Poet laureate explained

A poet laureate (plural: poets laureate)[1] [2] [3] is a poet officially appointed by a government or conferring institution, typically expected to compose poems for special events and occasions. Albertino Mussato of Padua and Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) of Arezzo were the first to be crowned poets laureate after the classical age, respectively in 1315 and 1342.[4] In Britain, the term dates from the appointment of Bernard André by Henry VII of England. The royal office of Poet Laureate in England dates from the appointment of John Dryden in 1668.

In modern times a poet laureate title may be conferred by an organization such as the Poetry Foundation, which designates a Young People's Poet Laureate, unconnected with the National Youth Poet Laureate and the United States Poet Laureate.[5]

The office is also popular with regional and community groups. Examples include the Pikes Peak Poet Laureate,[6] which is designated by a "Presenting Partners" group from within the community, the Minnesota poet laureate chosen by the League of Minnesota Poets (est. 1934),[7] the Northampton Poet Laureate[8] chosen by the Northampton Arts Council,[9] and the Martha's Vineyard Poet Laureate chosen by ten judges representing the Martha's Vineyard Poetry Society.

Over a dozen national governments continue the poet laureate tradition.

Background

In ancient Greece, the laurel was used to form a crown or wreath of honour for poets and heroes. The custom derives from the ancient myth of Daphne and Apollo (Daphne signifying "laurel" in Greek), and was revived in Padua for Albertino Mussato,[10] followed by Petrarch's own crowning ceremony in the audience hall of the medieval senatorial palazzo on the Campidoglio on April 8, 1341.[11] Because the Renaissance figures who were attempting to revive the Classical tradition lacked detailed knowledge of the Roman precedent they were attempting to emulate, these ceremonies took on the character of doctoral candidatures.[12]

Since the office of poet laureate has become widely adopted, the term "laureate" has come to signify recognition for preeminence or superlative achievement (cf. Nobel laureate). A royal degree in rhetoric, poet laureate was awarded at European universities in the Middle Ages. The term therefore may refer to the holder of such a degree, which recognized skill in rhetoric, grammar, and language.

By country

Australia

On 30 January 2023, at the launch of 'Revive', Australia's new cultural policy, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced “the establishment of a poet laureate for Australia”.[13] Before 2023, Australia had not had an official poet laureate scheme, despite past suggestions.[14] [15] In 1818, former convict Michael Massey Robinson was paid by colony governor Lachlan Macquarie for services as poet laureate.[16] Over the years, other poets have been nominated as worthy of such a title, including James Brunton Stephens (1835–1902),[17] Andrew Barton 'Banjo' Paterson (1864–1941),[18] and Les Murray (1938–2019).[19]

Barbados

The first Poet Laureate of Barbados was chosen in 2018. Her name is Esther Phillips.[20] [21]

Belgium

The first Poet Laureate of Belgium, Charles Ducal, was chosen in 2014.[22] He was followed by Laurence Vielle, Els Moors,[23] Carl Norac, and Mustafa Kör.[24]

Canada

See main article: Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate. The Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate is appointed as an officer of the Library of Parliament. The position alternates between an English and French speaking laureate. Candidates must be able to write in both English and French, have a substantial publication history (including poetry) displaying literary excellence and have written work reflecting Canada, among other criteria.[25]

Poets who have served in the position include:

Provincial and municipal poets laureate

See main article: List of Canadian Provincial Poets Laureate. Currently, only the provinces of Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan and Yukon have appointed a poet laureate.

Alberta

See main article: Municipal Poets Laureate in Alberta, Canada.

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British Columbia

See main article: Municipal Poets Laureate in British Columbia, Canada.

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See main article: Poet Laureate of Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Ontario

See main article: Poet Laureate of Ontario.

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See main article: Municipal Poets Laureate in Ontario, Canada.

Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island appointed its first poet laureate, John Smith, in 2003.[71] [72] [73]

Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan appointed its first poet laureate, Glen Sorestad, in 2000.

Yukon

Inaugural Yukon Provincial Poet Laureate PJ Yukon has held the office since 1994.[74] [75]

The Commissioner of Yukon established the Story Laureate of Yukon role in 2020.[76] The inaugural position was held by Michael Gates.

Dominican Republic

Poets Laureate of Dominican Republic include: Pedro Mir (1984).

Ethiopia

Officially designated Laureate includes Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin. Tsegaye's award was granted by His Majesty, Haile-Selasie II.[77]

Germany

Poets Laureate of Nazi Germany include: Hanns Johst from 1935 to 1946.

was declared the Stadtschreiber of three different cities in Germany: Rheinsberg in 1999,[78] Remscheid in 2004, and Trier in 2007.[79] [80] [81] [82] [83]

Holy See

See main article: Papal poet laureate. Popes have several times named poets laureate, but the practice has been irregular.

India

Andhra Pradesh

Saanvi Sharma was the first poet laureate of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Tamil Nadu

Kannadasan was the poet laureate of Tamil Nadu at the time of his death.

Iran

Malek o-Sho'arā Bahār was the poet laureate of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. He was born in Mashhad in 1884 (died 1951) and was a conservative figure among the modernists.

Ireland

The Kingdom of Ireland had a poet laureate; the last holder of the title was Robert Jephson, who died in 1803.[84]

The closest modern equivalent in the Republic of Ireland is the title Saoi ["wise one"] held by up to seven members at a time of Aosdána, an official body of those engaged in fine arts, literature, and music. Poets awarded the title include Máire Mhac an tSaoi, Anthony Cronin, and Seamus Heaney.

Jamaica

Thomas MacDermot was the first poet laureate of Jamaica during colonial times, followed by Je Clare McFarlane.[85] Mervyn Morris was the first poet laureate of Jamaica upon its independence, from 2014 to 2017, followed by Lorna Goodison from 2017 to 2020. The poet laureate of Jamaica for 2021 to 2024 is Olive Senior.[86]

Netherlands

See main article: Dichter des Vaderlands. The unofficial Poet Laureate of Netherlands is Tsead Bruinja as Dichter des Vaderlands (Poet of the Fatherland). The previous laureate was Ester Naomi Perquin. Gerrit Komrij was the first Dichter des Vaderlands. The title was created by Dutch media.

New Zealand

See main article: New Zealand Poet Laureate. New Zealand has had an official poet laureate since 1998. Originally sponsored by Te Mata vineyards and known as the Te Mata Estate Poet Laureate, the award is now administered by the National Library of New Zealand and the holder is called New Zealand Poet Laureate. The term of office is two years. The symbol of office is a Tokotoko, a carved wooden ceremonial orator's staff.

The first holder was Bill Manhire, in 1998–99, then Hone Tuwhare (2000–01), Elizabeth Smither (2002–03), Brian Turner (2004–05), Jenny Bornholdt (2006–07), Michele Leggott (2008–09), Cilla McQueen (2009–11), Ian Wedde (2011–13), Vincent O'Sullivan (2013–15), C. K. Stead (2015–2017), Selina Tusitala Marsh (2017-2019), David Eggleton (2019-2021) and Chris Tse (2022-2024).[87] [88] [89] [90]

Nigeria

Poets Laureate of Nigeria include: Obo Aba Hisanjani.

North Korea

Beginning around 1994, North Korea had 6 active poets laureate who worked in the epic genre. Epic poetry was the chief vehicle of political propaganda during the rule of Kim Jong-il, and the poets worked according to the requests and needs of Kim Jong-il.[91] Some of the poets are Jang Jin-sung (pseudonym), Kim Man-young and Shin Byung-gang.[91]

Saint Lucia

Poets Laureate of Saint Lucia include: Derek Walcott.

