Hidden Armenians Explained

Hidden Armenians (Armenian: թաքնված հայեր|t’ak’nvats hayer; Turkish: Gizli Ermeniler) or crypto-Armenians (Turkish: Kripto Ermeniler)[1] is an umbrella term to describe Turkish citizens hiding their full or partial Armenian ancestry from the larger Turkish society.[2] They are mostly descendants of Ottoman Armenians who, at least outwardly, were Islamized (and Turkified or Kurdified) "under the threat of physical extermination" during the Armenian genocide.[3] [4]

Turkish journalist Erhan Başyurt describes hidden Armenians as "families (and in some cases, entire villages or neighbourhoods) [...] who converted to Islam to escape the deportations and death marches [of 1915], but continued their hidden lives as Armenians, marrying among themselves and, in some cases, clandestinely reverting to Christianity." According to the 2012 European Commission report on Turkey, a "number of crypto-Armenians have started to use their original names and religion."[5] The Economist suggests that the number of Turks who reveal their Armenian background is growing.[6] In Turkish, they are referred to by the derogatory term "leftovers of the sword" (Turkish: kılıç artıkları).[7] [8]

History

Background

Armenians are originally from the Armenian Highlands.[9] The western parts of what is called the Six Vilayets came under the Ottoman Empires control in the 16th century with the Peace of Amasya.[10] [11] Armenians remained an overwhelming majority of the area's population until the 17th century; however, their number gradually decreased, and by the early 20th century they constituted up to 38% of the population of Western Armenia, designed at the time as the Six Vilayets. Kurds made up a significant part of the population.[12]

Armenian genocide

In 1915 and the following years, the Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated by the Young Turk government in the Armenian genocide. The Ittihadists who perpetrated the genocide did not have the same understanding of race and nationality as the Nazis that the nationality could be changed by religious conversion to Islam and likewise, Protestant and Catholic Armenians could be exempted from deportation.[13]

Daniel Jonah Goldhagen explains that perpetrators differ in how they treat the targeted group's children: "In some instances, owing to the perpetrators' social theory, they treat children of groups targeted because of ethnicity or nationality radically differently from their parents. The Turks conceiving of their existential enemies the Armenians not entirely coherently, an unstable agglomeration of a national/ethnic/religious-based hatred, nevertheless had a decidedly nonracist view of them." He further explains that the Turks adopted a formal policy of "leaving the girls and children to be islamized". Although many children were killed, some were spared and allowed to live as Turks.[14] Genocide historian Norman Naimark writes:

"Thousands of Armenian children were raised as Muslims and Turks, while women and girls were routinely converted, taken into harems, and married to Turkish, Kurdish and Circassian husbands. In the period 1918-1922, some of these women and children, encouraged by the Western powers and anti-Ittihadist Ottoman officials, reconnected with their Armenian families and communities. But women seventeen or over or those married to Muslims could choose to stay with their new families, and many did. Under the French occupation, many Armenian children were turned over by Turkish families to the Armenian community, but, wrote one Armenian officer, 'many of them want to go back.'"

When relief workers and surviving Armenians started to search for and claim back these Armenian orphans after World War I, only a small percentage were found and reunited, while many others continued to live as Muslims. Additionally, there were cases of entire families converting to Islam to survive the genocide.

Republican period

"After converting to Islam, many of the crypto-Armenians said they still faced unfair treatment: their land was often confiscated, the men were humiliated with "circumcision checks" in the army and some were tortured."[15] Between the 1930s and 1980s, the Turkish government conducted a secret investigation of hidden Armenians.[16]

The term "Crypto-Armenians" appears as early as 1956.[17]

Recent developments

According to Turkish sources, hidden Armenians in Turkey no longer feel they have to keep their Armenian identity secret. Some have been baptized into the Church and started using Armenian names.

