Copper pheasant explained

The copper pheasant (Syrmaticus soemmerringii), also known as Soemmerring's pheasant or, is a pheasant endemic to the Japanese archipelago. The scientific name commemorates the German scientist Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring. It is the official bird of multiple Japanese prefectures, cities, and towns. It was commonly hunted for sport throughout the 20th century.

Its populations has been in consistent decline since the 1970's due to factors including habitat destruction and predation, but the most widely cited cause is overhunting.

Taxonomy

The copper pheasant was described in 1830 by Coenraad Temmerick as Phasianus soemmerringii.[1] It was named for the German scientist Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, while the subspecies S. s. ijimae is named for Japanese zoologist Isao Ijima. It was reclassified into the Syrmaticus genus in 1914 by William Beebe, despite the differences between the males, because he saw a high number of similarities between females of the genus.[2] However, based on the reports of interbreeding between the copper pheasant and the green pheasant (Phasianus versicolor) in Nobusuke Takatsukasa's 1943 pamphlet, Studies of the Galli of Nippon, the Ornithological Society of Japan moved the bird back into the Phasianus genus.[3] In the same book, Takatsukasa also split the copper pheasant into two species and eliminated all subspecies. Those, as well as other taxonomic changes he proposed, were termed by a United States Fish and Wildlife Service report as "not in accordance with sound systematic practice".[4] The copper pheasant is sometimes still referred to as Phasianus soemmerringii in Japanese literature.

There are five recognized subspecies of copper pheasant:[5]

Both S. s. ijimae and S. s. scintillans were initially described as distinct species.

Pleistocene-era Syrmaticus fossils in Japan have been classified as S. soemmerringii, but this identification is disputed.

Description

It is a large pheasant with a rich coppery chestnut plumage, yellowish bill, brown iris, and red facial skin. The female is a brown bird with greyish brown upperparts and buff barred dark brown below. The male has short spurs on its grey legs, while the female has none. Males are between 87.5cm (34.4inches) and 136cm (54inches) long, including the tail, while the female is between 51cm (20inches) and 54cm (21inches) (subspecies scintillating copper pheasant, scintillans).[6] Juveniles have similar plumage to the females.[7] The plumge of the chicks is, overall, chesnut, with some darker patches of brown on the back of the neck and cream-coloured feathers on the face. Darker stripes of cream and dark brown run along their face and neck.

Distribution and habitat

The copper pheasant is distributed in and endemic to the hill and mountain forests of the Honshū, Kyūshū, and Shikoku islands at elevations of up to 1800m (5,900feet). It typically confines itself to deciduous forest floors with extensive vegetation. However, members of the species also lives in conifer forests. They often nest on the edges of grasslands.[8] It naturally occurs only south of the Blakiston's Line, and this species' distribution was originally cited as evidence for the line's existence.

Copper pheasant populations have been established on Hokkaido and Sado Island.

Behavior and ecology

The bird is not heavily vocal, only occasionally making a "kuk-kuk"-like call when breeding or threatened. These pheasants are known to sunbathe, especially when living in grasslands. They roost in trees, and are a non-migratory bird.

Breeding

The copper pheasant's mating season occurs between March and July, with the exact month depending local climate. During this time, males perform their wing-whirring display and fight other males in an attempt to secure a mate. It is unknown if the species is monogamous. Male copper pheasants exhibit aggressive behaviour in captivity, sometimes killing their mates[9] It is usual for this species to be bred in captivity by means of artificial insemination.

Copper pheasants typically nest on the ground, but have also been recorded nesting in trees.[10] They often build their nests in hollows sheltered by fallen trees. Captive birds have a clutch of ten to twenty eggs, while wild birds have a clutch of seven to thirteen eggs. The cream-coloured or tan eggs take twenty five days to hatch,[11] and the chicks are able to walk within hours pf hatching. After all the chicks have hatched, they abandon the nest and stay at their mother's side until adulthood. Occasionally, the male pheasant is seen near his offspring and mate, but young are raised primarily by their mother. When threatened, she will either attack potential predators or attempt to distract them by feigning injury herself. Young birds reach maturity in less than a year.

Food and feeding

Their diet consists mainly of insects, insect larvae, worms, crabs, berries, and acorns, especially those from the Castanopsis, Machilus, Cleyera, and Castanea trees. Adults eat a substantial amount of leaf and fern matter, while the young mostly consume insects.