Serbia

Sierra Leone

Poets laureate of Sierra Leone include the Italian authors Roberto Malini and Dario Picciau.[96]

Somalia

Poets laureate of Somalia include: Hadraawi.

Turkey

Mehmet Akif Ersoy was the Poet-Laureate, born in 1873 and died on December 27, 1936, famous Turkish poet. He composed the poem to be the National Anthem of the Turkish Republic that written in 1921. Original name of the poem is "İstiklal Marşı"

United Kingdom

See main article: Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom.

England

In England, the term "poet laureate" is restricted to the official office of Poet Laureate, attached to the royal household. However, no authoritative historical record exists of the office of Poet Laureate of England.

The office developed from earlier practice when minstrels and versifiers were members of the king's retinue. Richard Cœur-de-Lion had a versificator regis (English: king's poet), Gulielmus Peregrinus (William the Pilgrim), and Henry III had a versificator named Master Henry. In the fifteenth century, John Kay, a versifier, described himself as Edward IV's "humble poet laureate".

According to Wharton, King Henry I paid 10 shillings a year to a versificator regis. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400) was called Poet Laureate, being granted in 1389 an annual allowance of wine. W. Hamilton describes Chaucer, Gower, Kay, Andrew Bernard, John Skelton, Robert Whittington, Richard Edwards and Samuel Daniel as "volunteer Laureates".

John Skelton studied at the University of Oxford in the early 1480s and was advanced to the degree of "poet laureate" in 1488, when he joined the court of King Henry VII to tutor the future Henry VIII. The title of laureate was also conferred on him by the University of Louvain in 1492 and by the University of Cambridge in 1492–3. He soon became famous for his rhetoric, satire and translations and was held in high esteem by the printer William Caxton, who wrote, in the preface to English, Middle (1100-1500);: The Boke of Eneydos compyled by Vargyle (Modern English: The Book of the Aeneid, compiled by Virgil) (1490):

But I pray mayster John Skelton, late created poete laureate in the unyversite of Oxenforde, to oversee and correct this sayd booke.

The academic use of the term laureate became associated again with royalty when King James I created a pension for Ben Jonson in 1617, although there is no formal record extant. He was succeeded by William Davenant.

The royal office Poet Laureate was officially conferred by letters patent on John Dryden in 1668, after Davenant's death, and the post became a regular institution. Dryden's successor Shadwell originated annual birthday and New Year odes. The poet laureate became responsible for writing and presenting official verses to commemorate both personal occasions, such as the monarch's birthday or royal births and marriages, and public occasions, such as coronations and military victories. His activity in this respect varied according to circumstances, and the custom ceased to be obligatory after Pye's death. The office fell into some contempt before Robert Southey, but took on a new lustre from his personal distinction and that of successors Wordsworth and Tennyson. Wordsworth stipulated before accepting the honour that no formal effusions from him should be required. Due to his age, he became the only laureate to write no official poetry. Tennyson was generally happy in his numerous poems of this class.

On Tennyson's death there was a considerable feeling that there was no acceptable successor. William Morris and Swinburne were hardly suitable as court poets. Eventually the undesirability of breaking the tradition for temporary reasons, and severing the one official link between literature and the state, prevailed over the protests against allowing someone of inferior genius to follow Tennyson. Abolition was similarly advocated when Warton and Wordsworth died.

Edward Gibbon condemned the position's artificial approach to poetry:

The salary has varied, but traditionally includes some alcohol. Ben Jonson first received a pension of 100 marks, and later an annual "terse of Canary wine". Dryden had a pension of £300 and a butt of Canary wine. Pye received £27 instead of the wine. Tennyson drew £72 a year from the Lord Chamberlain's department, and £27 from the Lord Steward's "in lieu of the butt of sack". The modern annual salary is £5,750. On 10 May 2019 Simon Armitage was appointed[97] after the end of Carol Ann Duffy's ten-year tenure.[98]

There are other, non-official, laureate titles, such as the commercially sponsored "Children's Laureate" for an "eminent writer or illustrator of children's books to celebrate outstanding achievement in their field",[99] and the Poetry Foundation's Young People's Poet Laureate.[5]

Scotland

See main article: Makar (National Poet for Scotland). Scotland has a long tradition of makars and poetry. Iain Lom, the Scottish Gaelic bard, was appointed poet laureate in Scotland by Charles II, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, on his restoration in 1660.[100] In 2004 the Scottish Parliament appointed Professor Edwin Morgan as the first Makar or National Poet for Scotland. On his death in January 2011 he was succeeded by Liz Lochhead.[101] Kathleen Jamie became Scotland's fourth Makar in 2021.[102]

Wales

See main article: National Poet for Wales. Wales has had a long tradition of poets and bards under royal patronage, with extant writing from medieval royal poets and earlier. The office of National Poet for Wales was established in April 2005. The first holder, Gwyneth Lewis, was followed by Gwyn Thomas.

United States

See main article: United States Poet Laureate.

The United States Library of Congress appointed a Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1937 to 1984. An Act of Congress changed the name in 1985 to Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress.

Poets laureate receive a US$35,000 stipend and are given the responsibility of overseeing an ongoing series of poetry readings and lectures at the library, and a charge to promote poetry. No other duties are specified, and laureates are not required to compose for government events or in praise of government officials. However, after the September 11 terrorist attacks, then poet laureate Billy Collins was asked to write a poem to be read in front of a special joint session of Congress. Collins wrote "The Names", which he read on September 6, 2002, and which is available in streaming audio and video.[103] The original intent of the stipend was to provide poets laureate with a full income, so that they could devote their time entirely to writing poetry. The amount has not been adjusted for inflation and is now considered a moderate bonus intended to supplement a poet's already existing income. Most Poets Laureate earn the bulk of their income through university employment.

Ada Limón is the current poet laureate. Previous poets laureate include Joy Harjo, Tracy K. Smith (two terms), Juan Felipe Herrera, Philip Levine, W. S. Merwin, Kay Ryan, Charles Simic, Ted Kooser, Louise Glück, Billy Collins, Rita Dove, Elizabeth Bishop, Robert Frost, Karl Shapiro, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, Richard Wilbur, Joseph Brodsky, Stanley Kunitz, Robert Hass, Donald Hall, Robert Pinsky (three terms), Mark Strand, Audre Lorde, and Maxine Kumin.

Amanda Gorman was the United States's first National Youth Poet Laureate appointed in 2017.[104]

A number of American state legislatures have also created an office of poet laureate. The holders may be locally or nationally prominent. The U.S. states of New Jersey, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Pennsylvania do not currently have a state poet laureate position.[105]

District of Columbia

See main article: Poet Laureate of the District of Columbia. The United States' capital, the District of Columbia, created the position of Poet Laureate of the District of Columbia in 1984 during the mayoralty of Marion Barry.[106] The position is filled by appointment from the mayor of the district the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities. The District of Columbia's poet laureate program is currently stalled.[107] [108] Only two poets laureate have been appointed since the creation of the position. Sterling Allen Brown was appointed by Mayor Marion Barry, serving from 1984 until his death in 1989. Dolores Kendrick was appointed by Mayor Anthony A. Williams, serving from 1999 until her death in 2017.