In 2010, a mass was held at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Aghtamar (called Akdamar Kilisesi in Turkish) for the first time in 95 years. After a million-dollar restoration, the church was reopened as a museum in 2007. 2010 marked the first Christian prayer service at Aghtamar since the genocide.[18] In September 2010, 2,000 Armenians attended a mass at the Cathedral.[19]

When the Surp Giragos Church was reopened in 2011, dozens of Armenians who had been raised Muslim participated in a baptism ceremony at the restored church. The names of those who participated in the baptism ceremony, conducted by Deputy Patriarch Archbishop Aram Ateşyan, were not released publicly for security reasons. Turkish-Armenians who wish to convert must first file for a formal "change of religion" at court. They then go to the Church where they learn about the foundational teachings of the Christian faith. When it is decided that the applicant has understood these teachings, they are permitted to prepare for the baptism ceremony.[20] [21]

In 2012, Agos reported that the head of the Dersim Armenians Faith and Ancestry Assistance Organization (Dersimli Ermeniler İnanç ve Soyal Yardımlaşma Derneği) has said that hidden Armenians have nothing to fear in the present day.[22]

In May 2015, 12 Armenians from Tunceli were baptized.[23] The twelve Armenians were baptized together in a collective ceremony after a six-month education about Christian beliefs.[24]

, there are twenty Armenian schools in Istanbul. Armenian and Muslim families live in mixed neighborhoods. In the past Armenian was only spoken at home, but some Armenians living in Istanbul report that they now speak Armenian openly in the streets.[25]

In 2009, Aziz Dağcı, co-founder of the Union of Social Solidarity and Culture for Armenian Minorities living in the Provinces of Bitlis, Batman, Van, Mush and the District of Sason tried to register the foundation at the Istanbul court and its application got denied. His appeal before the Court of Cassation was rejected.[26] In 2011, he filed a complaint before the European Court of Human Rights arguing that such refusal infringed on minority rights guaranteed for Armenians in Turkey under the Treaty of Lausanne.[27] After unsuccessful negotiations between Dağcı and the Turkish government, the Turkish government unilaterally recognized that the refusal was illegal, accepted to register the foundation, and gave €3,600 to Dağcı to cover his pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage. In December 2021, the Court accepted the settlement as fair and closed the case.[28]

Literature

One of the first books to draw international attention to hidden Armenians was My Grandmother: An Armenian-Turkish Memoir written by Armenian-Turkish writer Fethiye Çetin. Along with Çetin, Ayse Gul Altinay, Gerard Libaridian, and Maureen Freely co-edited an anthology of testimonies of Islamized Armenians called The Grandchildren.[29]

Avedis Hadjian's Secret Nation: The Hidden Armenians of Turkey is an exhaustive survey of the islamicized or hidden Armenians who live in the former Armenian provinces of Turkey as well as other parts of the country.[30]

Regions

Most Crypto-Armenians reside in the eastern provinces of Turkey, where the pre-genocide Armenian population was concentrated.[31] [32]

Tunceli (Dersim) Armenians

Through the 20th century, an unknown number of Armenians living in the mountainous region of Tunceli (Dersim) had converted to Alevism.[33] During the Armenian genocide, many of the Armenians in the region were saved by their Kurdish neighbors.[34] According to Mihran Prgiç Gültekin, the head of the Union of Dersim Armenians, around 75% of the population of Dersim are "converted Armenians."[35] [36] He reported in 2012 that over 200 families in Tunceli have declared their Armenian descent, but others are afraid to do so.[37] In April 2013, Aram Ateşyan, the acting Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, stated that 90% of Tunceli's population is of Armenian origin.[38]

Diyarbakır

Before the genocide Diyarbakır was an Armenian town. There are still some surviving church towers in the now predominantly Muslim city, but most of the churches are in a dilapidated condition. In the past, Christian Armenians had to remain hidden but the situation has improved. The Armenian community has restored one of the churches and Armenian language lessons are available.[39]

Notable hidden Armenians

Number

Various scholars and authors have estimated the number of individuals of full or partial Armenian descent living in Turkey. The range of the estimates is great due to different criteria used. Most of these numbers do not make a distinction between hidden Armenians and Islamized Armenians. According to journalist Erhan Başyurt the main difference between the two groups is their self-identity. Islamized Armenian, in his words, are "children of women who were saved by Muslim families and have continued their lives among them", while hidden Armenians "continued their hidden lives as Armenians."

