. The New York Times. 2019-05-10. Plumer. Brad. en-US. 0362-4331. Lieberman. Rebecca. Weingart. Eden. Popovich. Nadja.
  45. Ritchie . Hannah . Roser . Max . 2024-03-01 . Dairy vs. plant-based milk: what are the environmental impacts? . Our World in Data.
  46. Sandström . Vilma . Valin . Hugo . Krisztin . Tamás . Havlík . Petr . Herrero . Mario . Kastner . Thomas . December 2018 . The role of trade in the greenhouse gas footprints of EU diets . Global Food Security . 19 . 48-55.

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