Alabama

See main article: Poet Laureate of Alabama. The office of Poet Laureate of Alabama was created for Samuel Minturn Peck in 1930. The post has been continuously filled since 1954 on a four-year renewable basis. Poets laureate serve at the pleasure of the governor. Successors include Helen Norris, Sue Walker,[109] and Andrew Glaze.[110]

Alaska

See main article: Poet Laureate of Alaska. Originally created as the position of Poet Laureate in 1963 (House Resolution 25). The official name was changed in 1996 to recognize and honor all genres of writing.[111] The position is selected by the Alaska State Council on the Arts.[112]

Arizona

The state of Arizona established a state Poet Laureate position in 2013, appointing Alberto Ríos as the inaugural Poet Laureate.[113] [114] [115] [116]

Arkansas

See main article: Poets Laureate of Arkansas. Charles T. Davis was the first poet laureate of Arkansas, appointed in 1923.[117]

California

See main article: California Poet Laureate. The state of California established a state Poet Laureate under Governor Hiram Warren Johnson[118] and appointed Ina Donna Coolbrith on June 30, 1915. Coolbrith was later acknowledged as the "Loved Laurel-Crowned Poet of California" by a 1919 state Senate resolution, retaining the title until her death in 1928.[119] Juan Felipe Herrera was appointed by Gov. Jerry Brown in March 2012.[120] The position is currently vacant. It was last held by Dana Gioia from 2015 to 2018.[121] [122]

Counties
Cities

See also: List of municipal poets laureate in California.

Colorado

See main article: Poets Laureate of Colorado. Colorado Poets Laureate are currently appointed to four-year terms. They are nominated by Colorado Creative Industries and Colorado Humanities & Center for the Book, and chosen by the Governor.[151] Alice Polk Hill was the first poet laureate of Colorado serving from 1919 to 1921.[152] Successors include Thomas Hornsby Ferril, Mary Crow, David Mason, Bobby LeFebre and Andrea Gibson.[153] The State of Colorado also appointed singer/songwriter writer John Denver in 1974.[154]

Cities

Connecticut

See main article: Poets Laureate of Connecticut. The Poet Laureate of Connecticut was established in 1985 by Public Act 85-221 of the Connecticut General Assembly. Five-year residents of the state with a demonstrated career in poetry are eligible for the honorary appointment as an advocate for poetry and literary arts. James Merill was the first poet laureate of Connecticut, serving from 1985 to 1995. His successors include Leo Connellan, Marilyn Nelson, John Hollander, Dick Allen, Margaret Gibson. Antoinette Brim-Bell is the current poet laureate for Connecticut.

Delaware

See main article: Poets Laureate of Delaware. Poets are appointed to the position by the governor. The first poet laureate of Delaware was Edna Deemer Leach appointed in 1947.[157] Nnamdi Chukwuocha and Albert Mills—twin brothers who are known as the "Twin Poets"—were appointed 17th Poets Laureate of the State of Delaware on December 13, 2015.[158] According to the Library of Congress,[159] they are the first co-laureates appointed by a state and the first siblings to share the position.[160] [161] Predecessors include Fleda Brown and JoAnn Balingit.

Florida

See main article: Poets Laureate of Florida. Poets Laureate of Florida are appointed by the governor and the Division of Arts and Culture.[162] They first served lifetime, unpaid appointments, until June 20, 2014, when HB 513 established a four-year term. The first poet laureate of Florida was Franklin L. Wood, appointed in 1929 and died soon after assuming office. Vivian Laramore Rader was appointed in 1931 and served until her death in 1975. Edmund Skellings was appointed in 1980. A stroke that impaired his speech and limited his ability to do all of his official duties. He died August 19, 2012, leaving the post vacant.[163] Peter Meinke currently holds this position and was appointed on June 15, 2015.[164]

Georgia

See main article: Poet Laureate of Georgia (U.S. state). Frank Lebby Stanton served from 1925 to 1927 as Georgia's first poet laureate.[165] Successors include Ernest Neal, Conrad Aiken, David Bottoms, Judson Mitcham, and Chelsea Rathburn.

Hawaii

See main article: Poets Laureate of Hawaii. Prior to statehood Don Blanding, originally from Oklahoma, was unofficially referred to as the poet laureate of Hawaii.[166] In 1951 Hawaii Territorial Senator Thelma Akana Harrison in concurrent resolution 28, declared Lloyd Stone, who was originally from California, poet laureate.[167] When the modern program was established, Native Hawaiian Kealoha was appointed on May 3, 2012, by Governor Neil Abercrombie.,[168] and he is the first poet laureate for the state of Hawaii, serving through 2022.[169] [170] [171] [172]

Idaho

See main article: Poets Laureate of Idaho. Irene Welch Grissom served from 1923 to 1948 as Idaho's first poet laureate.[173] Sudie Stuart Hager served as the second poet laureate from 1949 to 1982. After 1982 the title was changed to Writer in Residence.

Illinois

See main article: Poets Laureate of Illinois. Illinois appointed its first poet laureate, Howard Austin, in 1936, followed by Carl Sandburg (1962–1967), and Gwendolyn Brooks (1968–2000), all with lifetime appointments. The post is now a four-year renewable award.[174] The poet laureate from 2003 to 2017 was Kevin Stein.[175] In 2020, Angela Jackson was named Illinois Poet Laureate.[176] [177] [178] [179] Singer songwriter John Prine was posthumously named an Honorary Poet Laureate.[180] [181]

Indiana

See main article: Indiana State Poet Laureate. Joyce Brinkman was appointed as the first poet laureate of Indiana, serving from 2005 to 2008[182]

Iowa

See main article: Poets Laureate of Iowa. The position was created July 1, 1999, by Subchapter 303.89 of the Iowa Code with a two-year renewable term.[183] Marvin Bell was Iowa's first Poet Laureate,[183] from 2000 to 2004, followed by Robert Dana from 2004 to 2008, and Mary Swander from 2009 to 2019. Debra Marquart is the current Poet Laureate of Iowa.[184] Her two-year term started in May 2019.

Kansas

See main article: Poets Laureate of Kansas. Jonathan Holden served as Kansas' first poet laureate from 2005 to 2007.[185]

Kentucky

See main article: Poet Laureate of Kentucky. James Thomas Cotton Noe served as Kentucky's first poet laureate from 1926 to 1953.[186]

Louisiana

See main article: Poets Laureate of Louisiana. Emma Wilson Emery served as Louisiana's first poet laureate from 1942 to 1970.[187] The current poet laureate of Louisiana is Mona Lisa Saloy appointed in April 2021. Predecessors include Ava Leavell Haymon, Julie Kane, Peter Cooley, and John Warner Smith.

Maine

See main article: Poets Laureate of Maine. Kate Barnes served as Maine's first poet laureate from 1996 to 1999. The current poet laureate of Maine is Julia Bouwsna.[188] Predecessors include Wesley McNair, Baron Wormser, and Betsy Sholl.[189]

Maryland

See main article: Poets Laureate of Maryland. The current Poet Laureate of Maryland is Grace Cavalieri.[190]

Cities

Massachusetts

The state of Massachusetts does not currently have a poet laureate position. However, many cities in Massachusetts have appointed poets laureate.