NumberAuthorDescriptionYear
30,000–40,000Tessa Hofmann, German scholar of Armenian studies"Muslim 'crypto-Armenians' ... who have adapted to the Kurdish or Turkish majority"2002[41]
100,000Mesrob II, Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople"at least 100,000 Armenian converts to Islam"2007[42]
100,000Erhan Başyurt, Turkish journalistadditional 40,000 to 60,000 Islamized Armenians2006
100,000Salim Cöhce, History Professor at the İnönü University2005
300,000Hrant Dink, Turkish-Armenian journalist from Malatia2005[43]
300,000Yervand Baret Manuk, Turkish-Armenian Armenologistadditional 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 Islamized Armenians2010[44]
500,000Yusuf Halaçoğlu, Turkish historian2009[45] [46]
700,000Karen Khanlaryan, Iranian Armenian journalist and MP700,000 hidden Armenians and 1,300,000 Islamized Armenians2005
2,000,000Keith David Watenpaugh, historian"Two million contemporary Turks may have at least one Armenian grandparent..."2013[47]
3,000,000Haykazun Alvrtsyan, Armenian researcher"In Germany alone, there were 300,000 Muslim Armenians. He insisted that today in the Eastern part of Turkey, in various areas of historic Armenia there live at least 2.5 million Muslim Armenians, half of which are hiding."2014[48]
3,000,000–5,000,000Aziz Dağcı, the President of the NGO "Union of Social Solidarity and Culture for Bitlis, Batman, Van, Mush and Sasun Armenians" (Turkish: Bitlis, Batman, Muş, Van İller ve İlçeleri ve Köylerinin Ermenileri ile Sason ve Köylerinin Ermeni Azınlıklarının Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Kültürel Vakfı)Islamized Armenians2011[49] [50]
4,000,000–5,000,000Sarkis Seropyan, the editor of the Armenian section of AgosIslamized Armenians, more than half of which "confess that their ancestors have been Armenian"2013[51]

