Cyst Explained
A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct envelope and division compared with the nearby tissue. Hence, it is a cluster of cells that have grouped together to form a sac (like the manner in which water molecules group together to form a bubble); however, the distinguishing aspect of a cyst is that the cells forming the "shell" of such a sac are distinctly abnormal (in both appearance and behaviour) when compared with all surrounding cells for that given location. A cyst may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. A collection of pus is called an abscess, not a cyst. Once formed, a cyst may resolve on its own. When a cyst fails to resolve, it may need to be removed surgically, but that would depend upon its type and location.
Cancer-related cysts are formed as a defense mechanism for the body following the development of mutations that lead to an uncontrolled cellular division. Once that mutation has occurred, the affected cells divide incessantly and become cancerous, forming a tumor. The body encapsulates those cells to try to prevent them from continuing their division and contain the tumor, which becomes known as a cyst. That said, the cancerous cells still may mutate further and gain the ability to form their own blood vessels, from which they receive nourishment before being contained. Once that happens, the capsule becomes useless, and the tumor may advance from benign to cancerous.
Some cysts are neoplastic, and thus are called cystic tumors. Many types of cysts are not neoplastic, they are dysplastic or metaplastic. Pseudocysts are similar to cysts in that they have a sac filled with fluid, but lack an epithelial lining.
Terminology
- microcyst – a small cyst that requires magnification to be seen
- macrocyst – a cyst that is larger than usual or compared to others
Related structures
A pseudocyst is very similar to a cyst, but is a collection of cells without a distinct membrane (epithelial or endothelial cells).
A syrinx in the spinal cord or brainstem is sometimes inaccurately referred to as a "cyst".
Cysts by location
Female reproductive system
Male reproductive system
Cutaneous and subcutaneous
- Acne cyst – Pseudocysts associated with cystic acne - an inflammatory nodule with or without an associated epidermoid inclusion cyst
- Arachnoid cyst (between the surface of the brain and the cranial base or on the arachnoid membrane)
- Epidermoid cyst
- Myxoid cyst (cutaneous condition often characterized by nail plate depression and grooves)
- Pilar cyst (cyst of the scalp)
- Pilonidal cyst (skin infection near tailbone)
- Sebaceous cyst – sac below skin
- Trichilemmal cyst – same as a pilar cyst, a familial cyst of the scalp
Head and neck
Chest
Abdomen
- Liver cysts
- Adrenal cyst (glands located above the kidneys) - It is a rare disease, affecting 0.06 to 0.18% of autopsy studies. It constitutes 5.4 to 6.0% of adrenal gland diseases. There are five major types of adrenal cysts: simple or endothelial cysts, true or epithelial cysts, pseudocysts, parasitic cysts, and cysts not classified elsewhere. 7% of the cysts can be malignant.[7]
- Renal cyst (kidneys)
- Pancreatic cyst[8]
- Peritoneal inclusion cyst (lining of the abdominal cavity) - It is a cluster of fluid-filled cysts lining the abdominal cavity of reproductive age women with a history of pelvic, abdominal surgeries, or abdominal inflammation. Those affected maybe presented with an abdominal, pelvic, lower back that lasted for months.[9]
- Enteric duplication cyst[10]
Central nervous system
Musculoskeletal system
Seen in various locations
Infectious cysts
- Cysticercal cyst – an infection due to the larval stage of Taenia sp. (Crain's backs)
- Hydatid cyst – an infection in the liver or other parts of the body due to the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (tapeworm)
Neoplastic cysts
Treatment
Treatment ranges from simple enucleation of the cyst to curettage to resection. There are cysts—e.g., buccal bifurcation cyst—that resolve on their own, in which just close observation may be employed, unless it is infected and symptomatic.[13]
Cystic fibrosis
Despite being described in 1938 as "the microscopic appearance of cysts in the pancreas",[14] cystic fibrosis is an example of a genetic disorder whose name is related to fibrosis of the cystic duct (which serves the gallbladder) and does not involve cysts.[15]
This is just one example of how the Greek root cyst-, which simply means a fluid-filled sac, also is found in medical terms that relate to the urinary bladder and the gallbladder, neither of which involve cysts.
See also
External links
- News: Stöppler . Melissa Conrad . What Is a Cyst? Types, Symptoms, Signs, and Causes . MedicineNet .