Cities

Michigan

Edgar A. Guest served as Michigan Poet Laureate from 1952 through 1959 having been appointed Poet Laureate through Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 38 (1952) of the Michigan Legislature.[202] State lawmakers made three separate unsuccessful attempts to reinstate a poet laureate position in 2000, 2005, and 2019. In 2023, Nandi Comer was appointed poet laureate.[203]

Minnesota

See main article: Poets Laureate of Minnesota. In May 2007, Gov. Pawlenty reversed his opposition and signed Section 4, Chapter 148 of the Minnesota Session Laws 2007, establishing the state poet laureate. Robert Bly was appointed the first Minnesota poet laureate on February 27, 2008, succeeded on August 23, 2011, by Joyce Sutphen. Dr. Gwen Westerman was appointed as the third Minnesota poet laureate on September 9, 2021, by Governor Tim Walz.[204]

Mississippi

See main article: Poets Laureate of Mississippi. In 1963, Governor Ross Barnett appointed Mississippi's first Poet Laureate, Maude Willard Leet Prenshaw. In 1973, Louise Moss Montgomery was named laureate by Gov. William Waller. Gov. Cliff Finch appointed Winifred Hamrick Farrar laureate in 1978. All three poets laureate served lifetime terms. Beginning in 2012, Mississippi poets laureate now serve four-year terms. Natasha Tretheway served as the Poet Laureate of Mississippi from 2012 to 2016. On August 10, 2016, Beth Ann Fennelly assumed the position.[205]

Missouri

See main article: Poets Laureate of Missouri. Walter Bargen served as Missouri's first poet laureate from 2008 to 2010.[206]

Montana

See main article: Poets Laureate of Montana. Sandra Alcosser was Montana's first poet laureate, serving in the position from 2005 to 2007.[207]

Nebraska

See main article: Poets Laureate of Nebraska. John G. Neihardt was appointed as Nebraskas first poet laureate in 1921, and served until November 3, 1973.[208]

Nevada

See main article: Poets Laureate of Nevada. Mildred Breedlove served as the first poet laureate of Nevada from 1957 to 2007.[209]

New Hampshire

See main article: Poets Laureate of New Hampshire. Paul Scott Mowrer was appointed as New Hampshire's first poet laureate, and served from 1968 to 1971.[210] The current poet laureate of New Hampshire is Alexandria Peary, appointed October 2019. Predecessors include W. E. Butts, Richard Eberhart, Patricia Fargnoli, Cynthia Huntington, and Jane Kenyon.

New Jersey

See main article: Poet Laureate of New Jersey. New Jersey had a poet laureate program until from 2000 to 2003, appointing poet Gerald Stern followed by Amiri Baraka. The position was eliminated in 2003.[211]

New Mexico

See also: List of municipal poets laureate in New Mexico. In 2020 New Mexico appointed its first poet laureate, Levi Romero.[212]

Cities

New York

See main article: Poets Laureate of New York. The position of New York State Poet Laureate (official title: State Poet) was established by a special mandate of the New York State Legislature on August 1, 1985. Willie Perdomo is the current New York state poet laureate.[213] Predecessors include John Ashbery, Billy Collins, Jane Cooper, Robert Creeley, Richard Howard, Marie Howe, Stanley Kunitz, Audre Lorde, Sharon Olds, Alicia Ostriker, and Jean Valentine. In 1988 New York also established position for other genres of writing entitled New York State Author.[214] In 2016, Governor Andrew Cuomo also named Joseph Tusiani Poet Laureate Emeritus.[215] In 2004, Ishle Yi Park became first female and the first Korean American poet laureate of the New York City borough of Queens.[216]

North Carolina

See main article: North Carolina Poet Laureate. The 1935 General Assembly created the office of state poet laureate and empowers the Governor to appoint a North Carolina Poet Laureate.[217] Jaki Shelton Green has been North Carolina's Poet Laureate since 2018.[218]

Cities

North Dakota

See main article: Poets Laureate of North Dakota. Corbin A. Waldron was the first poet laureate of North Dakota from 1957 to 1978.[220]

Ohio

See main article: Poets Laureate of Ohio. The state of Ohio created the position of Poet Laureate in 2014. Dr. Amit Majmudar of Dublin, Ohio, was named the first state Poet Laureate by Gov. John Kasich, for a two-year term beginning January 1, 2016. Kari Gunter-Seymour is the current Poet Laureate of Ohio. Her term began on June 10, 2020.[221]

Oklahoma

See main article: Poets Laureate of Oklahoma. The state of Oklahoma named Violet McDougal its first poet laureate in 1923.[222] [223] [224] Joe Kreger who first served from 1998 to 2001 was appointed a second term as Oklahoma's poet laureate from 2021 to 2022.[225] The current poet laureate of Oklahoma is Jay Snider.[226]

Cities

Oregon

See main article: Oregon Poet Laureate. The position of Oregon Poet Laureate was established in 1923, appointing Edwin Markham as the first poet laureate.[228] Anis Mojgani was appointed to the position in 2020.[229]

Pennsylvania

Samuel John Hazo served as Pennsylvania's first and only poet laureate from 1993 to 2003 before Governor Bob Casey eliminated the position.[230] Florence Van Leer Earle Coates was elected poet laureate of Pennsylvania by the state Federation of Women's Clubs in 1915.[231]

Counties
Cities

Rhode Island

See main article: Poets Laureate of Rhode Island. The State Poet of Rhode Island, established in 1987, is codified in Chapter 42-100 of the State of Rhode Island General Laws. The five-year appointment by the Governor carries an annual salary of $1,000.Michael Steven Harper served as Rhode Island's first poet laureate from 1988 to 1993.[235]

South Carolina

See main article: South Carolina Poet Laureate. Archibald Rutledge was the first poet laureate of South Carolina, serving from 1934 to 1973.[236]

South Dakota

See main article: Poets Laureate of South Dakota. Charles "Badger" Clark was the first poet laureate of South Dakota appointed in 1937.[237]

The current poet laureate is Bruce Roseland. "It’s an honor to stand among those who have come before me,” Roseland said. “There are many people in South Dakota who write as well as I do and most of them write better. To represent South Dakota in this form of writing poetry … I’m very happy about it. I hope to be an ambassador."[238]

Tennessee

See main article: Poets Laureate of Tennessee. "Pek" Gunn, a native of Bold Spring, Tennessee, and a close friend and politically ally of former Governor of Tennessee Frank Clement, was the first Tennessean given the title of State Poet Laureate, in the 1970s. Margaret Britton Vaughn is the current Poet Laureate, she is serving her lifetime appointment since 1999.[239]

Texas

See main article: Poet Laureate of Texas. The state of Texas established a Poet Laureate in 1932 (historical list of Texas poets laureate). The term as of 2016 is one year.[240]

Cities

Utah

See main article: Poets Laureate of Utah. The state of Utah has appointed a Poet Laureate since 1997. The first was David Lee (January 24, 1997, to December 2002), followed by Ken Brewer (January 24, 2003, to March 15, 2006), Katharine Coles (October 27, 2006, to May 2012), Lance Larsen, appointed May 3, 2012, by Governor Gary Herbert, and Paisley Rekdal, appointed by Governor Gary Herbert in May 2017.[243] The current Poet Laureate in Utah is Lisa Bickmore appointed in April 2022.

Vermont

See main article: Poets Laureate of Vermont. Robert Frost was the first poet laureate of Vermont, serving from 1961 to 1963.[244]

Virginia

See main article: Poet Laureate of Virginia. The Commonwealth of Virginia has appointed a Poet Laureate since December 18, 1936. The first was Carter Warner Wormeley, appointed for life. Appointments from 1942 until 1992 were for one year, with many reappointed for multiple terms. In 1992, the term was increased to two years. Since 1998 appointments are made from list of nominees presented by the Poetry Society of Virginia, established at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1923. The current Poet Laureate is Luisa A. Igloria.[245]

Washington

See main article: Poet Laureate of Washington.