See also

References

Notes
  • Citations

    • Bibliography

    Notes and References

    1. News: Ziflioğlu. Vercihan. Hidden Armenians in Turkey expose their identities. 13 November 2013. Hürriyet Daily News. 24 June 2011. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131113054727/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=hidden-armenians-in-turkey-expose-their-identities-2011-06-24. 13 November 2013. dmy-all.
    2. News: Ziflioğlu. Vercihan. Elective courses may be ice-breaker for all. 24 June 2013. Hürriyet Daily News. 19 June 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131021043414/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/elective-courses-may-be-ice-breaker-for-all.aspx?pageID=238&nid=23512. 21 October 2013. dmy-all.
    3. Web site: Khanlaryan. Karen. The Armenian ethnoreligious elements in the Western Armenia. Noravank Foundation. 16 June 2013. 29 September 2005. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110193336/http://www.noravank.am/eng/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=3724. 10 November 2013. dmy-all.
    4. Book: Ayşe Gül. Altınay. Fethiye. Çetin. Fethiye Çetin. The Grandchildren: The Hidden Legacy of 'Lost' Armenians in Turkey. Transaction Publishers. 2014. 978-1412853910. xxxi.
    5. Web site: Commission Working Document Turkey 2012 Progress Report. European Commission. 21 October 2013. 24. 10 October 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131031221435/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2012/package/tr_rapport_2012_en.pdf. 31 October 2013. dmy-all.
    6. News: The cost of reconstruction. 24 June 2013. The Economist. 11 March 2010. Although today's inhabitants of Geben hesitate to call themselves Armenians, a growing number of "crypto-Armenians" (people forced to change identity) do just that.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130603043756/http://www.economist.com/node/15676977. 3 June 2013. dmy-all.
    7. Book: Hadjian . Avedis . Secret Nation: The Hidden Armenians of Turkey . 30 April 2018 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 978-1-78673-371-9 . viii . en.
    8. Watenpaugh . Keith David . "Are There Any Children for Sale?": Genocide and the Transfer of Armenian Children (1915–1922) . Journal of Human Rights . 2013 . 12 . 3 . 283–295 . 10.1080/14754835.2013.812410. 144771307 .
    9. Book: Incorporated, Facts On File. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-2676-0. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. 2009.
    10. Book: West, Barbara A.. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. 2009. Infobase Publishing. New York. 9781438119137. 47.
    11. Book: Matthee, Rudolph P.. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-64131-9. The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600-1730. limited. 1999-12-09 . 18.
    12. Book: Ghazarian, H.. Hambardzumyan, Viktor. Viktor Hambardzumyan. Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 2. 1976. Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing. Yerevan. 43. hy.
    13. Book: Naimark, Norman M.. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-century Europe. 2002. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 9780674009943. 42. Norman Naimark. registration.
    14. Book: Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity. 2010. PublicAffairs. New York. 9781586489007. 1st. Daniel Goldhagen.
    15. News: Cheviron. Nicholas. Turkey's Muslim Armenians come out of hiding. 24 June 2013. 24 April 2013. Agence France-Presse. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131021044425/http://www.newsdaily.com/article/748a1079790489a6a3a7a55647a69dec/turkeys-muslim-armenians-come-out-of-hiding. 21 October 2013. dmy-all.
    16. News: Hur. Ayse. Turks cannot be without Armenians, Armenians cannot be without Turks!. 24 June 2013. Taraf. 1 September 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131024165610/http://www.zoryaninstitute.org/dialogue/Turks%20cannot%20be%20without%20Armenians.pdf. 24 October 2013. dmy-all.
    17. The Armenian Review. 1956. 9. 125. Hairenik Association. unknown. Letters which have reached relatives in America at various times indicate that at least some of the Armenian Islamized persons are in fact "crypto-Armenians", in public completely loyal and nationalistic Turks, but privately waiting for the day....
    18. Web site: Armenians hold historic service in ancient Turkish church - CNN.com. CNN. 2017-12-30. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230404/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/09/17/turkey.akhtamar.armenian.church/index.html. 30 December 2017. dmy-all.