Threats

The copper pheasant serves as an important source of prey to Japanese populations of the golden eagle and Hodgson's hawk eagle.[12] It is susceptible to infection by the heterakis gallinarum parasite.[13]

Relationship to humans

In Japan

The copper pheasant can take the role of a yōkai in Japanese folklore. Tying the pheasant's tail feather's to an arrow grants the arrow the ability to harm malignant spirits in some stories.[14]

The copper pheasant is used in an early 8th century poem by Kakinomoto no Hitomaro,[15] where it is used a metaphor for "the separation of lovers".[16]

Several screens, dating to the eighth century and incorporating copper pheasant feathers, are kept in the Shōsō-in temple. The screens were mistakenly assumed to be Chinese, but are, in reality, of Japanese origin.[17] Unidentified bones of either copper pheasants or chickens have been found at Japanese archaeological sites from the Kofun period.[18]

The copper pheasant is a popular game animal in Japan. They are hunted both as a source of food and a source of entertainment.

It is the official bird of the Gunma[19] and Akita prefectures.[20] The Ijima subspecies is the official bird of the Miyazaki prefecture,[21] as well as a natural monument in the town of Asagiri, Kumamoto.[22] As of 2024, the copper pheasant is the also the official bird of Japanese cities, towns, and villages of Hachimantai,[23] Higashinaruse,[24] Ichinohe,[25] Ikawa,[26] Iwaizumi,[27] Isehara,[28] Kamiyama,[29] Kanegasaki,[30] Karumai,[31] Kitaaiki,[32] Kunohe,[33] Kuzumaki,[34] Mihara,[35] Mogami,[36] Ōkura,[37] Okutama,[38] Shiiba,[39] Sumita,[40] Takayama,[41] Tanohata,[42] Tōno,[43] Yasuoka,[44] Yamakita,[45] and Yuzawa.[46]

It has been depicted on stamps from Japan and Laos.

Outside Japan

Outside of Japan, the copper pheasant is infrequently kept as a pet or display animal.

In 1922, an addendum to the Plumage Act of 1908 halted the importation of copper pheasant feathers into the UK. They were removed from the list after a year.[47]

From 1907 to 1914, there was a series unsuccessful attempts made by the Hawaii Board of Agriculture and Forestry to establish copper pheasants colonies on the Hawaiian islands.[48] [49] Another attempt to introduce the birds to the United States was made around 1885 by an American diplomat, when he released three pairs of birds into Puget Sound.[50] It was made illegal in the U.S. states of Nebraska[51] and Oregon[52] to hunt birds he had introduced, but a copper pheasant population was never established.

Status

As of 2016, the copper pheasant was listed as "Near Threatened" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, with the exact number of wild adults unknown. It has been listed as a near-threatened species since 2004, but had previously held the same classification in 1988. The ijimae subspecies is protected in Japan, with both S. s. soemmeringii and S. s. ijimae being listed as "Near Threatened" on the Japanese Red List.[53]

In 1995, an IUCN report called for the continued monitoring of the species, citing over-hunting and a lack of knowledge about the species' behaviour as a reason to study and protect them. Threats to the species include non-native predation, overhunting, and habitat destruction. Feral dogs and cats disturb nesting sites, further negatively impacting the species. However, overhunting is widely considered as the greatest threat to the species.[54]

Throughout the twentieth century half a million to 800,000 copper pheasants were killed by hunters every year. In 1976, to prevent further decline of the species, it was made illegal in Japan to hunt female copper pheasants. The number of birds hunted decreased to 100,000 per year by the 1990s. As of 2006, the number of birds killed annually had dropped to 6,000. To allow for hunting, copper pheasants are bred and released every year throughout Japan, including in regions such as Hokkaido and Sado Island, where they are a non-native species.

