Danish cuisine explained

Danish cuisine originated from the peasant population's own local produce and was enhanced by cooking techniques developed in the late 19th century and the wider availability of goods during and after the Industrial Revolution. Open sandwiches, known as smørrebrød, which in their basic form are the usual fare for lunch, can be considered a national speciality when prepared and garnished with a variety of ingredients. Hot meals are typically prepared with meat or fish. Substantial meat and fish dishes includes flæskesteg (roast pork with crackling) and kogt torsk (poached cod) with mustard sauce and trimmings. Ground meats (pork, veal or beef) became widespread during the industrial revolution and traditional dishes that are still popular include frikadeller (meat balls), karbonader (breaded pork patties) and medisterpølse (fried sausage). Denmark is known for its Carlsberg and Tuborg beers and for its akvavit and bitters, but amongst the Danes themselves imported wine has gained steadily in popularity since the 1960s.[1] [2]

Cooking in Denmark has always been inspired by foreign and continental practises and the use of imported tropical spices like cinnamon, cardamom, nutmeg and black pepper can be traced to the Danish cuisine of the Middle Ages and some even to the Vikings.[3] [4]

Since the early 2000s, some Danish chefs have developed the new Danish cuisine, an innovative way of cooking based on high-quality local produce. This new philosophy and cuisine has attracted the attention of, and been celebrated by, the international gourmet community. It has contributed with a considerable number of highly acclaimed restaurants in Copenhagen and the province, with some of them awarded Michelin stars.

History

Danish cooking is rooted in the peasant dishes served across the country before the Industrial Revolution in 1860. It was based on the need to make use of natural products available on or near the family farm. As a result, a variety of brassicas, bread, fish, pork, and later potatoes, were eaten everywhere. Families had their own storage of long-lasting dry products, rye for making bread, barley for beer, dried peas for soup, and smoked or salted pork.[5] Industrialization brought an increase in the consumption of fresh meat and vegetables, but rye bread and potatoes continued to be staples.[6] With the arrival of dairy cooperatives in the second half of the 19th century, milk also gained favor, although all kinds of dairy products have been consumed in lesser quantities for millennia. The introduction of wood-burning stoves and meat grinders contributed to a range of new dishes including frikadeller (meat balls), medisterpølse (fried ground meat sausage), hakkebøf (meat patties of beef), karbonader[7] (breaded pork meat patties), meat loafs, roast pork, poached cod, and stegt rødspætte (breaded flatfish). Desserts of stewed fruits or berries such as rødgrød date from the same period, as do a large variety of cakes and cookies.

Over the centuries, sausage, which was not only economical but could be kept for long periods, was together with rye bread behind the development of smørrebrød. By the end of the 18th century, there were several different kinds of sausage but the preparation of cold meat products developed rapidly in the 1840s when the French butcher Francois Louis Beauvais opened a business in Copenhagen. In the 1880s, Oskar Davidsen opened a restaurant specializing in smørrebrød with a long list of open sandwiches. Leverpostej (liver pâté) became available in grocery shops at the end of the 19th century but it was some time before its price was comparable with that of cold cuts. Around the same time, the one-hour lunch break which had allowed people to enjoy a hot midday meal was shortened to 30 minutes, encouraging them to take a few pieces of smørrebrød to work in a lunch box. In the 1920s and 1930s, tomatoes and cucumbers were added as a topping to the cold cuts. In the 1940s, Henry Stryhn popularized leverpostej by making deliveries around Copenhagen on his bicycle.[8]

In the 1960s and 1970s, with the availability of deep frozen goods, the concept of fast food arrived together with an interest in Mediterranean dishes as Danes travelled more widely. By the 1990s, ingredients were being imported from the south while new products were farmed at home, providing a basis for a developing interest in gourmet dishes. Much of the inspiration came from France, as Danish chefs went on television explaining how to prepare dishes such as canard à l'orange or authentic sauce Béarnaise. A younger generation of chefs soon started to travel abroad themselves, learning how to adapt the expertise of French and Spanish chefs to the use of local ingredients as a basis for creating beautifully presented, finely flavored Nordic dishes. As a result, in recent years Danish chefs have helped to put Denmark on the world gastronomic map, with several Michelin-starred restaurants in Copenhagen and the provinces.

New Danish cuisine

See main article: New Danish cuisine.

Danish cuisine has also taken advantage of the possibilities inherent in traditional recipes, building on the use of local products and techniques that have not been fully exploited. Local products such as rapeseed, oats, cheeses and older varieties of fruits are being rediscovered and prepared in new ways both by restaurants and at home, as interest in locally sourced organic foods continues to grow. The Nordic Council's agricultural and food ministers have supported these developments in the form of a manifesto designed to encourage the use of natural products from the Nordic countries in the food production industry, while promoting the "purity, freshness, simplicity and ethics" associated with the region's cuisine.[9]

In 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2014 the Copenhagen restaurant Noma (short for nordisk mad – Nordic food) was named the world's best restaurant by the magazine Restaurant.[10]

In 2012, the Danish chef and food activist Claus Meyer had his own show about Nordic cuisine on BBC Lifestyle.[11] His recent book Almanak contains 365 new cuisine recipes, one for each day of the year.[12]

Main meals

Most Danes have three regular meals a day, usually consisting of a cold breakfast with coffee or tea, a cold lunch at work and a hot dinner at home with the family. Some also have a snack in the middle of the afternoon or in the late evening. Meat, especially pork, is by far the most common ingredient of hot meals. It is usually accompanied by potatoes and sometimes by another vegetable such as carrots or lettuce. Most hot meals consist of only one course: starters are fairly rare but desserts such as ice cream or fruit are a little more frequent. Beer and wine are fairly common drinks at mealtimes but so are soft drinks, plain water and, to a lesser extent, milk and coffee.[13] Many families follow the old traditions. Mothers and fathers cook together and teach their children how to cook. Meals form an important part of family life, allowing for socializing and contributing to the sense of the well-being and coziness known as hygge.[14]

Breakfast

The basic Danish breakfast consists of coffee, or tea, and rye bread, white bread, or rolls with cheese or jam. Bread at breakfast time most often comes in the form of a white loaf known as franskbrød (French bread), a baguette, or a variety of white or brown rolls (boller, birkes, rundstykker, håndværkere) or croissants.[15] The bread is usually buttered and topped with soft or creamy cheese, sausage, pâté, cured cold meat or jam. On festive gatherings or when time permits, as on Sundays, for example, a variety of bread rolls can be included as well as wienerbrød, as Danish pastry is known in Denmark. Fruit juice, mostly orange or apple, and sometimes a bitter such as Gammel Dansk, may also be served, especially when breakfast is served to guests or on special occasions and celebrations like birthdays and anniversaries.[16] In Danish hotels, soft-boiled eggs and cold meats are usually served for breakfast, too.[17]