    19. News: 2,000 Armenians Flock to Mass in Ancient Restored Church. Times of Oman (Muscat, Oman). 2017-12-30. 2012-09-09. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225905/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-301888171.html. 30 December 2017. dmy-all.
    20. Web site: OCP. Armenians claim roots in Diyarbakır. Hurriyet. 2017-12-30. 2011-10-24. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180709202456/http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/armenians-claim-roots-in-diyarbakir/. 9 July 2018. dmy-all.
    21. News: Ermeni kimliğine dönenler artıyor [The return to Armenian identity increases]]. 16 June 2013. Radikal. 20 November 2011. tr. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131025032938/http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/ermeni_kimligine_donenler_artiyor-1029501. 25 October 2013. dmy-all.
    22. Web site: 'Gizli' Ermeniler gerçek kimliklerine dönüyor. Agos. 2 September 2012. 2018-05-14. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043556/http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/555/gizli-ermeniler-gercek-kimliklerine-donuyor. 15 May 2018. dmy-all.
    23. Web site: eakin. How some Armenians are reclaiming their Christian faith. Al-Monitor. 2017-12-30. 2015-06-01. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103258/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/06/turkey-armenians-disguised-muslims-recover-true-identity.html. 31 December 2017. dmy-all.
    24. Web site: 12 Dersimli Ermeni vaftizle kimliğine döndü. Agos. 14 May 2015. 2017-12-30. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051457/http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/11579/12-dersimli-ermeni-vaftizle-kimligine-dondu. 31 December 2017. dmy-all.
    25. AFP news agencyundefined (Director). Discreet but proud: The Armenians of Istanbul. 2018-05-14. 133 seconds. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180709202456/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KdAtMY52X8. 9 July 2018. dmy-all.
    26. Web site: Սասունցիները Կը Դիմեն Եւրոդատարան . 2023-10-09 . Armenia Online . en.
    27. Web site: Requête no 31898/11 Aziz DAĞCI contre la Turquie introduite le 4 avril 2011 . 2023-10-09 . HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights.
    28. Web site: DÉCISION Requête no 31898/11 Aziz DAĞCI contre la Turquie . 2023-10-09 . HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights.
    29. Book: Demirdjian, Alexis. Springer. 978-1-137-56163-3. The Armenian Genocide Legacy. 2016-04-04.
    30. News: In the land of the massacres, the very last Armenians have been finally been found. The Independent. 2018-07-09. en-GB. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622203945/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/armenia-genocide-secret-armenians-robert-fisk-massacres-graves-bodies-turkey-a8411476.html. 22 June 2018. dmy-all.
    31. News: Söylemez . Haşim . Türkiye'de, Araplaşan binlerce Ermeni de var . 16 June 2013 . Aksiyon . 27 August 2007 . tr . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130603043528/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-17376-34-turkiyede-araplasan-binlerce-ermeni-de-var.html . 3 June 2013 . dmy-all .
    32. Web site: Melkonyan. Ruben. Արաբացած հայեր Թուրքիայում [Arabized Armenians in Turkey]]. Noravank Foundation. 16 June 2013. 27 September 2007. tr. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131021072910/http://noravank.am/arm/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2368. 21 October 2013. dmy-all.
    33. News: Armenian Elements in the Beliefs of the Kizilbash Kurds . 28 April 2013 . 27 April 2013 . İnternet Haber . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120324085249/http://rbedrosian.com/mmpaul1.htm . 24 March 2012 . dmy-all .
    34. Book: A. Davis, Leslie. The slaughterhouse province: an American diplomat's report on the Armenian genocide, 1915–1917. 1990. A.D. Caratzas. New Rochelle, New York. 9780892414581. 2. print.. Blair, Susan K..
    35. News: Mihran Gultekin: Dersim Armenians Re-Discovering Their Ancestral Roots . https://archive.today/20130128104551/http://massispost.com/archives/1752 . dead . 28 January 2013 . 30 December 2012 . Massis Post . 7 February 2011 . Yerevan .
    36. News: Dersimin Nobel adayları... . https://archive.today/20130116131108/http://www.adanamedya.com/author_article_detail.php?id=2150 . dead . 16 January 2013 . Adamhasan . Ali . 5 December 2011 . Adana Medya . 20 October 2013 . tr .
    37. News: Dersim Armenians back to their roots. 31 December 2012. PanARMENIAN.Net. 7 February 2011. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120707182230/http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/politics/news/60924/. 7 July 2012. dmy-all.