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Temminck, Coenraad J. . Coenraad Jacob Temminck . Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux : pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon . 1838 . Paris . 83 . fr . New collection of colored plates of birds, to serve as a continuation and complement to Buffon's illuminated plates.
  2. Book: Beebe, William . William Beebe . Preliminary Pheasant Studies . 1914 . United States . 283-284.
  3. Book: Bohl, Wayne H. . A Study and Review of the Japanese Green and Korean Ring-necked Pheasants . . 1964 . Washington D.C. . 29.
  4. Book: Austin, O.L . Japanese Ornithology and Mammalogy during World War II (An Annotated Bibliography): Wildlife Leaflet 305 . Hachisuka . Masauji . Takashima . Haruo . Kuroda . Nagahisa . . 1948 . 15.
  5. Web site: Syrmaticus soemmerringii . 2024-05-21 . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . en-US.
  6. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 2, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
  7. Book: McGowan, Phil . Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse: Including buttonquails, sandgrouse and allies . Madge . Steve . . 2010 . 978-1-4081-3566-2 . illustrated . 320-321.
  8. Kawaji . Noritomo . 2013-11-28 . Copper Pheasant . Bird Research News . 3 . 11 . 4-5 . 2024-05-09.
  9. Book: Delacour, Jean . Pheasant breeding and care . . 1978 . Neptune, New Jersey . 28-29.
  10. Kawaji . Noritomo . 2006 . Yamadori chijō negura no hatsu kansatsu kiroku . ja:ヤマドリ地上ねぐらの初観察記録 . First observation of ground roosting of the copper pheasant. . 日本鳥学会誌 . 55 . 2 . 92–95 . 10.2326/jjo.55.92.
  11. Book: Howman, Keith . Pheasants of the World: Their Breeding and Management . Hancock House Publishing . 1993 . 136 . Status in captivity: poor outside Japan.
  12. Yamaguchi . Yasuhiro . Kawaji . Noritomo . 2003 . Habitat Use of the Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii in Central Japan . Bulletin of FFPRI . Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute . 2 . 3 . 193.
  13. Book: Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds . 2009-03-10 . . 978-0-8138-0457-6 . Atkinson . Carter T. . 2009 . 391 . Hunter . D. Bruce . Thomas . Nancy J..
  14. Book: Aramata, Hiroshi . Sekai dai hakubutsu zukan . Heibonsha . 1987 . 4 . 133 . ja . ja:世界大博物図鑑 . World Museum Illustrated Book.
  15. Book: Mostow, Joshua S. . Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image . University of Hawaii Press . 1996 . 0-8248-1705-2 . 149.
  16. Mewhinney . Matthew1 . 2022 . The Pheasant’s Call and the Sound of Sympathy. . Japanese Language & Literature . 56 . 1 . 17-18 . 10.5195/jll.2022.223 . 1536-7827. free .
  17. Milburn . Olivia . 2020 . Featherwork in Early and Medieval China . . en . 140 . 3 . 561 . 10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.3.0549 . 2169-2289 . JSTOR.
  18. Book: The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology . . 2007 . 978-0-19-968647-6 . Russ . Hannah . 345 . Vickers . Kim . Rizzetto . Mauro . Viner-Daniels . Sarah . Albarella . Umberto.
  19. Web site: Ken no shiboru . ja:県のシンボル . Prefecture Symbols . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220921013035/https://www.pref.gunma.jp/01/bu0100008.html . 2022-09-21 . 2024-05-09 . www.pref.gunma.jp . ja.
  20. Web site: 2017-10-02 . Akita no shinboru (Kiddzupēji) . ja:秋田のシンボル（キッズページ） . Symbols of the Akita Prefecture (For kids) . 2024-05-09 . 美の国あきたネット . ja.
  21. Web site: 宮崎県 . Ken no ki・ken no hana・ken no tori . ja:県の木・県の花・県の鳥 . Prefecture tree, prefecture flower, prefecture bird . 2024-05-11 . 宮崎県 . ja.