- De Maio . Fernando . Di Marcantonio . Arianna . De Luna . Vincenzo . Caterini . Alessandro . Tresoldi . Ilaria . Farsetti . Pasquale . Synovial cyst of the acromioclavicular joint with and without rotator cuff tear: A case series of two patients . International Journal of Surgery Case Reports . 2020 . 75 . 390–393 . 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.09.084 . 32992095 . 7522442 .
Notes and References
- Okamoto Y, Tanaka YO, Nishida M, Tsunoda H, Yoshikawa H, Itai Y . MR imaging of the uterine cervix: imaging-pathologic correlation . Radiographics . 23 . 2 . 425–45; quiz 534-5 . March 2003 . 12640157 . 10.1148/rg.232025065 .
- Farghaly SA . Current diagnosis and management of ovarian cysts . Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology . 41 . 6 . 609–12 . 2014 . 25551948 . 10.12891/ceog20322014 . 1512424 . free .
- Kiseli M, Caglar GS, Cengiz SD, Karadag D, Yılmaz MB . Clinical diagnosis and complications of paratubal cysts: review of the literature and report of uncommon presentations . Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics . 285 . 6 . 1563–9 . June 2012 . 22526447 . 10.1007/s00404-012-2304-8 . 5638006 .
- Heller DS . Vaginal cysts: a pathology review . Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease . 16 . 2 . 140–4 . April 2012 . 22126833 . 10.1097/LGT.0b013e3182320ef0 . 826917 .
- Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Rubens DJ, Liao L . Benign intratesticular cystic lesions: US features . Radiographics . 21 Spec No . suppl_1 . S273-81 . October 2001 . 11598263 . 10.1148/radiographics.21.suppl_1.g01oc15s273 .
- Rawla P, Sunkara T, Muralidharan P, Raj JP . An updated review of cystic hepatic lesions . Clinical and Experimental Hepatology . 5 . 1 . 22–29 . March 2019 . 30915403 . 6431089 . 10.5114/ceh.2019.83153 .
- Pogorzelski R, Toutounchi S, Krajewska E, Fiszer P, Pachucki J, Bednarczuk T, Łoń I, Gaciong Z, Marek B, Skórski M . 6 . Laparoscopic treatment of adrenal cysts--own research and literature review . Endokrynologia Polska . 66 . 5 . 469–72 . 2015 . 26457502 . 10.5603/EP.2015.0057 . free .
- Stark A, Donahue TR, Reber HA, Hines OJ . Pancreatic Cyst Disease: A Review . JAMA . 315 . 17 . 1882–93 . May 2016 . 27139061 . 10.1001/jama.2016.4690 .
- Vallerie AM, Lerner JP, Wright JD, Baxi LV . Peritoneal inclusion cysts: a review . Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey . 64 . 5 . 321–34 . May 2009 . 19386139 . 10.1097/OGX.0b013e31819f93d4 . 34639668 .
- Liu R, Adler DG . Duplication cysts: Diagnosis, management, and the role of endoscopic ultrasound . Endoscopic Ultrasound . 3 . 3 . 152–60 . July 2014 . 25184121 . 4145475 . 10.4103/2303-9027.138783 . free .
- Zadik Y, Aktaş A, Drucker S, Nitzan DW . Aneurysmal bone cyst of mandibular condyle: a case report and review of the literature . Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery . 40 . 8 . e243-8 . December 2012 . 22118925 . 10.1016/j.jcms.2011.10.026 .
- Bancroft LW, Peterson JJ, Kransdorf MJ . Cysts, geodes, and erosions . Radiologic Clinics of North America . 42 . 1 . 73–87 . January 2004 . 15049524 . 10.1016/S0033-8389(03)00165-9 .
- Zadik Y, Yitschaky O, Neuman T, Nitzan DW . On the self-resolution nature of the buccal bifurcation cyst . Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . 69 . 7 . e282-4 . July 2011 . 21571416 . 10.1016/j.joms.2011.02.124 .
- Andersen DH . Dorothy Hansine Andersen . 1938 . Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and its relation to celiac disease . American Journal of Diseases of Children . 56 . 2 . 344–399 . 10.1001/archpedi.1938.01980140114013 .
- Greenholz SK, Krishnadasan B, Marr C, Cannon R . Biliary obstruction in infants with cystic fibrosis requiring Kasai portoenterostomy . Journal of Pediatric Surgery . 32 . 2 . 175–9; discussion 179-80 . February 1997 . 9044117 . 10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90174-3 .