    38. News: Tunceli'nin yüzde 90'ı dönme Ermeni'dir. 28 April 2013. 27 April 2013. İnternet Haber. tr. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130429040802/http://www.internethaber.com/tuncelinin-yuzde-90i-donme-ermenidir-527098h.htm. 29 April 2013. dmy-all.
    39. DW English. Turkey / Armenia: A life spent in hiding. 2018-05-14. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150818091551/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKg_BWUA0sA. 18 August 2015. dmy-all.
    40. News: Ziflioglu. Vercihan. My mother was Armenian, journalist group chair reveals. Hürriyet Daily News. 14 October 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131013194606/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/my-mother-was-armenian-journalist-group-chair-reveals.aspx?pageID=238&nID=56125&NewsCatID=339. 13 October 2013. dmy-all.
    41. Web site: Hofmann. Tessa. Armenians in Turkey Today. Forum of Armenian Associations in Europe. 24 June 2013. Tessa Hofmann. October 2002. 10–11. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130916120943/http://www.armenian.ch/gsa/Docs/faae02.pdf. 16 September 2013. dmy-all.
    42. News: Reimann. Anna. Armenischer Patriarch in der Türkei: "Die Armenier sind wieder allein" [Armenian Patriarch in Turkey: "The Armenians are alone again"]]. 16 June 2013. Spiegel Online. 1 June 2007. Patriarch Mesrob II: Heute leben ungefähr 80.000 christliche Armenier in der Türkei. Mindestens 100.000 weitere Armenier seien zum Islam konvertiert.. de. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131002065302/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/armenischer-patriarch-in-der-tuerkei-die-armenier-sind-wieder-allein-a-485472.html. 2 October 2013. dmy-all.
    43. News: Basyurt . Erhan . Anneannem bir Ermeni'ymiş! [My Grandmother is Armenian] ]. 10 November 2013 . . 26 December 2005 . tr . 300 bin rakamının abartılı olduğunu düşünmüyorum. Bence daha da fazladır. Ama, bu konu maalesef akademik bir çabaya dönüşmemiş. Keşke akademisyen olsaydım ve sırf bu konu üzerinde bir çalışma yapsaydım. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131110052648/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-12945-26-anneannem-bir-ermeniymis.html . 10 November 2013 . dmy-all .
    44. News: "Իսլամացուած եւ գաղտնի հայերը միատարր չեն", ըստ Երուանդ Մանուկի [Ervand Manuk: "The Islamized Armenians are not homogeneous"]]. 24 June 2013. Aztag. 7 October 2010. hy. Մահմետական հայերու համար 1–2 միլիոն, գաղտնի հայերու համար 300 հազարէն 1 միլիոն թիւերը կը տրուին: Բնականաբար այս թիւերը գիտական եւ ստոյգ չեն:. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110051935/http://www.aztagdaily.com/archives/32689. 10 November 2013. dmy-all.
    45. News: 500 Bi̇n Kri̇pto Ermeni̇ Var. 24 June 2013. Odatv. 23 September 2009. tr. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110051933/http://www.odatv.com/n.php?n=500-bin-kripto-ermeni-var--2309101200. 10 November 2013. dmy-all.
    46. News: Prof. Dr. Halaçoğlu: Ermeniler Anadolu'da 500 Bine Yakın Türk'ü Katletti. 24 June 2013. 2 March 2011. Cihan News Agency. tr. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150205213256/http://www.haberler.com/prof-dr-halacoglu-ermeniler-anadolu-da-500-bine-2568529-haberi/. 5 February 2015. dmy-all.
    47. Watenpaugh . Keith David . "Are There Any Children for Sale?": Genocide and the Transfer of Armenian Children (1915–1922) . Journal of Human Rights . 2013 . 12 . 3 . 283–295 [291] . 10.1080/14754835.2013.812410. 144771307 .
    48. News: Mkrtchyan. Gayane. The "Armenian Question": Specialist says political changes bring chance for reclaiming ethnic roots for Armenians in Turkey. ArmeniaNow. 28 October 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195718/http://www.armenianow.com/society/58012/armeniaturkey_relations_armenians_in_turkey. 23 September 2015. dmy-all.
    49. News: Danielyan. Diana. Հնարավո՞ր է արթացնել Թուրքիայի մուսուլմանացած հայերին [Is the awakening of Islamized Armenians in Turkey possible?]]. 24 June 2013. Azg Daily. 1 July 2011. Դաղչը զարմանալի թիվ է մատնանշում. տարբեր հաշվարկների համաձայնՙ Թուրքիայում 3–5 մլն մուսուլմանացած հայեր կան:.
    50. News: Danielyan. Diana. "Azg": Is the awakening of Islamized Armenians in Turkey possible?. 24 June 2013. Hayern Aysor. 1 July 2011. Dagch says according to different calculations, there are 3–5 million Islamized Armenians in Turkey. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131110053116/http://hayernaysor.am/en/%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3-%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%9E%D6%80-%D5%A7-%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5/. 10 November 2013. dmy-all.
    51. News: More than half of 4–5 million Islamized Armenians confess that their ancestors have been Armenian. 10 November 2013. 5 November 2013. Public Radio of Armenia.

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