On weekdays, various cereals, such as corn flakes, muesli or rolled oats, are often served for breakfast with just cold milk and sugar. Soured milk products are popular, too, and are served either plain or with cereals or fruit. The typical local soured milk product of ymer is topped with ymerdrys, a mixture of dried grated rye bread and brown sugar. Porridges such as oatmeal and a traditional local porridge called Øllebrød are also popular on work days. Øllebrød, a thin porridge cooked with bits of rye bread, hvidtøl, water, and sugar, and served with milk or sometimes whipped cream, is gaining in popularity as reflected on the breakfast menus of many cafés.[18]

Lunch

Rather than eating at home, most Danes have a quick lunch at work or school either in the cafeteria, if there is one, or more often in the form of a packed lunch or madpakke prepared before they leave home. Lunch is usually a cold meal consisting of a few simply prepared pieces of smørrebrød (often referred to as håndmad, i.e. hand-food) with slices of cold meat, sliced sausage or hard-boiled egg. Leverpostej, a liver pâté prepared from pig's liver and lard, is also frequently used as a spread.[19]

Dinner

For the average family, dinner is the one meal of the day where everyone can be gathered, due to the pressures of the modern life where both parents are likely to work, and the children are in school or pre-school institutions. Dinner usually consists of just one main course, often a meat dish with potatoes and a vegetable or salad. Starters are seldom served at home. If there is a dessert, it is likely to be ice cream or a fruit dish. Much more substantial dinners are served on weekends, special occasions or when guests have been invited.

Confusingly, the evening meal is sometimes called middag (midday) because hot meals were formerly served in the middle of the day. The variety of evening meals has developed as a result of the increasing availability of foods from supermarkets as well as the development and growth of the local food industry. As a result of American influence, there is now considerable interest in barbecues, salad buffets and ready-to-serve dishes. Italian-inspired preparations, including pizza and pasta, have also become common options. Meat is very popular, pork ranking as the most frequently served. Cuts are often prepared in the frying pan and accompanied by gravy and potatoes.[20]

Open sandwiches

See main article: Smørrebrød.

Smørrebrød (originally smør og brød, meaning "butter and bread") usually consists of a piece of buttered rye bread (rugbrød), a dense, dark brown bread. Pålæg (meaning put-on, actually "that which is laid on [the bread]"), the topping, then among others can refer to commercial or homemade cold cuts, pieces of meat or fish, cheese or spreads. More elaborate, finely decorated varieties have contributed to the international reputation of the Danish open sandwich or smørrebrød. A slice or two of pålæg is placed on the buttered bread and decorated with the right accompaniments to create a tasty and visually appealing food item.[21]

Some traditional compositions include:[22]

Cold buffet

Det Kolde Bord is a cold buffet served with bread on special occasions. The food is usually brought to the dining table and passed around family-style and the idea is similar to the Swedish counterpart, the smörgåsbord, but with slightly different ingredients. Det Kolde Bord is usually served at lunch time, but may well carry on into the evening.[25]

The meal begins with seafood, usually pickled herring, or another herring dish. The cured and pickled herring fillets are typically made and served in a white and a red variety, but a multitude of pickled herring dishes exists.[26] [27] White herring has marinated in a clear, sweet and mildly spiced vinegar marinade while the sharper tasting red herring has marinated in a red, seasoned vinegar marinade, owing their red colour to sandal wood.[28] Other common variations includes a variety of sour cream-based sauces, of which a curry flavoured type is very popular. Spegesild is usually served on buttered, black rye bread, topped with onion rings, pickled capers and a glob of curry salad – a sour-cream based sauce, flavored with curry and chopped pickles – and chopped hard boiled eggs on the side. Alternative, but common, herring dishes served at the cold buffet includes Danish: stegte sild i eddike (fried herring in vinegar) consisting of rye-battered, fried fillets of herring in a spiced vinegar marinade or the more elaborate Danish: silderet (herring dish) where the herring is arranged in a large serving dish with various sides such as warm, boiled potatoes, raw onion, pickled capers and a dill-flavoured sour-cream or mayonnaise sauce, or diced apple, shredded horseradish and curry salad, as two common options.[29] Other seafood dishes may include:

The cold table also consists of a wide variety of meat dishes and, despite its name, nearly always includes a few items which are served hot. Some of the more common components are:[30]

There might also be cold cuts from hams, roast beef, salami, brisket of beef and spiced roulade. Det Kolde Bord usually include accompaniments such as potato salad, scrambled egg and a variety of salads. Desserts like fruit salad and fruit pies, as well as various cheeses may also be served. Around Christmas, the buffet will sometimes include sylte (meat jelly from pork) and other Christmas-related specialties.[31]

Options for dinner

The everyday evening meal for most Danes consists of a main course and perhaps a dessert. At weekends and on special occasions, a more elaborate meal is served. Good restaurants usually serve a three-course dinner. While an ever-wider range of foreign foods are available in Denmark, traditional dishes are still popular. A selection of the more common options is given below.

Appetizer

The first course is typically fish or soup, although a wide variety of other appetizers are becoming more common. Common traditional appetisers include:

Soups

Soup is often a meal on its own and mostly served with bread. It can also be served as an entrée before the main course. In addition to soups also common outside of Denmark, specialities include:

Main dishes

Fish, seafood and meat are prominent parts of any traditional Danish dish.

With a very long coastline and large number of smaller islands, Denmark has a long tradition of fishing and seafood takes a natural part of the Danish food tradition.

The most commonly eaten fish and seafood are:

Fish from Bornholm, Iceland and Greenland also has a special place in the Danish cuisine. The island of Bornholm, a part of Denmark located in the Baltic Sea, to the east of Zealand and south of Sweden, is noted for its smoked fish items. Iceland and Greenland have long shared histories with Denmark, and the fish from these North Atlantic lands is a sign of quality.

Pork is the favourite meat in Denmark and pork meat has been a major export sector for more than 100 years.[36] As regards home cooking and meat, the Danes primarily eat pork (42%), followed by poultry (28%) and beef (26%). These are 2016 numbers and does not include processed meat and eating out. Processed meats comprise a lot of pork in Danish cuisine, including hams, smoked pork, many kinds of cold cuts, sausages and salamis, so the pork consumption percentage would be even larger if processed meat were included.[37] Ground pork meat is used in many traditional recipes requiring ground meat. Danish bacon is generally of good quality (exported Danish bacon is of exceptional quality), and available in both the striped and back varieties.