The State of Washington has officially appointed a Poet Laureate since 2007,[246] though Poets Laureate have been unofficially appointed by the Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs since 1931, when Ella Rhoads Higginson was named as the State's first Poet Laureate.[247]

Samuel Green was named as Washington's first official Poet Laureate in 2007, and served until 2009.[248] Poets Laureate of Washington are appointed for a two-year term by the Governor of Washington.[249]

Since 2023, the Poet Laureate of Washington has been Arianne True, a Choctaw and Chickasaw writer and artist from Tacoma.[250] She is the second Indigenous person to hold the post, following her predecessor Rena Priest of the Lummi Nation.[251]

West Virginia

See main article: Poets Laureate of West Virginia. Karl Myers served as the first poet laureate of West Virginia from 1927 to 1937.[252]

Wisconsin

See main article: Poets Laureate of Wisconsin. The current Poet Laureate of Wisconsin is Dasha Kelly Hamilton, 2021–2022.[253]

Wyoming

See main article: Poets Laureate of Wyoming. Eugene Gagliano has been the Poet Laureate of Wyoming since July 2016.[254]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: POET LAUREATE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary.
  2. Web site: Poet laureate Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster.
  3. Web site: The American Heritage Dictionary entry: poet laureate. HarperCollins. Publishers. www.ahdictionary.com.
  4. Robert Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford, 1973);Ernest Hatch Wilkins, The Making of the Canzoniere and Other Petrarchan Studies 1951:9-69, noted in Weiss 1973:32.
  5. Web site: Young People's Poet Laureate . Poetry Foundation. May 4, 2019.
  6. Web site: Current Poet Laureate. https://web.archive.org/web/20130301025749/http://pikespeakpoetlaureate.org/current_poet.html . March 1, 2013 . Pikes Peak Poet Laureate .
  7. Web site: Poet Laureate « the League of Minnesota Poets . August 15, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120626153752/http://www.mnpoets.com/poet-laureate/ . June 26, 2012 . dead .
  8. Web site: Poet Laureate . Northampton Arts Council . 1 April 2024.
  9. Web site: Our Purpose . Northampton Arts Council . 1 April 2024.
  10. Robert Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford, 1973) 20.
  11. Ernest Hatch Wilkins, The Making of the Canzoniere and Other Petrarchan Studies 1951:9-69, noted in Weiss 1973:32.
  12. Weiss 1973.
  13. Web site: Valentina . Gosetti . Australia is to have a poet laureate – how will the first appointment define us as a nation?' . The Conversation . 30 January 2023 . 1 April 2024.
  14. News: Australian poet laureate . . Victoria, Australia . 3 May 1945 . 21 June 2020 . 5 . Trove .
  15. News: Noonan . Kathleen . Australia needs a poet laureate . 21 June 2020 . news.com.au . 12 October 2009.
  16. Web site: Schwartz . Steven . Australia needs a Poet Laureate . The Centre for Independent Studies . 21 June 2020 . 28 February 2018.
  17. News: Brunton Stephens. Australian Poet Laureate . . Queensland, Australia . 6 July 1894 . 21 June 2020 . 10 . Trove .
  18. News: Gallery of Australian authors. 'Banjo' Paterson, Poet Laureate. . . Queensland, Australia . 15 April 1933 . 21 June 2020 . 10 (Daily.) . Trove .
  19. News: McNab . Heather . Australia's unofficial poet laureate Les Murray farewelled . 21 June 2020 . Australian Financial Review . 12 June 2019.
  20. Web site: Shooman. Joe. 2018-07-03. 'I'd love to see poetry explode'. 2020-09-28. Zing magazine. en-US.
  21. Web site: Sealy. John. 2018-03-14. Esther Phillips is Barbados' first ever poet laureate. 2020-09-28. Nation News.
  22. Web site: Meet Belgium's first Poet Laureate . Poetry International Archives . February 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200207003848/https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/cou_article/24045/Meet-Belgiums-first-Poet-Laureate/en/nocache . February 7, 2020 . dead . Dutch-language poet Charles Ducal
  23. Web site: Els Moors: the new Belgian Poet Laureate | Flanders literature. www.flandersliterature.be.
  24. Web site: BERSONG EURO-PINOY A FESTIVAL OF EUROPEAN AND FILIPINO POETRY AIRS LIVE ON 27 MAY | EEAS Website. www.eeas.europa.eu.
  25. Web site: THE PARLIAMENTARY POET LAUREATE . Parliament of Canada . 8 August 2022.
  26. Web site: Former Poets Laureate . Parliament of Canada . 8 August 2022.
  27. Web site: FAQ - US States Poets Laureate . Library of Congress . 8 August 2022.
  28. Web site: Current Poet Laureate . Parliament of Canada . 8 August 2022.
  29. Web site: Calgary Poet Laureate. Calgary Arts Development.
  30. Web site: Micheline Maylor named Calgary's poet laureate. 2016-04-25. Calgary Herald. en-US. 2016-04-26.
  31. News: Calgary's new poet laureate is Micheline Maylor. CBC.ca. 2016-05-10.
  32. News: The Poets Laureate of Canada. NUVO Magazine. 2016-11-13.
  33. https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/Kris+Demeanor+named+Calgary+first+poet+laureate/6324477/story.html "Kris Demeanor named Calgary's first poet laureate"
  34. Web site: Banff Poet Laureate.
  35. Web site: Titilope Sonuga named Edmonton's ninth poet laureate . 27 July 2022 . edmontonjournal . en-CA.
  36. Web site: Edmonton's Poet Laureate . Edmontonarts.ca . 2022-08-11.
  37. Web site: Remembering the life of Edward BLODGETT 1935 - 2018.
  38. Web site: Comox Valley Poet Laureate Program . Comox Valley Community Arts Council . March 30, 2017 . 8 August 2022.
  39. Web site: Poet Laureate. www.nanaimo.ca.
  40. Web site: Poet Laureate. www.newwestcity.ca.
  41. Web site: City of Surrey Poet Laureate Program . Surrey Libraries . May 3, 2019 . 8 August 2022.
  42. Web site: Расти комитет яблоко всерьез глеб. Ответ близкий поздний фронт частность хлеб удача перчатка. Цель пройти ухо слеза чистота кожаный. Умереть сложный пятьдесят марка двигатель легенда рыцарь нём мелькать снятие. Турция павлович жалость девяносто русло прощание цирк..
  43. Web site: Vancouver's Poet Laureate. City of. Vancouver. vancouver.ca.
  44. Web site: Poet Laureate. City of Victoria.
  45. Web site: Winnipeg Poet Laureate | The Winnipeg Arts Council. winnipegarts.ca.
  46. Web site: Poet Laureates / Poètes lauréats | Poésie Moncton Poetry. poesiemonctonpoetry.
  47. Web site: Poet Laureate Laura K. Watson. Town of Sackville.
  48. Web site: Shoshanna Wingate appointed Sackville's new Poet Laureate | SaltWire. Katie. Tower. www.saltwire.com.
  49. Web site: Poet Laureate | City Of St. John's. www.stjohns.ca.
  50. Web site: Rita Joe. ATLANTIC CANADIAN POETS' ARCHIVE.
  51. Web site: Rita Joe | The Canadian Encyclopedia. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
  52. Web site: Halifax's Poet Laureate. www.halifax.ca.
  53. News: Ontario's first poet laureate on what 'introspective arts' can do for youth . CBC News . 8 August 2022.
  54. Web site: Poet Laureate. www.barrie.ca.
  55. Web site: Brantford's Poet Laureate coming to Sarnia. theobserver.
  56. Web site: Poets laureate compare notes in Halifax . https://web.archive.org/web/20220808233428/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/poets-laureate-compare-notes-in-halifax-1.975439 . August 8, 2022 . live . CBC Canada . 15 July 2010.
  57. Web site: Poet Laureate. July 22, 2020. www.cobourg.ca.
  58. Web site: Harry Posner. Liz. Beatty. September 16, 2017. In The Hills.
  59. Web site: Canada's Poets Laureate – League of Canadian Poets.
  60. Web site: Poet Laureate - City of Kingston. www.cityofkingston.ca.
