| Above: | Voiced postalveolar affricate |
| Ipa Number: | 104 135 |
| Ipa Symbol: | dʒ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | ʤ |
| Decimal1: | 100 |
| Decimal2: | 865 |
| Decimal3: | 658 |
| X-Sampa: | dZ or d_rZ |
| Kirshenbaum: | dZ |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x02A4.svg |
The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with (IPA|d͡ʒ) (formerly the ligature (IPA|ʤ)), or in some broad transcriptions (IPA|ɟ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. This affricate has a dedicated symbol, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are (ǰ), (ǧ), (ǯ), and (dž). It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of (j) in jump.
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhazian: [[Abkhaz alphabet|аџыр/ajër]] | pronounced as /[ad͡ʒər]/ | 'steel' | See Abkhaz phonology | |||
| Kabardian: [[Cyrillic script|'''дж'''анэ/jána]] | 'dress' | |||||
| Albanian | Albanian: [[Albanian alphabet|'''xh'''am]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒam]/ | 'glass' | |||
| Amharic | Amharic: [[Ge'ez alphabet|እን'''ጀ'''ራ/ûnjera]] | pronounced as /[ɨnd͡ʒəra]/ | 'injera' | |||
| Arabic | Modern Standard | Arabic: [[Arabic alphabet|'''جَـ'''رَس/jaras]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒaras]/ | 'bell' | In other standards and dialects, corresponds to pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/. See Arabic phonology | |
| Hejazi | Arabic: '''جـ'''ـيب/jēb|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒe̞ːb]/ | 'pocket' | Pronounced pronounced as /link/ by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology | ||
| Armenian: [[Armenian alphabet|'''ջ'''ուր/jur]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒuɾ]/ | 'water' | ||||
| ճանճ/janj | pronounced as /[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]/ | 'musca (fly)' | ||||
| Assyrian | ܓ̰ܝܪܐ jyara | pronounced as /[d͡ʒjɑɾɑ]/ | 'to pee' | Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. pronounced as /link/ is used in other varieties. | ||
| pronounced as /[d͡ʒɑn]/ | 'soul' | |||||
| pronounced as /[d͡ʒɔl]/ | 'water' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | ||||
| pronounced as /[d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ]/ | 'dwarf' | See Bulgarian phonology | ||||
| Catalan; Valencian: [[Catalan alphabet|ju'''tg'''e]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈʒud͡ʒə]/ | 'judge' | See Catalan phonology | |||
| Chechen: [[Cyrillic script|'''дж'''ерво]] / Chechen: jyerwo | pronounced as /[d͡ʒjerwo]/ | 'previously married woman' | ||||
| 重 / zon | pronounced as /[d͡ʒõ]/ | 'heavy' | ||||
| pronounced as /[d͡ʒe]/ | 'that' | |||||
| Czech: [[Czech orthography|džbán]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒbaːn]/ | 'jug' | See Czech phonology | |||
| Dhivehi | ޖަރާސީމު / jarásímu | pronounced as /[d͡ʒaraːsiːmu]/ | 'germs' | See Dhivehi phonology | ||
| jeans | [d͡ʒiːns] | 'jeans' | Some say [ʒiːns] | |||
| jeans | [ˈd͡ʒiːnz] | 'jeans' | See English phonology | |||
| Esperanto: [[Esperanto orthography|man'''ĝ'''aĵo]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]/ | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |||
| Estonian | [ˈd̥ʒæsː] | 'jazz' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology | |||
| Finnish | [ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi] | 'junk (ship)' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology | |||
| French: [[French orthography|a'''dj'''onction]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]/ | 'addition' | Rare. See French phonology | |||
| Georgian: [[Georgian alphabet|'''ჯ'''იბე/jibe]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒibɛ]/ | 'pocket' | ||||
| German: [[German orthography|'''Dsch'''ungel]] | pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]/ | 'jungle' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. Some speakers may merge it with pronounced as //t͡ʃ//. See Standard German phonology | |||
| pronounced as /[d͡ʒaːn]/ | 'twins' | |||||
| Hebrew | Standard | Hebrew: [[Hebrew alphabet|'''ג׳'''וק/'''j'''uk]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒuk]/ | 'cockroach' | Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Temani | Hebrew: [[Hebrew alphabet|'''גָּ'''דוֹל/'''j'''aďol]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒaðol]/ | 'big, great' | |||
