The cubit is an ancient unit of length based on the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger.[1] It was primarily associated with the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Israelites. The term cubit is found in the Bible regarding Noah's Ark, the Ark of the Covenant, the Tabernacle, and Solomon's Temple. The common cubit was divided into 6 palms × 4 fingers = 24 digits.[2] Royal cubits added a palm for 7 palms × 4 fingers = 28 digits.[3] These lengths typically ranged from 44.4to, with an ancient Roman cubit being as long as 1200NaN0.
Cubits of various lengths were employed in many parts of the world in antiquity, during the Middle Ages and as recently as early modern times. The term is still used in hedgelaying, the length of the forearm being frequently used to determine the interval between stakes placed within the hedge.[4]
The English word "cubit" comes from the Latin noun Latin: cubitum "elbow", from the verb Latin: cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum "to lie down",[5] from which also comes the adjective "recumbent".[6]
See main article: Ancient Egyptian units of measurement. The ancient Egyptian royal cubit is the earliest attested standard measure. Cubit rods were used for the measurement of length. A number of these rods have survived: two are known from the tomb of Maya, the treasurer of the 18th dynasty pharaoh Tutankhamun, in Saqqara; another was found in the tomb of Kha (TT8) in Thebes. Fourteen such rods, including one double cubit rod, were described and compared by Lepsius in 1865. These cubit rods range from 523.5to in length and are divided into seven palms; each palm is divided into four fingers, and the fingers are further subdivided.
Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement originated in the loosely organized city-states of Early Dynastic Sumer. Each city, kingdom and trade guild had its own standards until the formation of the Akkadian Empire when Sargon of Akkad issued a common standard. This standard was improved by Naram-Sin, but fell into disuse after the Akkadian Empire dissolved. The standard of Naram-Sin was readopted in the Ur III period by the Nanše Hymn which reduced a plethora of multiple standards to a few agreed upon common groupings. Successors to Sumerian civilization including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians continued to use these groupings.
The Classical Mesopotamian system formed the basis for Elamite, Hebrew, Urartian, Hurrian, Hittite, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies.[7] The Classical Mesopotamian System also has a proportional relationship, by virtue of standardized commerce, to Bronze Age Harappan and Egyptian metrologies.
In 1916, during the last years of the Ottoman Empire and in the middle of World War I, the German assyriologist Eckhard Unger found a copper-alloy bar while excavating at Nippur. The bar dates from and Unger claimed it was used as a measurement standard. This irregularly formed and irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined the Sumerian cubit as about 518.6frac=32NaNfrac=32.
There is some evidence that cubits were used to measure angular separation. The Babylonian Astronomical Diary for 568-567 BCE refers to Jupiter being one cubit behind the elbow of Sagittarius. One cubit measures about 2 degrees.[8]
See main article: Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement. The standard of the cubit (Hebrew: אמה) in different countries and in different ages has varied. This realization led the rabbis of the 2nd century CE to clarify the length of their cubit, saying that the measure of the cubit of which they have spoken "applies to the cubit of middle-size".[9] In this case, the requirement is to make use of a standard 6 handbreadths to each cubit,[10] [11] and which handbreadth was not to be confused with an outstretched palm, but rather one that was clenched and which handbreadth has the standard width of 4 fingerbreadths (each fingerbreadth being equivalent to the width of a thumb, about 2.25 cm).[12] [13] This puts the handbreadth at roughly 9frac=2NaNfrac=2, and 6 handbreadths (1 cubit) at 54frac=2NaNfrac=2. Epiphanius of Salamis, in his treatise On Weights and Measures, describes how it was customary, in his day, to take the measurement of the biblical cubit: "The cubit is a measure, but it is taken from the measure of the forearm. For the part from the elbow to the wrist and the palm of the hand is called the cubit, the middle finger of the cubit measure being also extended at the same time and there being added below (it) the span, that is, of the hand, taken all together."[14]
Rabbi Avraham Chaim Naeh put the linear measurement of a cubit at 48frac=2NaNfrac=2.[15] Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz (the "Chazon Ish"), dissenting, put the length of a cubit at 57.6frac=16NaNfrac=16.[16]
Rabbi and philosopher Maimonides, following the Talmud, makes a distinction between the cubit of 6 handbreadths used in ordinary measurements, and the cubit of 5 handbreadths used in measuring the Golden Altar, the base of the altar of burnt offerings, its circuit and the horns of the altar.
In ancient Greek units of measurement, the standard forearm cubit measured approximately The short forearm cubit from the knuckle of the middle finger (i.e., fist clenched) to the elbow, measured approximately .
In ancient Rome, according to Vitruvius, a cubit was equal to Roman feet or 6 palm widths (approximately 444mm).[17] A 120-centimetre cubit (approximately four feet long), called the Roman ulna, was common in the Roman empire, which cubit was measured from the fingers of the outstretched arm opposite the man's hip.[18] ; also, [19] with[20]
In the Islamic world, the cubit had a similar origin, being originally defined as the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Several different cubit lengths were current in the medieval Islamic world for the unit of length, ranging from NaNabbr=onNaNabbr=on, and in turn the was commonly subdivided into six handsbreadths, and each handsbreadth into four fingerbreadths . The most commonly used definitions were:
A variety of more local or specific cubit measures were developed over time: the "small" Hashemite cubit of 60.05frac=32NaNfrac=32, also known as the cubit of Bilal (named after the 8th-century Basran Bilal ibn Abi Burda); the Egyptian carpenter's cubit or architect's cubit of, reduced and standardized to 75frac=2NaNfrac=2 in the 19th century; the house cubit of 50.3frac=16NaNfrac=16, introduced by the Abbasid-era Ibn Abi Layla; the cubit of Umar of 72.8cm (28.7inches) and its double, the scale cubit established by al-Ma'mun and used mainly for measuring canals.
In medieval and early modern Persia, the cubit (usually known as) was either the legal cubit of, or the Isfahan cubit of 79.8frac=16NaNfrac=16. A royal cubit appeared in the 17th century with 95frac=2NaNfrac=2, while a "shortened" cubit of 6.8frac=16NaNfrac=16 (likely derived from the widely used cloth cubit of Aleppo) was used for cloth. The measure survived into the 20th century, with 1 equal to 104frac=2NaNfrac=2. Mughal India also had its own royal cubit of 81.3frac=16NaNfrac=16.
Other measurements based on the length of the forearm include some lengths of ell, the Russian lokot (Russian: локоть), the Indian Hindi: cat=no|hasta, the Thai Thai: sok, the Malay Malay: hasta, the Tamil Tamil: muzham, the Telugu (Telugu: మూర), the Khmer, and the Tibetan (Tibetan: ཁྲུ).[21]
A cubit arm in heraldry may be dexter or sinister. It may be vested (with a sleeve) and may be shown in various positions, most commonly erect, but also fesswise (horizontal), bendwise (diagonal) and is often shown grasping objects.[22] It is most often used erect as a crest, for example by the families of Poyntz of Iron Acton, Rolle of Stevenstone and Turton.