  61. Web site: How the city has inspired London's poet laureate . https://web.archive.org/web/20220808233427/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/london-poet-laureate-bad-animals-1.4688043 . August 8, 2022 . live . 1 April 2024 . CBC Canada . Julianne . Hazlewood . 2 June 2018.
  62. Web site: Poet Laureate | London Arts Council. LAC official site.
  63. Web site: Ottawa Poet Laureate Program. Recreation and Cultural Services. Parks. July 1, 2022. ottawa.ca.
  64. Web site: Poets Laureate. verseottawa.ca.
  65. Web site: Poet laureate's term extended; legacy project launching Tuesday. owensoundsuntimes.
  66. Web site: Kyla Heyming Selected as Greater Sudbury's Seventh Poet Laureate. www.greatersudbury.ca.
  67. Web site: Sudbury names its 6th poet laureate. Alana. Pickrell. March 12, 2020. Northern Ontario.
  68. Web site: Poet Laureate . City of Toronto . August 18, 2017 . 8 August 2022.
  69. Web site: Poet Laureate & Storytellers. www.citywindsor.ca.
  70. News: Rivers . Heather . He is known as the people's poet' . 8 August 2022 . Woodstock Sentinel Review . 18 July 2018.
  71. Web site: John Smith: Poet Laureate 2002-2004 Experience. Toolkit. August 18, 2016. www.princeedwardisland.ca.
  72. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2002/12/06/peipoet061202.html CBC.ca Arts - P.E.I. appoints poet laureate
  73. Web site: Poet Laureate . Government of Prince Edward Island . April 11, 2016 . 8 August 2022.
  74. Web site: Yukon Poet Laureate . Yukon Poet Laureate . 8 August 2022.
  75. Web site: Canada's Poets Laureate . League of Canadian Poets . 8 August 2022.
  76. Web site: 2020-10-16 . Commissioner introduces first Story Laureate of Yukon . 2022-10-22 . yukon.ca.
  77. Web site: Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin. tsegaye.se. August 21, 2019.
  78. News: German President-elect has an Indian 'intellectual connection'. Business Standard India . March 15, 2017. Business Standard.
  79. Web site: Punjab-born German poet laureate Rajvinder Singh dies. Tribune News. Service. Tribuneindia News Service.
  80. Web site: Punjab-born German writer Rajvinder Singh passes away in Berlin. December 18, 2021. Hindustan Times.
  81. News: 'East and West meet in me'. Sangeeta Barooah. Pisharoty. The Hindu . September 1, 2012. www.thehindu.com.
  82. Web site: Indian-origin poet Rajvinder Singh excels in German oeuvre. The. Pioneer. The Pioneer.
  83. Web site: Acclaimed community theatre artiste Channi succumbs to virus. . May 22, 2021.
  84. [Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd]
  85. Web site: Former Poets Laureate . National Library of Jamaica . 7 August 2022.
  86. Web site: poet laureate of Jamaica . National Library of Jamaica . 7 August 2022.
  87. News: Auckland professor named NZ Poet Laureate . https://archive.today/20130223015403/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=18&objectid=10480540 . dead . February 23, 2013 . December 5, 2007 . . September 12, 2011 .
  88. Web site: New Zealand Poet Laureate . January 5, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120106012654/http://nzpoetlaureate.natlib.govt.nz/ . January 6, 2012 .
  89. Web site: Poet Laureate Award. March 14, 2020.
  90. Web site: Chumko . André . 2022-08-25 . Chris Tse is New Zealand's next poet laureate . 2023-04-25 . Stuff . en.
  91. Book: Chapter 1: Psychological Warfare . Dear Leader: Poet, Spy, Escapee--A Look Inside North Korea . 37 Ink . Jang Jin-sung . 2014 . 978-1476766553.
  92. Book: Marko Živković. Serbian Dreambook: National Imaginary in the Time of Milošević. 2011. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-22306-7. 32.
  93. Book: Nicholson Baker. The Paul Chowder Chronicles: The Anthologist and Traveling Sprinkler, Two Novels. October 9, 2014. Penguin Publishing Group. 978-0-698-18173-1. 263.
  94. Book: Laurence Mitchell. Serbia. 2013. Bradt Travel Guides. 978-1-84162-463-1. 49.
  95. Book: Charles A. Ward. Shashko, Philip. Donald E. Pienkos. Studies in Ethnicity: The East European Experience in America. 1980. Boulder : East European Monographs; New York. 978-0-914710-67-7. 114.
  96. Web site: La Sierra Leone conferisce a Roberto Malini e Dario Picciau le onorificenze di Poet Laureate e Artist Laureate. Redazione. December 26, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151227024333/http://www.dazebaonews.it/italia/societa/item/37518-la-sierra-leone-conferisce-a-roberto-malini-e-dario-picciau-le-onorificenze-di-poet-laureate-e-artist-laureate.html. December 27, 2015. dead.
  97. News: Simon Armitage: 'Witty and profound' writer to be next Poet Laureate . BBC News . 10 May 2019 . 10 May 2019.
  98. Web site: Hunt for next poet laureate still on as Imtiaz Dharker says no to job . The Guardian . May 3, 2019 . May 4, 2019.
  99. Web site: Children's Laureate . Book Trust. May 4, 2019.
  100. Book: MacDonald, John . Òrain Iain Luim: Songs of John MacDonald, Bard of Keppoch . The Scottish Gaelic Texts Society . 1964 . MacKenzie . Annie . xxxviii.
  101. News: Liz Lochhead confirmed as new Scots Makar . BBC News . January 19, 2011.
  102. Web site: Kathleen Jamie. 9 May 2022. Scottish Poetry Library.
  103. Web site: September 6, 2002 . POETRY: THE NAMES . pbs.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20021002182454/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/poems/july-dec02/names_9-06.html . 2 October 2002 . dead . 28 December 2019.
  104. News: Hawgood. Alex. 2017-11-03. Meet Amanda Gorman, America's First Youth Poet Laureate (Published 2017). en-US. The New York Times. 2021-01-20. 0362-4331.
  105. Web site: State Poets Laureate A Resource Guide . Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  106. DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities. "History of the Office of the Poet Laureate". Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  107. News: Beasley . Sandra . D.C. needs a poet laureate . 30 July 2022 . 5 February 2021.
  108. Web site: Alabama-Georgia . Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  109. Web site: Poets Laureate of Alabama. Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. October 5, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002950/http://www.archives.state.al.us/emblems/st_poet.html. September 27, 2011. January 13, 2010. live.
  110. News: Former reporter, Pulitzer runner-up named poet Alabama laureate . Jeremy Gray . The Birmingham News . July 24, 2012 . July 24, 2012.
  111. Library of Congress. U.S. State Poets Laureate: Alaska . Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  112. Web site: State Writer Laureate . Alaska Humanities Forum . 1 August 2022.
  113. Web site: Alberto Álvaro Ríos . public.asu.edu.
  114. Web site: About Alberto Ríos | Academy of American Poets. Academy of American. Poets. poets.org.
  115. Web site: Celebrated Poet Alberto Álvaro Ríos Named as Arizona's Inaugural Poet Laureate . AZ Arts . August 19, 2013 . 3 August 2022.
  116. Web site: Arizona . Library of Congress . 3 August 2022.
  117. Web site: Alabama-Georgia . Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  118. Web site: California State Government. CA Codes (8760–8765). State Covernement Codes. California State Government. August 11, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120920110219/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=gov&group=08001-09000&file=8760-8765. September 20, 2012. dead.
  119. Web site: California State Government. California Arts Council. California State Poet Laureate. California State Government. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130726233416/http://www.cac.ca.gov/programs/poetlaureate.php. July 26, 2013.
  120. News: Miller. Beteye. Juan Felipe Herrera Named California Poet Laureate. UCR Today. March 21, 2012.