| Hindi | Hindi: [[Devanāgarī|'''जा'''ना/jānā]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒäːnäː]/ | 'to go' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | ||
| Urdu | Urdu: [[nasta'liq|'''جـ'''انا/jānā]]|rtl=yes | |||||
| Hungarian: [[Hungarian alphabet|lán'''dzs'''a]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[laːnd͡ʒɒ]/ | 'spear' | Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Indonesian | Indonesian: [[Indonesian alphabet|'''j'''arak]] | pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒaraʔ]/ | 'distance' | |||
| Italian: [[Italian alphabet|'''g'''emma]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]/ | 'gem' | pronounced as /[dʒ]/ occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels pronounced as /[e]/, pronounced as /[i]/ and pronounced as /[ɛ]/, while when 'G' is in front of vowels pronounced as /[o]/, pronounced as /[a]/, pronounced as /[u]/ and pronounced as /[ɔ]/ the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive. | |||
| lǧiran | pronounced as /[id͡ʒiræn]/ | 'the neighbors' | ||||
| Kashubian[1] | ||||||
| Kurdish: [[Kurdish alphabet|'''c'''îger]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ]/ | 'lung' | See Kurdish phonology | |||
| Central | pronounced as /[d͡ʒɛɾg]/ | 'liver' | ||||
| Southern | pronounced as /[d͡ʒæɾg]/ | |||||
| Kirghiz; Kyrgyz: [[Kyrgyz alphabet|'''ж'''аман]] / Kirghiz; Kyrgyz: caman | pronounced as /[d͡ʒaman]/ | 'bad' | See Kyrgyz phonology | |||
| Ladino: djudyó/גﬞודיו | pronounced as /[d͡ʒudˈjo]/ | 'Jew' | ||||
| Latvian: [[Latvian alphabet|da'''dž'''i]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[dad͡ʒi]/ | 'thistles' | See Latvian phonology | |||
| Hasselt dialect | Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: '''dj'''èn | pronounced as /[d͡ʒɛːn²]/ | 'Eugene' | See Hasselt dialect phonology | ||
| Lithuanian: [[Lithuanian alphabet|'''dž'''iaugsmingas]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]/ | 'gladsome' | See Lithuanian phonology | |||
| Macedonian | Macedonian: [[Macedonian alphabet|'''џ'''емпер/džemper]] | pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]/ | 'sweater' | See Macedonian phonology | ||
| Malay: [[Malay alphabet|'''j'''ahat]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒahat]/ | 'evil' | ||||
| Maltese: [[Maltese alphabet|'''ġ'''abra]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒab.ra]/ | 'collection' | ||||
| Manchu | pronounced as /[d͡ʒuwe]/ | 'two' | ||||
| Marathi | Marathi: [[Devanagari|'''ज'''य/jay]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒəj]/ | 'victory' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dʑ] and [d̪z]. See Marathi phonology | ||
| Occitan (post 1500);: '''j'''ove | pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒuβe]/ | 'young' | See Occitan phonology | |||
| pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒuve]/ | ||||||
| ଜମି/jami | pronounced as /[d͡ʒɔmi]/ | 'land' | Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology | |||
| iijikiwenh | pronounced as /[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]/ | 'brother' | See Ojibwe phonology | |||
| Pushto; Pashto: [[Perso-Arabic alphabet|'''جـ'''ـګ/jeg]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒeɡ]/ | 'high' | ||||
| Persian | Persian: [[Persian alphabet|کـ'''جـ'''ا/koja]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[kod͡ʒɒ]/ | 'where' | See Persian phonology | ||
| Standard | Polish: [[Polish orthography|li'''cz'''ba]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈlid͡ʐ.ba]/ | 'number' | |||
| Polish: [[Polish orthography|'''dzi'''wny]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]/ | 'strange' | pronounced as //ɖ͡ʐ// and pronounced as //d͡ʑ// merge into pronounced as /[d͡ʒ]/ in these dialects. In standard Polish, pronounced as //d͡ʒ// is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate. | |||
| Lubawa dialect | ||||||
| Malbork dialect | ||||||
| Ostróda dialect | ||||||
| Warmia dialect | ||||||
| Most Brazilian dialects | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|gran'''d'''e]] | pronounced as /[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)]/ | 'big' | Allophone of pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as //i, ĩ// (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of pronounced as /[i]/ (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. | ||