Beef is also very popular in the modern Danish kitchen. Danish cattle are primarily used for dairy and Denmark has a centuries-old tradition of dairy products. Hence, cattle bred for their meat were formerly rare and expensive. Dairy cattle rarely make good meat cattle – especially after several years as dairy cows- and for that reason, beef has traditionally been ground and cooked as patties or prepared as boiled roast or soup. Today meat-cattle is more common and steaks are popular, especially top sirloin steak of beef (culottesteg) is a classic dish to serve for guests.

Poultry consumption is dominated by chicken, with chicken filet and as the most popular choice.[38]

The Danes meat consumption remains high, but meat has overall lost a little bit of ground to vegetables and vegetarian food in the 2010s. Also there is a tendency to replace popular meats with chicken.[39] [40]

Traditional main course dishes

Many traditional dishes have been abandoned in Denmark in the last 4-5 decades, especially dishes requiring long preparations but also organ meat dishes. Fast preparations, pre-cooked meals and foreign inspired cooking from around the world, has increasingly found its way into the kitchens of the common Danish family.[41] [42] Traditional Danish main course dishes includes:

Desserts

See also: List of Danish desserts. Desserts from the traditional Danish cuisine that are still popular, includes:

Cakes

Cakes are usually not served for dessert in Denmark, but as an occasional sweet treat in between meals or at celebrations and particular festive events. Coffee or tea is usually offered with cakes.

Sweets

Salted liquorice is popular in Denmark and the Netherlands. Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats originate from Denmark. Also first produced in Denmark the company Castus produces slices of fig/date to put on rye bread. Other fruit slices are also produced.

Traditional feasts

Danish culture has a number of annual recurring traditional feasts. Most of them are rooted in both the Norse pagan tradition and the Christian culture, including the most widely celebrated feast of Christmas, known as Jul in Denmark. Christmas and Easter are the most prominent feasts in Danish culture, both in terms of religious and traditional importance but also food wise. A number of smaller feasts such as Fastelavn (Carnival), Pinse (Pentecost) and Mortensaften (St. Martin's Day), are also of some importance regarding food while other traditional celebrations such as Grundlovsdag, May Day and Sankthans (St. John's Eve) are not coupled to the Danish food culture in any special way.

The celebration of New Year's Eve is perhaps on par with both Christmas and Easter in modern times and is also coupled with some strong food traditions. Poached cod served with mustard sauce, boiled potatoes and horseradish is traditionally enjoyed as the main course on this evening, known as nytårstorsk (New Year's Cod), with champagne and kransekage served later in the night.[54] [55] Slices of boiled ham served with stewed kale is another traditional dish for this particular evening. In recent decades, the traditional menus has given way to contemporary gourmet servings in many places, even though the champagne and the kransekage remains very popular.[56]

Christmas

There are some regional variations of the traditional Christmas cuisine within Denmark, but it is generally the same across the country.[57] [58] It includes a lot of spices, in particular cinnamon, cloves and cardamom.[59]

Christmas lunch

Julefrokost, or Christmas lunch, is a variation on Det Kolde Bord buffet, celebrated on various occasions throughout the whole Christmas month of December. Most communities, workplaces, organisations and associations set aside time for an annual gathering and julefrokost on a non-specific Friday or Saturday. This includes coworkers, club members and all kinds of organizations and the festivities often include music and dancing, and usually continues into the early hours of the morning with plentiful drinking. In addition to these public gatherings, there is also tradition for a special family event julefrokost, but this is celebrated in the home on Christmas Day or shortly after.

Apart from the standard food items for a Danish cold buffet, Christmas lunch julefrokost traditionally also includes some specialities, such as sylte (pork meat jelly), fried blodpølse, and Risalamande. Blodpølse is a sweetened and spiced blood sausage with raisins, but it has decreased a lot in popularity since the 19th century.[60] Risalamande is a rice pudding served with hot or cold cherry sauce and it is very popular. The pudding consists mainly of sweetened and cooled rice porridge mixed with whipped cream, vanilla and chopped almonds. A popular and traditional game is to put a whole, peeled almond in the common bowl of pudding. The lucky person to find it in his or her serving wins a prize, which in popular traditions would be a pig shaped of marzipan.

Juleøl Christmas beer brews and herb infused akvavit spirit is commonly paired with the julefrokost. All over Denmark, trains and buses run all night during the julefrokost season and the police are on a special lookout for drunk drivers to avoid alcohol related accidents.[61]

A special part of not only the julefrokost lunch but of many festive, celebratory meals is the selskabssang (party song). It is a tradition unique to Denmark, and includes event-specific sing-along songs to traditional tunes, but with lyrics specifically written for the occasion.[62]

Christmas dinner at home

In Denmark, the Christmas dinner is served on the evening of 24 December (Christmas Eve). It takes the form of a main dish (usually pork, goose or duck) and the Risalamande dessert. The traditional recipes from Frk. Jensen's 1901 cook book (see below) still form the basis of Christmas cooking today.[63]

Flæskesteg, a pork roast cut from the breast or neck and with the skin left on, is prepared by cutting the skin through to the meat layer sideways and rubbing it thoroughly with coarse salt flakes and sometimes spices to guarantee crispy tasty cracklings. Slices of roasted flæskesteg is served with brown gravy and accompanied by both boiled potatoes and caramelized potatoes (brunede kartofler) specially prepared in a frying pan with melted sugar and a lump of butter. Sour-sweet spiced red cabbage is always included too and is widely available in jars and cans.[64]

Goose and duck are filled with a stuffing of apple boats and prunes before they are roasted in a hot oven. The bird is served with a brown sauce based on the broth obtained by boiling the heart, neck, liver and gizzard, thickened with a little fat from the bird, flour and sour cream. Gravy browning may be added. Just like the pork, the bird is served with two kinds of potatoes and red cabbage.

Easter

Holy Saturday lunch

Holy Saturday the traditional dish served for lunch is Skidne æg (Dirty eggs),[65] the name referres to fact that the homes were usually dirty on Holy Saturday, as no work and no cleaning or laundry would be done on the two holidays: Maundy Thursday and Good Friday. Skidne æg is medium boiled eggs, served with mustard sauce, cress and ryebread.