  121. Web site: To rhyme's no crime, says poet Dana Gioia. March 22, 2016. July 23, 2016.
  122. Web site: Hitting the Road With California's Poet Laureate. July 10, 2016. en-US. July 23, 2016.
  123. Web site: kernarts.org/poet-laureate-2/. kernarts.org. August 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20180609171255/http://kernarts.org/poet-laureate-2/. June 9, 2018. dead.
  124. Web site: entertainment/arts-and-theatre/the-poet-s-spotlight-jim-lyle-thrives-and-writes-in/article_67595d70-d0d3-5467-b91f-112308c4b6f9. napavalleyregister.com. August 21, 2019.
  125. Web site: Poet Laureate of Marin 2019-2021 Marin County Free Library. marinlibrary.org. August 21, 2019.
  126. Web site: news/local/napans-gather-saturday-in-memory-of-dotty/article_58a24e42-54e4-11df-9d35-001cc4c03286. napavalleyregister.com. August 21, 2019.
  127. Web site: San Mateo County Poet Laureate – The Power of Poetry and Spoken Word. sanmateocountypoet.org. August 21, 2019.
  128. Web site: Santa Clara County in Poetry 2009-2011 - County News - County of Santa Clara. sccgov.org. August 21, 2019.
  129. Web site: Mary Kay Rummel . 2023-03-28 . Poets & Writers . en.
  130. News: Benjamin . Laurel . April 15, 2011 . Albany's First Poet Laureate Builds Lyrical Bridge Between City, Community . Albany Patch . Albany . May 11, 2016 .
  131. Web site: Anaheim Poet Laureate.
  132. News: Karina Monroe is Benicia's new poet laureate . 3 December 2023 . Fairfield Daily Republic . 3 December 2023.
  133. Web site: Clerk/City_Council/2017/09_Sep/Documents/Proclamation__09-12-2017_Poet_Laureate. cityofberkeley.info. August 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109184821/https://www.cityofberkeley.info/Clerk/City_Council/2017/09_Sep/Documents/Proclamation__09-12-2017_Poet_Laureate.aspx. November 9, 2019. dead.
  134. News: Sam. Whiting. Julia Vinograd, Berkeley poet known as the Bubble Lady, dies. San Francisco Chronicle. December 9, 2018. December 9, 2018.
  135. News: Maginnis-Honey . Amy . Poet laureate visits Wednesday Club to share her new book . 22 July 2022 . Fairfield Daily Republic.
  136. News: Maginnis-Honey . Amy . City names 1st poet laureate . 22 July 2022 . Fairfield Daily Republic . 6 November 2010.
  137. Web site: National Volunteer Appreciation Week - April 17-23, 2022 . City of Fairfield . 22 July 2022.
  138. Web site: City of Fairfield names Suzanne Bruce as poet laureate for two-year term . City of Fairfield . 22 July 2022.
  139. Web site: Why Fresno Is The Land Of Poets. Robin Young and Jeremy Hobson. wbur: Boston's NPR Station. May 30, 2013.
  140. Web site: 2023-03-28 . Raffi Joe Wartanian Named Glendale's First Poet Laureate . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230720024659/https://www.glendaleca.gov/Home/Components/News/News/8740/16 . 2023-07-20 . 2023-08-18 . www.glendaleca.gov . en.
  141. News: Eloise Klein Healy accepts L.A. poet laureate post in ceremony. Hector Tobar. Los Angeles Times. December 7, 2012.
  142. http://richmondstandard.com/2014/07/three-poets-laureate-selected-represent-richmond-next-two-years/ Three poets laureate selected to represent Richmond over next two years
  143. "Dennis Schmitz dies at 82 – the author and professor was Sacramento's first poet laureate " by Vincent Moleski, Sacramento Bee. 18 Sept. 2018. Accessed 18 Jan. 2020.
  144. Web site: San Francisco Poet Laureate :: San Francisco Public Library. sfpl.org. August 21, 2019.
  145. News: Emma Trelles to Become City of Santa Barbara's Next Poet Laureate . Santa Barbara Independent . April 5, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210405194047/https://www.independent.com/2021/04/05/emma-trelles-to-become-city-of-santa-barbaras-next-poet-laureate/ . April 5, 2021 . live . 1 April 2024.
  146. Web site: Poet Laureate - City of Santa Barbara.
  147. Web site: Vallejo woman named city's first poet laureate – Times-Herald. timesheraldonline.com. July 27, 2015. August 21, 2019.
  148. Web site: Feb. 7, Arts and Entertainment: Poet laureate enjoys first year – Times-Herald. timesheraldonline.com. February 5, 2019. August 21, 2019.
  149. News: Jeremy Snyder is named Vallejo's 3rd Poet Laureate . 21 December 2019 . Vallejo Times-Herald . 21 December 2019.
  150. News: Two women to serve as Vallejo’s poets laureate . 22 November 2023 . Fairfield Daily Republic . 22 November 2023.
  151. Web site: Colorado Poet Laureate . Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade (OEDIT) . 2 August 2022.
  152. Web site: Colorado Poet Laureate . Colorado Humanities . 2 August 2022.
  153. Web site: Colorado - State Poet Laureate (State Poets Laureate of the United States, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress). www.loc.gov. 2019-09-04.
  154. John Denver. Rolling Stone. December 26, 2015.
  155. News: McGhee . Tom . Chris Ransick, former Denver poet laureate, has died . 2 August 2022 . The Denver Post . 5 November 2019.
  156. News: Janice M. Gould Obituary . 2 August 2022 . The Gazette.
  157. Web site: Collecting Delaware Books - Delaware's Poets Laureate. jnjreid.com. Jan 2, 2020.
  158. Web site: Delaware Poets Laureate: For Twin Poets, a lifetime of using art to reach Delawareans leads to a national first . Delaware Division of the Arts . Christopher . Yasiejko . December 13, 2015 . January 19, 2019.
  159. Web site: Poets Laureate of Delaware . Library of Congress . 2 August 2022.
  160. Web site: An afternoon with the Delaware Poets Laureate set April 23 . Cape Gazette . April 1, 2016.
  161. Web site: Governor Markell Appoints 17th Poets Laureate for the State of Delaware . State of Delaware News . December 16, 2015 . 2 August 2022.
  162. Web site: Florida Poet Laureate . Division of Arts and Culture . 2 August 2022.
  163. http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/10/24/florida-needs-a-poet-laureate-but-with-term-limits-this-time/ Florida needs a poet laureate but with term limits this time
  164. Web site: Florida - State Poet Laureate (State Poets Laureate of the United States, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress). www.loc.gov. Jan 2, 2020.
  165. Web site: Georgia . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  166. Web site: Huffman . Brian . Make a Lei on May Day Workshop . University of Hawaii . 2 August 2022.
  167. Book: Senate Journal . 1951 . Tongg Publishing Company, Ltd. . 1 August 2022.
  168. Web site: Kealoha becomes Hawaii's first poet laureate . Hawaii News Now . 2012-05-04 . 1 August 2022.
  169. Web site: The Academy of American Poets Awards $1.1 Million to 22 Poet Laureate Fellows Across the Country in Support of Public Projects . Academy of American Poets . 2 August 2022.
  170. News: Poets academy gives $50,000 grants to local, state laureates . 2 August 2022 . ABC News . 2 August 2022.
  171. Web site: Kealoha . Academy of American Poets . 2 August 2022.
  172. Web site: Hawaii . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  173. Web site: Idaho . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  174. Web site: Illinois - State Poet Laureate (State Poets Laureate of the United States, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress). loc.gov. August 21, 2019.
  175. Web site: poetlaureate/Pages/bio. illinois.gov. August 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912105334/https://www.illinois.gov/poetlaureate/Pages/bio.aspx. September 12, 2017. dead.
  176. News: Belman . Felice . 2020-12-03 . In a Dark Season, We Went Looking for Poetry . en-US . The New York Times . 2021-12-30 . 0362-4331.
  177. Web site: Poet Laureate Angela Jackson – IL Humanities . 2021-12-30 . Illinois Humanities.
  178. Web site: Angela Jackson to Serve as Fifth Illinois Poet Laureate . www2.illinois.gov . State of Illinois . 12 December 2020.