| Most dialects | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|'''j'''ambalaya]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]/ | 'jambalaya' | In free variation with pronounced as /link/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: [[Romanian alphabet|'''g'''er]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r]/ | 'frost' | See Romanian phonology | |||
| Sardinian: '''g'''éneru | pronounced as /[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]/ | 'son-in-law' | ||||
| Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: [[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|'''D'''ia]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒia]/ | 'God' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |||
| Some speakers | [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''џ'''ем]] / [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''dž'''em]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒê̞m]/ | 'jam' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| [[Cyrillic script|'''ђ'''аво]] / '''đ'''avo | pronounced as /[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]/ | 'devil' | Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge pronounced as //d͡ʒ// and pronounced as //d͡ʑ//, either to pronounced as /[d͡ʒ]/ or laminal pronounced as /link/. | |||
| Croatian | ||||||
| These dialects merge pronounced as //ɖ͡ʐ// and pronounced as //d͡ʑ// into pronounced as /[d͡ʒ]/. | ||||||
| Slovene | Slovenian: [[Slovene orthography|ena'''č'''ba]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[eˈnáːd͡ʒbà]/ | 'equation' | Allophone of pronounced as //t͡ʃ// before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology | ||
| Somali: '''j'''oog | pronounced as /[d͡ʒoːɡ]/ | 'stop' | See Somali phonology | |||
| Tagalog: [[Abakada alphabet|'''diy'''an]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒän]/ | 'there' | Used to pronounce the multigraphs and in native words and in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology. | |||
| Tatar | Mishar Dialect[2] | can / җан | pronounced as /[d͡ʒɑn]/ | 'soul' | In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter c (җ) is ⟨ʑ⟩. | |
| Turkish: [[Turkish alphabet|a'''c'''ı]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[äˈd͡ʒɯ]/ | 'pain' | See Turkish phonology | |||
| Turkmen: [[Turkmen alphabet|'''j'''ar]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒär]/ | 'ravine' | ||||
| '''j'''em|italic=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒem]/ | 'hippopotamus' | ||||
| pronounced as /[amd͡ʒan]/ | '?' | See Ubykh phonology | ||||
| Ukrainian: [[Ukrainian alphabet|'''дж'''ерело/džerelo]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]/ | 'source' | See Ukrainian phonology | |||
| Uighur; Uyghur: [[Uyghur Latin alphabet|'''c'''oza]] / Uighur; Uyghur: [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|جوزا]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒozɑ]/ | 'desk' | See Uyghur phonology | |||
| Uzbek: [[Uzbek alphabet|'''j'''ahon]] / Uzbek: [[Uzbek alphabet|'''ж'''аҳон]] | pronounced as /[d͡ʒaˈhɒn]/ | 'world' | ||||
| Western Frisian: [[West Frisian language|sie'''dzj'''e]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈʃɪd͡ʒə]/ | 'to sow' | See West Frisian phonology | |||
| Yiddish: [[Hebrew alphabet|'''דזש'''וכע/juche]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[d͡ʒʊxə]/ | 'insect' | See Yiddish phonology | |||
| dxan | pronounced as /[d͡ʒaŋ]/ | 'god' | ||||
| Above: | Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate |
| Ipa Symbol: | d̠ɹ̠˔ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | dɹ̝˗ |
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dream | pronounced as /[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷɪi̯m]/ | 'dream' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence pronounced as //dr//. In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar pronounced as /link/. See Australian English phonology and English phonology | ||
| General American | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
pronounced as /navigation/