Easter Sunday lunch

Families gather for lunch on Easter Sunday. The lunch will typically consist three courses, starting with "det kolde bord" with pickled herring, prawns, hard-boiled eggs, tuna, liverpaté and various cold cuts. Strong Easter Brew beer and snaps is usually served. The second dish is a warm dish, that according to tradition should contain either lamb, eggs or chicken. The third dish is cheeses with grapes, red peppers and crackers.[66]

Restaurants and dining venues

Eating out in restaurants can be a costly affair, with the average price running higher than that of the European average.[67] As a result of the New Nordic Cuisine trend, Danish restaurants are now firmly on the international gourmet map.

In the big cities, and in shopping districts, there are many more reasonably priced eating places, including such chain fast food possibilities as McDonald's and Burger King. The most common quick food restaurant is the "burger bar" or "grill bar", offering hamburgers, hot dogs and a wide variety of other fast food staples. Pizzerias are equally popular and can be found in every town in the country, large or small. Other commonly found fast foods include Turkish and Middle East food specialties such as falafel, shish-kebab and spit-roasted meat (most often shawarma) with salad in pita bread, or wrapped in durum wheat based flatbread.[68]

Restaurants

Denmark has many fine dining restaurants, not only in the larger cities, but also in the countryside. The kro (roughly equivalent to an inn, but held in higher social regard) provides lodging as well as meals and drinks. Especially the royally privileged lodges have a long and interesting history.[69] Danish cuisine continues to evolve and keep up with the times. It has become more health-conscious, and has drawn inspiration not only from the traditional French and Italian kitchens, but also from many other more exotic gastronomical sources. Increasingly, restaurants are turning to trends based on a combination of continental cooking and the growing interest in products from the local environment served in accordance with seasonal availability.

Cafés

Another reasonable place to eat is at a café. These are plentiful, especially in the bigger cities, and usually offer soups, sandwiches, salads, cakes, pastries, and other light foods, in addition to the expected coffee, tea, beer and other beverages. Quite a few cafés serve breakfast and brunch, and some double as evening restaurants.

Most cafés in Denmark are unique, but chains are increasingly popular. The Danish coffee-bar chain of Baresso Coffee, founded in 1999, mainly serves coffee and tea related products and is present with many cafés in most larger towns across Denmark, but also in the Faroe Islands as well as Copenhagen Airport and MS Crown of Scandinavia.[70] International café chains has gained ground in the capital of Copenhagen, currently including two Starbucks and several Caffè Ritazza (UK), at the Copenhagen Airport, Magasin Torv by the Magasin Du Nord department store, and at Copenhagen Central Station.

Street food

Street food has made an enormous impact on the way Danes eat in the 2010s, but street food has been part of Danish dining culture for many years.[71] [72]

Hot dog vans

The pølsevogn (lit. sausage wagon) food truck is a well-established common fast food option and the "original" street food outlet in Denmark. They serve a variety of pork sausages, including Denmark's renowned red sausages, røde pølser. These hot dog-like sausages of the Vienna type are about 20 cm long, about the diameter of an index finger and stuffed in brightly coloured red skin. Røde pølser are traditionally served on a small, rectangular paper plate with a bread (similar to a hot dog bun, but without a slice in it) on the side, and a squirt of both ketchup, Danish remoulade sauce and mustard. Danish remoulade is somewhat similar to American relish and the mustard served with sausages is hot and unsweetened. The bread and sausage is eaten alternately, dipped into the condiments.[73] Typical and classic sausages served from a pølsevogn also includes, thick and juicy knækpølser (both red and uncoloured), long thick and grilled frankfurtere, hearty grilled medisterpølse, large grilled kryddersvend sausages spiced with curry, and pølse i svøb (sausage in a wrap) which are a sausage wrapped in and grilled with bacon.

When the sausage is served in a traditional hot dog bun, it is called a "hot dog". It is commonly served with Danish remoulade, ketchup, mustard, onion (both raw and toasted, i.e. ristede) and thinly sliced pickles on top. The ristede løg fried onions are similar in taste to French-fried onion rings. The pickled condiment varies from region to region, and includes rødkål red cabbage in some places, but cucumber relish is the most widespread. Another variety is the French hot dog (Fransk hotdog) which is a sausage stuffed into a special long baguette-like bread roll. The roll has a hole in one end, and after the requested condiment has been squirted in (ketchup, mustard, different kinds of dressing), a sausage is slipped through. The simplest sausage wagons are portable and very temporary. They are typically a metal wagon with an open window to the street, and a counter where customers can stand and eat their sausages. More advanced wagons includes limited seating, usually both inside and outside. Through the years the number of sausage wagons has dropped as competition from convenience stores, gas stations, kebab and pizza-places has increased.

Social dining

Food courts emerged on the Copenhagen dining scene in 2011 and quickly became very popular, inspiring similar initiatives in Aarhus from 2015.[74] [75] Parallel with the stationary and sheltered food courts, mobile food trucks appeared, selling a wide variety of meals at events and random popular spots. This new development is part of a broader popular movement of social dining across the country, with a multitude of local food, dining and cooking clubs, purchasing societies and urban farming projects sprouting among citizens in larger cities.[76] [77] [78] [79]

Other popular foods

Potatoes

Potato recipes are ubiquitous in Danish cooking. The potato was first introduced into Denmark by French immigrant Huguenots in Fredericia in 1720.[80] The potato is considered an essential side dish to every hot meal.[81]

Especially prized are the season's early potatoes, such as those from Samsø.

Some favorites:

Vegetables and salads

Although the potato is the central vegetable in traditional Danish cooking, it is by no means the only vegetable associated with Danish cuisine. Those other vegetables that play an important role often had to be preserved for long periods of time in cold rooms, or were pickled or marinated for storage. Cauliflower, carrots and a variety of cabbages were often a part of the daily meal, especially when in season, in the days prior to widespread refrigeration.

Sauces and condiments

Sauces and condiments are an important part of the Danish meal:

Cheese

Denmark is known for quality dairy products, and that includes cheese. In Denmark, cheese might be served as part of breakfast, lunch or in salads and also as an after-dinner snack, referred to as a so-called Danish: ostebord (lit.: cheese-table) or Danish: ostetallerken (lit: cheese-plate) along with grapes, crackers and wine.

While the most commonly eaten cheese in Denmark is mild, there are also stronger Danish cheeses available, some of which are very pungent. Danish Blue cheese can be quite strong, and Danish cheese manufacturers produce molded cheeses that span the range from the mildest and creamiest to the intense blue-veined cheese internationally associated with Denmark. Another strong cheese is Gamle Ole (lit: Old Ole – Ole is a man's name), a brand of pungent aged cheese that has matured for a longer period of time. It can be bitingly strong. It is often served in combination with sliced onion and aspic (sky) on Danish rugbrød spread with lard. Rum may be dripped on this pungent cheese prior to serving.