  179. Web site: Ms. Jackson's Biography . https://web.archive.org/web/20210730030232/https://www2.illinois.gov/sites/poetlaureate/Pages/Ms.-Jackson's-Biography.aspx . 30 Jul 2021 . 2020 . Illinois Poet Laureate . . 12 December 2020 .
  180. John Prine Named Illinois' First Honorary Poet Laureate . Kreps . Daniel . 1 July 2020 . . . 12 December 2020.
  181. Web site: Gov. Pritzker Announces 2020 Illinois Poet Laureate Search Committee: John Prine Bestowed Honorary Illinois Poet Laureate Designation . 30 June 2020 . Illinois.gov . Office of the Governor . 12 December 2020.
  182. Web site: Indiana . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  183. Web site: Iowa. Library of Congress.
  184. Web site: Poets Laureate Fellows Interview . Academy of American Poets . 3 August 2022.
  185. Web site: Kansas . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  186. Web site: Kentucky . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  187. Web site: Louisiana . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  188. Web site: Maine . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  189. Web site: Poet Laureate History . Maine Arts Commission . 5 August 2022.
  190. Web site: Maryland . The Library of Congress . 11 March 2021.
  191. Web site: Poet Laureate Program | City of Takoma Park . 7 August 2022.
  192. Web site: Minutes of Arlington Poet Laureate Committee Meeting . . 2015-07-02 . Town Of Arlington, MA Website . 2021-04-02 . We chose Miriam Levine to be the first Poet Laureate of Arlington..
  193. Web site: Boston's new poet laureate wants to make poetry comfortable for all - the Boston Globe . Boston Globe.
  194. Web site: Meet Porsha Olayiwola, Boston's new Poet Laureate. Boston Globe.
  195. Web site: Poet Laureate. Northampton Arts Council. July 31, 2022.
  196. Web site: Plymouth Stephan Delbos.
  197. Web site: Kudos for Porter Square Books, a laureate for Plymouth - the Boston Globe . Boston Globe.
  198. Web site: Hoagland, Everett H. 1942– Encyclopedia.com . 2023-08-30 . www.encyclopedia.com.
  199. Web site: Admin . Library Systems . 2007-04-10 . John Landry: New Bedford's newest poet laureate . 2023-08-30 . University Library News Blog . en-US.
  200. Web site: 2014-04-28 . Patricia Gomes Named New Bedford Poet Laureate . 2023-08-30 . New Bedford Guide . en-US.
  201. Web site: Chitwood . Seth . New Bedford's poet laureate — one of only 6 in MA — is reshaping how people think of poetry . 2023-08-30 . New Bedford Standard-Times . en-US.
  202. Web site: Michigan . Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  203. News: Award-Winning Poet Named Michigan's Poet Laureate . April 13, 2023 . Michigan Department of Education . April 12, 2023.
  204. Web site: Gwen Nell Westerman is the new Minnesota poet laureate. 2021-09-10. MPR News. September 9, 2021 .
  205. Web site: Mississippi - State Poet Laureate (State Poets Laureate of the United States, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress). www.loc.gov. May 13, 2019.
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  211. Web site: New Jersey . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  212. Web site: Poets Laureate . New Mexico State Library . 30 July 2022.
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  215. Web site: Governor Cuomo Announces New York's Biennial State Author & Poet . New York State . https://web.archive.org/web/20170402043021/http://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-new-yorks-biennial-state-author-poet . 4 August 2022. April 2, 2017 .
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  217. Web site: About the North Carolina Poet Laureate. July 12, 2021.
  218. Web site: North Carolina Poet Laureate. 2021-07-12. www.ncarts.org. en.
  219. News: Wray . Maddie . Durham's First Poet Laureate Is Empowering Others to Tell Their Own Stories . 30 July 2022 . Indy Week . 27 July 2022.
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  221. Web site: Ohio . The Library of Congress . 11 March 2021.
  222. Web site: Oklahoma – State Poet Laureate (State Poets Laureate of the United States, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress). Loc.gov. 24 July 2022.
  223. Web site: Poets Laureate – The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Okhistory.org. 24 July 2022.
  224. Web site: Oklahoma Arts Council: Oklahoma State Poet Laureate. Arts.ok.gov. 24 July 2022.
  225. News: Martin . Brandon . Joe Kreger named Oklahoma State Poet Laureate . 24 July 2022 . KOKH . 22 April 2021.
  226. News: Watts . James D . Rancher-writer named state Poet Laureate . 30 December 2022 . Tulsa World . 21 December 2022.
  227. Web site: Berry . Jamie . First-ever Norman poet laureate installed into position . 2022-05-02 . Norman Transcript . May 2022 . en.
  228. Web site: Poet Laureate History . Oregon Cultural Trust . 30 July 2022.
  229. Web site: Oregon Poet Laureate . Oregon Cultural Trust . 30 July 2022.
  230. Web site: Pennsylvania . Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  231. Web site: Florence Van Leer Earle Nicholson Coates . Encyclopedia Britannica . 6 August 2022.
  232. Web site: Poets. Academy of American. Pennsylvania Academy of American Poets. 2022-01-13. poets.org.
  233. Web site: Barbara Buckman Strasko : Biography. 2022-01-13. barbarabuckmanstrasko.com.
  234. Web site: Society. American Folklore. 2021-09-15. Hear from Harrisburg: Creative Texts and Spoken Word Traditions. 2022-01-13. The American Folklore Society. en-US.
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  236. Web site: South Carolina . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  237. Web site: South Dakota . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  238. Web site: 2023-08-28 . South Dakota Poetry Society gets first choice for laureate . 2023-08-29 . SDPB . en.
  239. Web site: Tennessee . The Library of Congress . 11 March 2021.
  240. Web site: Texas Poets Laureate - TSLAC. December 26, 2015.
  241. Web site: Houston, San Antonio and McAllen Hire Poet Laureates. The Texas Observer. August 13, 2013. December 26, 2015.
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  243. Web site: U. English professor named Utah poet laureate. Deseret News. May 11, 2017. August 21, 2019.
  244. Web site: Vermont . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  245. Web site: Virginia . The Library of Congress . 11 March 2021.
  246. News: Jenkins. Don. State creates position of poet laureate . 12 May 2016. Tacoma News Tribune. 20 April 2007.
  247. Web site: Higginson, Ella Rhoads (1862? - 1940). historylink.org. History Ink. 12 May 2016.
  248. Web site: Samuel Green. arts.gov. National Endowment for the Arts. 12 May 2016.
  249. Book: Revised Code of Washington 43.46.081 Poet laureate program. 2015. Code Reviser.
  250. News: Macdonald . Moira . April 12, 2023 . WA's new poet laureate Arianne True on how poetry is for everyone . . March 7, 2024.
  251. News: Pailthorp . Bellamy . April 15, 2021 . Meet Rena Priest, Washington's first Indigenous poet laureate . . March 7, 2024.
  252. Web site: West Virginia . The Library of Congress . 30 July 2022.
  253. Web site: Wisconsin Poet Laureate. wisconsinacademy.org. March 11, 2021.
  254. Web site: Governor Mead Appoints Eugene M. Gagliano of Buffalo as Poet Laureate . governor.wyo.gov. August 21, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20170910141402/http://governor.wyo.gov/media/news-releases/2016-news-releases/governormeadappointseugenemgaglianoofbuffaloaspoetlaureate. September 10, 2017. dead . 11 July 2016.

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