Strong cheeses are an acquired taste for Danes too. Elderly Danes who find the smell offensive might joke about Gamle Ole's smelling up a whole house, just by being in a sealed plastic container in the refrigerator. One might also refer to Gamle Ole's pungency when talking about things that are not quite right, i.e. "they stink". Here one might say that something stinks or smells of Gamle Ole.[82]

Danish cheese is almost exclusively produced from cow's milk. Some well-known Danish cheeses include:[83]

In relation to Apetina, Denmark lost a long legal battle with Greece,[85] to use the term "feta" for Danish cheese produced using artificially blanched cow's milk. Since July 2002, feta has been a protected designation of origin (PDO), which limits the term within the European Union to feta made exclusively of sheep's/goat's milk in Greece.[86] [87] Because of the decision by the European Union, Danish dairy company Arla Foods (who also manufacture Danbo) changed the name of their Feta product to Apetina.[88]

Seasonings and herbs

Fresh herbs are very popular, and a wide variety are readily available at supermarkets or local produce stands. Many people grow fresh herbs either in the kitchen window, in window boxes or outside, weather permitting. Most commonly used herbs and other seasonings in Danish cooking:

Other spices used in the traditional Danish cuisine includes nutmeg, carraway, juniper, allspice and ginger (powder and candied). In modern times, the use and variety of spices has increased and now spices like chilli, paprika, basil and star anise is used widely.

Fruit

Similarly to vegetables, fruit had to withstand long storage during the winter to become a part of the traditional cuisine. Fruit is generally eaten in smaller portions, often as an accompaniment to cheese, or as decoration with desserts.

Fruit that is traditionally associated with Danish cuisine:

A combination of strawberries, red currants, black currants, blueberries and mulberries is known as "forest fruits" (skovbær) and is a common component in tarts and marmalades. A popular dessert is rødgrød, made from one or more kinds of berries or rhubarbs, boiled down to a red porridge. It is served with cream, sometimes milk.

"Rødgrød med fløde" is often jokingly used by Danes as a shibboleth, as it contains the soft "d" several times, which most foreigners find difficult to pronounce.

Baked goods

Bread is a very important part of the Danish table.[89] It is enjoyed at home, in the workplace or in restaurants and is usually based primarily on rugbrød, which is sour-dough rye bread. It is a dark, heavy bread which is sometimes bought pre-sliced, in varieties from light-colored rye, to very dark, and refined to whole grain. Rugbrød forms the basis of smørrebrød (see above).[90] Many people still bake at home, particularly boller, which are small bread rolls, and often the traditional kringle, which is a pastry filled with Zante currants and remonce paste. The Danish franskbrød (lit: French-bread) are leavened wheat breads, roughly equivalent to white bread. Franskbrød are available in many varieties, ranging from whole wheat to pumpkin, chestnut, or poppy-seed sprinkled loaves and loaves containing maize, müsli or honey. Some loaves are made with alternative wheat sorts like emmer or spelt and some contains small amounts of low-gluten grains such rye. Leavened brown loaves are also referred to as franskbrød.[91] People often eat jam with cheese on crusty white bread for breakfast, and also very thin slices of chocolate, called pålægschokolade. Because of the popular rye bread, Danes eat less wheat bread than most other western countries, even though bread is part of most daily meals.

Cakes

Denmark has a large variety of cakes and in 1997, the bakers guild launched the now countrywide celebration of Kagens Dag (Day of the Cake) as an annual recurring event in April–May.[92] [93] The region of Sønderjylland has become known for its concept of Sønderjydsk kaffebord, serving copious amounts of coffee and regional cakes on gatherings and festive afternoons.[94] [95] Typical Danish cakes include:

Sweets

Denmark is not a noted exporter of candies, but Danes eat more candy per capita than other countries.[102]

There also exists a vast number of other types of sweets and candy, ranging from gumdrops and dragée to mints and caramel sweets. A concept known as Bland selv slik (literally "mix-yourself candy") is common in Danish supermarkets and kiosks. It comprises a number of lined-up containers, usually between 20 and 50, each with a different kind of candy, and customers then service themselves with a paper bag and a small scoop. The paper bag is then weighed, and paid for.

Both Danish and imported candy are found in these box assortments, and the shape, texture and flavor differences are often very creative. Candy has been manufactured resembling a vast number of objects, such as flying saucers, tennis racquets, soccer balls, butterflies, and even teeth and toothbrushes.[105]

Drinks

Traditional or popular drinks consumed in Denmark includes:

Notable alcoholic beverages includes:

Criticism

The Danish food culture is sometimes criticized by gastronomes and nutritionists.

Substantial criticism has been directed at the nutritional content of Danish food; for example, at the ratio of meat, side dishes, and greens on the plate. Nutrition information campaigns have been trying to get the Danes to become healthier by eating less meat, fat, and sugar, and more raw vegetables. Instead of a healthier diet, however, the results too often have been feelings of guilt and a view of food as something which is just the correct fuel for the body's machinery.[117]

Historian Søren Mørch has characterized the Danish cuisine as a "garbage kitchen" of insipid, sweet and unspiced "baby food" where the tastes of milk and sweetness form the key elements. He believes that it arose because the export policy of the Danish food sector was to use the Danish home market as a "gutter" for left-over products, after high-quality bacon and butter had been sold abroad. Skimmed milk, meat scraps only suitable for chopping up, and the replacement product margarine are all products which Søren Mørch describes as residue products.[118]

Frøken Jensens Kogebog

The cookery book was published by Kristine Marie Jensen (1858–1923) in 1901 and titled Frk. Jensens Kogebog (Miss Jensen's Cookbook) is considered by many Danes to contain all the authentic recipes for traditional dishes as well as for baking bread, cakes, and biscuits. It has been reprinted dozens of times and new editions can be found in most Danish bookshops today. When Danes prepare meals for special occasions, for example at Christmas time, they frequently follow Frøken Jensen's detailed descriptions.[119] [120] The book has not been translated into English but many of the traditional Danish recipes on English-language websites are those of Frøken Jensen. The original edition (only in Danish) is available online.[121]

See also

Literature

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: We drink more wine and less beer. da. Rasmus Holmgård. Holmgårds. 16 July 2009. 18 October 2014.
  2. Web site: Wine consumption drops after 40 years. da. Ritzaus Bureau. BT. 16 October 2002. 18 October 2014.
  3. Web site: Food and drink in the middle ages. da. danmarkshistorien.dk. Aarhus University. 19 October 2014.
  4. Web site: Herbs, spices and vegetables in the Viking period. The National Museum of Denmark. 19 October 2014. 18 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150318163411/http://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/food/herbs-spices-and-vegetables/. dead.
  5. http://www.ambluxembourg.um.dk/fr/menu/LeDanemark/LaCuisineDanoise/ "La cuisine danoise"
  6. http://pavillondanois.com/misc/pdf2.pdf "Histoire de la gastronomie danoise"
  7. Also known as krebinetter. See Web site: Krebinetter eller karbonader?. 14 October 2017. da. Gastromand.
  8. http://www.gl-estrup.dk/pdf/andet/P%E5l%E6ggets%20historie.pdf Bettina Buhl, "Pålæg – fladt eller højtbelagt – en historisk køkkenvandring"
  9. http://denmarkspecial.dk/misc/DS_Food_Design_WEB_single_100dpi.pdf "Denmark Special"
  10. http://www.theworlds50best.com/awards/1-50-winners/noma "Noma"
  11. http://www.bbclifestyle.com/nordic/programmes/new-scandinavian-cooking "New Scandinavian Cooking"
  12. Meyer, Claus: Almanak, Copenhagen, Lindhardt og Ringhof, 2010, 694 p. Extent 694 s.
  13. http://www.sifo.no/files/file48478_rapport2001_07.pdf Unni Kjærnes (ed.), "Eating Patterns: A Day in the Lives of Nordic Peoples"
  14. http://www.denmark.alloexpat.com/denmark_information/cuisine_denmark.php "Cuisine in Denmark"
  15. http://www.mollebageriet.dk/dk/dgbrod.php "Dagligt Brød"
  16. http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Lifestyle/Food+and+Drink/Danish-Food-Culture/Breakfast/ Else-Marie Boyhus and Claus Meyer, "Breakfast"
  17. http://www.visitdenmark.fr/frankrig/fr-fr/menu/turist/inspiration/gastronomie/priceindicationswheneatingout.htm "Les repas"
  18. Web site: Så er øllebrøden tilbage i varmen. da. DR. Dorthe Boss Kyhn. 8 January 2013. 11 November 2014.
  19. http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Lifestyle/Food+and+Drink/Danish-Food-Culture/Lunch/ "Danish lunch"
  20. http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Lifestyle/Food+and+Drink/Danish-Food-Culture/Dinner/ Else-Marie Boyhus and Claus Meyer, "Dinner"
  21. http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Mad_og_drikke/Gastronomi/Sm%C3%B8rrebr%C3%B8d_og_forretter/sm%C3%B8rrebr%C3%B8d "Smørrebrød"
  22. http://www.copenhagenet.dk/cph-eating.htm "Danish Food Culture"
  23. http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Mad_og_drikke/Gastronomi/Sm%C3%B8rrebr%C3%B8d_og_forretter/dyrl%C3%A6gens_natmad "Dyrlægens natmad"
  24. http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Mad_og_drikke/Gastronomi/Sm%C3%B8rrebr%C3%B8d_og_forretter/stjerneskud?highlight=stjerneskud "Stjerneskud"
  25. http://denstoredanske.dk/Mad_og_bolig/Gastronomi/Sm%C3%B8rrebr%C3%B8d_og_forretter/koldt_bord "Koldt bord"
  26. Web site: Sild til julefrokosten på syv måder [Herring for the Christmas-lunch in seven ways]]. Nanna Simonsen . Berlingske. da. 21 December 2013. 8 December 2017.
  27. Web site: Dejlige julesild fra danske kroer [Lovely Christmas-herring from Danish Inns]]. da. ALT. 7 December 2014. 8 December 2017.
  28. Web site: Hjemmelavet sild til julen [Homemade herring for Christmas]]. femina. Camilla Zarah Lawes, Louisa Lorang. da. 31 October 2011. 8 December 2017.
  29. Web site: Stegte sild i lage. Nanna Simonsen. Berlingske. da. 18 December 2009. 8 December 2017.
  30. http://københavnspisesteder.dk/511/udvalgte-traditionelle-danske-retter-2/ "Udvalgte Traditionelle Danske Retter"
  31. News: Sådan laver du julesylten [This is how you make the Christmas-''sylte'']]. Nanna Simonsen. Berlingske. da. 4 December 2009. 8 December 2017.
  32. Web site: Cods roe 600 g seasonal item. da. Fiskehuset. 17 October 2014. 23 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141023063743/http://www.fiskehuset.com/pi/Torskerogn-600-g-S%C3%86SONVARE_113366_6564.aspx. dead.
  33. Web site: Roe Scam. da. Ekstrabladet. Ulrik Baltzer. 5 February 2014. 17 October 2014.
  34. Merete Wandall (1963): Morsomme silderetter, Husmoderens Bibliotek – Spektrum
  35. Web site: Årets Sildeopskrift [Herring recipe of the year]]. da. Visit Denmark. 8 December 2017. 8 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171208233043/http://www.hvidesande.dk/hvide-sande/aarets-sildeopskrift. dead.
  36. Web site: Danish Pig Meat Industry. Danish Agriculture & Food Council. 5 May 2018.
  37. Web site: Fakta om kødforbrug [Facts about meat consumption] ]. Landbrug & Fødevarer . da . 1 March 2016 . 5 May 2018 . 6 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180506034936/https://lf.dk/tal-og-analyser/forbrugere-og-trends/forbrug-og-detail/2013/fakta-om-kodforbrug . dead .
  38. https://books.google.com/books?id=YOjlF_PoSk8C&pg=PT49&lpg=PT49 "Travel Denmark"
  39. News: Det vegetariske breder sig: Salget af kød i Coop falder. da. Politiken. Lars Dahlager. 25 August 2017. 5 May 2018.
  40. Web site: Vi spiser mindre kød [We eat less meat]]. Søndagsavisen. Niels Philip Kjeldsen. da. 4 February 2017. 5 May 2018.
  41. Web site: Save 10 endangered dishes. da. Samvirke. Inger Abildgaard. 30 September 2011. 18 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141017215145/http://samvirke.dk/forbrug/artikler/red-truede-retter.html. 17 October 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  42. Web site: Classic of the Week: "Hjerter i Flødesovs". da. hjemmet. Hanne Bloch. 18 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141022021651/http://www.hjemmet.dk/Mad/kogebog/Ugens-klassiker-Hjerter-i-flodesovs/. 22 October 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  43. Web site: Homemade Stegte Sild. da. sildeelsker.dk. Lykkeberg. 17 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141022194045/http://sildeelsker.dk/Opskrifter/hjemmelavede-stegte-sild.html. 22 October 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  44. Web site: Denmark's Official National Food: Crispy Pork with Parsley Sauce . VisitDenmark – The official tourism site of Denmark . 20 May 2016 . 10 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160610161349/http://www.visitdenmark.com/national-food-denmark . dead .
  45. Web site: Familien Løcke. da. guleærter.dk. Møllerens. 17 October 2014. 22 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141022231352/http://guleaerter.dk/familien-locke-her-kan-gryden-ikke-blive-stor-nok/. dead.
  46. Web site: "Gule Ærter" – Split-Pea Soup – A Old National and Everyday Dish. Danish Food Culture. Copenhagen Portal. 17 October 2014. 22 August 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150822031557/http://www.copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Map/CPH-Recipes-10-10-Split-Pea.asp. dead. . Beware: This is not always a solid source.
  47. http://nogetiovnen.dk/hjemmelavet-honsekodssuppe-og-tarteletter-med-hons-asparges/ Homemade Hønsekødssuppe and tartelatter with Høns i asparges.
  48. Web site: Tarteletter. da. viskalspise.dk. Coop. 17 October 2014.
  49. Web site: Recipe for Citronfromage. da. Camilla Plum. Søndag. 7 May 2013. 17 October 2014. 22 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141022204043/http://www.soendag.dk/opskrifter/desserter-og-kager/opskrift-paa-citronfromage-faa-camilla-plums-opskrift-paa. dead.
  50. Web site: Desserts – Karamelrand. da. Opskrifter – De Gamle Danske. 27 August 2011. 17 October 2014.
  51. Web site: Abemad med råcreme. da. Alletiders Kogebog. 26 April 2006. 18 October 2014.
  52. News: I dag er det store Pandekagedag . Rydzy . Mikkel Sander . Berlingske . 24 February 2009 . 5 June 2016 . da . Today is Pancake Day.
  53. Strawberries have a short season in the Danish climate, but a more intense fruit flavour.
  54. Web site: Hvorfor spiser vi nytårstorsk?. Historie-online.dk. 2 August 2017.
  55. Traditional recipe for nytårstorsk: Hel nytårstorsk med baconsmør, peberrod, rødbeder, hakkede æg og fiskesennepssauce Skagen Foods
  56. Web site: Derfor har vi så skøre nytårstraditioner. This is why we have such crazy New Year's traditions. Danish. 31 December 2008. Berlingske. B.dk. 22 May 2021.
  57. News: Det spiser danskerne juleaften [This is what the Danes eat on Christmas Eve]]. Lena Masri. da. Berlingske. 21 December 2013. 8 December 2017.
  58. News: Så forskelligt spiser vi julemaden [This is how different we eat Christmas-food]]. Laura Labarca Clausen. da. Berlingske. 1 December 2011. 8 December 2017.
  59. News: Julestemningen sidder i krydderierne [The Christmas spirit is in the spices]]. Kasper Iversen. Politiken. da. 14 December 2014. 8 December 2017.
  60. News: Et stykke med fortid: Blodig juleklassiker er på retræte [A piece of the past: Bloody Christmas-classic is on retreat]]. Kasper Iversen. Politiken. da. 23 December 2012. 8 December 2017.
  61. http://www.welcome-to-my-copenhagen.com/christmas_in_denmark.html "Christmas in Denmark"
  62. https://web.archive.org/web/20120423080919/http://www.emu.dk/gsk/fag/mus/uvforloeb/skaben/festsange/index.html "Festsange"
  63. http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Lifestyle/Food+and+Drink/Danish-Food-Culture/Christmas-Dishes/ChristmasDishes.htm "Recipes for Christmas dinners"
  64. http://www.wonderful-denmark.com/danish-christmas-dinner.html "Danish Christmas dinner"
  65. Web site: Skidne Æg – Smiling Eggs In Mustard Sauce. 17 March 2014. Mydanishkitchen.com. 2 August 2017.
  66. Web site: Mad og menu til påskefrokosten, læs om den gode påskefrokost her. Godpaaske.dk. 2 August 2017.
  67. Web site: Eurostat News Release: Consumer price levels in 2008 (104/2009). Eurostat Press Office. 4 Sep 2010. 6 July 2009. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110604223728/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-16072009-AP/EN/2-16072009-AP-EN.PDF. 4 June 2011.
  68. http://www.denmark-getaway.com/danish-food.html "Danish-food"
  69. https://archive.today/20100120100850/http://www.visitdenmark.dk/uk/en-gb/menu/turist/inspiration/bo-godt/kroer/warm-welcome-inns.htm "Warm-welcome Inns"
  70. Web site: Baresso Coffee. 2018-04-01. 2012-02-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20120213032440/http://baresso.com/. dead.
  71. Web site: Det vrimler med madmarkeder: Her kan du finde dem. Food markets are swarming: Here you can find them. da. TV2 Lorry. 1 May 2018. 13 October 2018.
  72. Web site: Aarhus er gået Street Food amok. Aarhus has gone Street Food amok. Gastromand. da. 31 October 2016. 13 October 2018.
  73. Mylius Thomsen, Allan (2006). Café Fodkold – Eventyret om den danske pølsevogn. Copenhagen: Lindhardt & Ringhof. .
  74. Web site: Storbyens spisekammer. The big city's pantry. Magasinet KBH. Noe Habermann. da. 1 September 2011. 13 October 2018.
  75. News: Street food-bølgen rammer Aarhus. The street food wave hits Aarhus. Århus Stiftstidende. da. 10 December 2015. 13 October 2018.
  76. News: Madklubber med ukendte venner er et nyt fænomen. Food clubs with unknown friends is a new phenomenon. Politiken. Elisabeth Eskildsen. 11 May 2014. 13 October 2018.
  77. News: Madklubber er kropslig nydelse, vi kan dyrke sammen. Food clubs are bodily pleasure we can cultivate together. Politiken. Lea Pagh. 28 May 2012. 13 October 2018.
  78. Web site: Sammen dyrker vi byen – Urban farming. Collectively we cultivate the city – Urban farming. University of Copenhagen. da. February 2016. 13 October 2018.
  79. Web site: Urban Farming strategi. Landsforeningen Praktisk Økologi. da. 27 May 2015. 13 October 2018.
  80. http://www.eatoutzone.com/Denmark_Cuisine.htm "Cuisine of Denmark"
  81. http://www.danishnet.com/info.php/food/denmark-recipes-214.html "Danish Food and Danish Recipes"
  82. http://sattlers.net/Danish%20cuisine.pdf "Danish Cuisine"
  83. Web site: Cheeses by country – Denmark. Cheese.com. 27 June 2015.
  84. Web site: Røgeost. da. Arla. 27 June 2015.
  85. The Feta Legend drawing to a close, Press release by the Danish Dairy Board 4 March 2005 https://web.archive.org/web/20090309094103/http://www.mejeri.dk/smcms/danishdairyboard_dk/Policies/Danish_Dairy_Brief/ddb205/Index.htm?ID=5969 Accessed 12 December 2006
  86. Feta battle won, but terms must be obeyed, Kathimerini newspaper archived article 16 Oct 2002 Web site: Ekathimerini.com | Feta battle won, but terms must be obeyed . 2008-07-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080630025433/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid=22062 . 2008-06-30 . Accessed 12 December 2006.
  87. Protected Designation of Origin entry on the European Commission website. Web site: Agriculture – Quality Policy . 2008-07-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080629084217/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/qual/en/1210_en.htm . 2008-06-29 .
  88. http://www.arlafoods.dk/Templates/StandardPages/PrintPage.aspx?id=1136&epslanguage=en&pid=15486 Apetina skal markedsføres som feta-mærke
  89. Web site: About Brødbanken – Bank of Bread. Brødbanken. The National Museum of Denmark. 27 June 2012. 18 October 2014. A collection of facts and stories about bread and baking in the Nordic countries.
  90. http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Mad_og_drikke/Gastronomi/Gryn,_br%C3%B8d,_ris_mv./rugbr%C3%B8d?highlight=rugbr%C3%B8d "Rugbrød"
  91. http://www.kohberg.com/Alle_franskbrød-922.aspx "Alle franskbrød"
  92. Web site: Kagens Dag. da. Bager- og Konditormestre i Danmark (BKD). 18 October 2014.
  93. Web site: Kagens Dag – en idé, der gør godt!. da. Københavns Bagerlaug. 18 October 2014.
  94. Web site: Det sønderjyske kaffebord – et samspil mellem nationalpolitik og kosttradition . da . Inge Adriansen . Grænseforeningen . 1998 . 18 October 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070819173429/http://www.graenseforeningen.dk/aab98.html . August 19, 2007 . A critical review and historical analysis with recipes.
  95. Web site: 21 cakes that was invented in Denmark. da. Samvirke. Coop. 27 June 2012. Fie Kruse. 18 October 2014.
  96. Book: Historien om Københavns Bagerlaug. Faglig stolthed og traditioner. da. Københavns Bagerlaug. 18 October 2014. 29 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130929025851/http://kbh-bagerlaug.dk/Om-lauget.aspx. dead.
  97. Web site: Småkager. da. historie-online.dk. Dansk Historisk Fællesråd. 18 October 2014.
  98. Web site: Danish småkager sells big time in China. da. Berlingske Business. Nikolai Steensgaard. 11 June 2012. 18 October 2014.
  99. Web site: Vaniljekranse. da. Politiken. Rikke Gryberg. 25 November 2009. 11 November 2014.
  100. Web site: Kaffeslabberas Guide: Byens lækreste konditorier. da. Politiken. Henrik Palle and Joakim Grundahl. 31 October 2008. 18 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141022134842/http://politiken.dk/kultur/madogdrikke/ECE590381/guide-byens-laekreste-konditorier/. 22 October 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  101. Isabellas: Rugbrødslagkage med flødeskum og chokolade
  102. Book: Richardson, Tim H. . Sweets: A History of Candy . Bloomsbury USA . 2002 . 1-58234-229-6 . 375 . registration .
  103. http://www.dr.dk/levnu/mad/marcipan-er-ikke-altid-fyldt-med-mandler Marcipan er ikke altid fyldt med mandler [Marzipan is not always filled with almonds]
  104. https://taenk.dk/test-og-forbrugerliv/mad-og-indkoeb/aegte-marcipan-er-en-dyr-fornoejelse Ægte marcipan er en dyr fornøjelse [True marzipan is an expensive pleasure]
  105. Book: Travel Denmark. 978-1-60501-137-0. 29 November 2015. Mobilereference. 2007.
  106. News: Coffee: Who grows, drinks and pays the most?. Jones. Lora. 2018-04-13. BBC News. 2018-05-13.
  107. News: Danskerne er vilde med kakaomælk [Danes are crazy about chocolate milk]]. Politiken. 14 July 2004. da. 21 May 2018.
  108. Web site: Arla sidder på al kakaomælk [Arla dominates all chocolate milk]]. DR. 8 January 2008. da. 21 May 2018.
  109. http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Mad_og_drikke/Gastronomi/Madopskrifter/Kolde_og_varme_drikke_-_opskrifter/Hyldeblomstsaft "Hyldeblomstsaft"
  110. News: Populær drik fra køleskabet var luksusvare før i tiden [Popular drink from the fridge was a luxury product in the past]]. fyens.dk. Massimo Grillo. 18 May 2018. da. 21 May 2018.
  111. News: Farvestof tager livet af citron- og sportsvand [dye kills ''citron''- and ''sportsvand'']]. Politiken. Dorthe Lønstrup. 25 June 2008. da. 21 May 2018.
  112. http://www.visitdenmark.com/usa/en-us/menu/turist/inspiration/nydlivet/gastronomi/snaps.htm "Akvavit"
  113. http://patto1ro.home.xs4all.nl/denbrew.htm "Danish Breweries"
  114. http://www.stormthecastle.com/mead/danish-mead-making.htm "Danish Mead Making"
  115. http://www.wonderful-denmark.com/Danish-doughnuts.html "Danish doughnuts and glogg"
  116. http://www.culinary-denmark.com/eng/articles/danish-wine Stina Hald, "Danish wine still not favored by Danes"
  117. Den intensive ernæringsoplysning efterleves ikke altid, men kan føre til dårlig samvittighed, og flere har spiseforstyrrelser end tidligere. Read cand.phil. Bi Skaarups article Maden i kulturhistorisk perspektiv s. 22 nederst i
  118. http://www.gastronomisk-akademi.dk/aktuelt_080207_3.htm Søren Mørch, "Om dansk mad"
  119. http://www.ambtokyo.um.dk/en/menu/InfoDenmark/FAQ/Culture/DanishFoodCulture/DanishSpecialties/ "Danish Specialities"
  120. http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/Lifestyle/Food+and+Drink/Danish-Food-Culture/Christmas-Dishes/ "Recipes for Christmas Dishes"
  121. https://archive.org/details/frkenjensensko00jens "Frøken Jensens kogebog (1921)"

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