  22. Web site: Koshijiro-yamadori . ja:コシジロヤマドリ . White-waisted yamadori . 2024-05-11 . www.town.asagiri.lg.jp . ja.
  23. Web site: 2021-04-01 . Shimin kenshō to ichi no hana tori ki ga kettei shimashita . ja:市民憲章と市の花・鳥・木が決定しました . Citizen charter and city flowers, birds, and trees decided . 2024-05-12 . www.city.hachimantai.lg.jp.
  24. Web site: 2023-05-01 . Gi-kai yō ran . ja:議 会 要 覧 . 2024-05-11 . vill.higashinaruse.lg.jp.
  25. Web site: Ichinohechō no shinboru . ja:一戸町のシンボル . Symbolc of Ichinohe Town . 2024-05-12 . www.town.ichinohe.iwate.jp . ja.
  26. Web site: Gappei kyōgi-kaida yori . ja:合併協議会だより . 2024-05-11 . town.ikawa.akita.jp . 9.
  27. Web site: Chōka・machi tori・chōboku . ja:町花・町鳥・町木 . Town flower, town bird, town tree . 2024-05-12 . www.town.iwaizumi.lg.jp . ja.
  28. Web site: Ichi no ki, ichi no hana, ichi no tori . ja:市の木、市の花、市の鳥 . City tree, city flower, city bird . 2024-05-12 . www.city.isehara.kanagawa.jp.
  29. Web site: 2015-09-07 . Ichi・chisei rekishi・enkaku ni tsuite . ja:位置・地勢、歴史・沿革について . About the location, topography, and history . 2024-05-12 . town.kamiyama.lg.jp . ja-JP.
  30. Web site: Machi no gaiyō . ja:町の概要 . Town overview . 2024-05-12 . www.town.kanegasaki.iwate.jp.
  31. Web site: Hiro-hō karumai . ja:広 報 かるまい . Public Relations Karumai . 2024-05-12 . town.karumai.iwate.jp . 5.
  32. Web site: 2024-04-08 . Kitaaiki-mura ni tsuite . ja:北相木村について . About Kitaaiki Village . 2024-05-12 . vill.kitaaiki.nagano.jp . ja.
  33. Web site: Sonmin kenshō sonshō yurai . ja:村民憲章・村章・由来 . Villager Charter/Village Emblem/Origin . 2024-05-12 . www.vill.kunohe.iwate.jp . ja.
  34. Web site: 2023-07-09 . Gaiyō . ja:概要 . Overview . 2024-05-12 . www.town.kuzumaki.lg.jp . ja.
  35. Web site: Mihara no go shōkai . ja:三原村のご紹介 . Introduction to Miharu . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220308172930/http://www.vill.mihara.kochi.jp/kurasi/info.html . 2022-03-08 . www.vill.mihara.kochi.jp.
  36. Web site: Chōshō to machi no ki, hana, tori . ja:町章と町の木、花、鳥 . Town emblem and town trees, flowers, and birds . 2024-05-12 . town.mogami.lg.jp.
  37. Web site: Mura no gaiyō . ja:村の概要 . Village overview . 2024-05-12 . www.vill.ohkura.yamagata.jp . ja.
  38. Web site: 2022-04-01 . Chōshō ki hana tori . ja:町章・木・花・鳥 . Town emblem, tree, flower, bird . 2024-05-12 . www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp . ja.
  39. Web site: 2015-03-15 . Shībason no gaiyō . ja:椎葉村の概要 . Overview of Shiiba villiage . 2024-05-12 . www.vill.shiiba.miyazaki.jp.
  40. Web site: Me de mite wakaru sumidamachi . ja:目で見てわかる住田町 . Sumita Town Data . 2024-05-12 . town.sumita.iwate.jp/ . ja.
  41. Web site: Kōyamamura no gaiyō . ja:高山村の概要 . Overview of Takayama Village . 2024-05-12 . vill.takayama.gunma.jp.
  42. Web site: Sonshō mura no shinboru . ja:村章・村のシンボル . Village coat of arms/village symbol . 2024-05-12 . www.vill.tanohata.iwate.jp.
  43. Web site: 2006-06-14 . Tōno-shi no hana・tori・ki . ja:遠野市の花・鳥・木 . Tōno's pfficial flower, bird, and plant . 2024-05-12 . www.city.tono.iwate.jp . ja.
  44. Web site: Yasuoka-mura no shōkai . ja:泰阜村の紹介 . Introduction to Yasuoka Villiage . 2024-05-12 . www.vill.yasuoka.nagano.jp.
  45. Web site: Chōshō machi no ki hana tori . ja:町章・町の木・花・鳥 . Town emblem, town tree, flower, bird . 2024-05-12 . town.yamakita.kanagawa.jp . ja.
  46. Web site: Ichi no hana ki tori . ja:市の花・木・鳥 . City flower, tree, and bird . 2024-05-12 . www.city-yuzawa.jp.
  47. News: 1923-08-20 . The Plumage Act. . . London, England . 7 . 43424.
  48. Schwartz . Charles W. . Schwartz . Elizabeth Reeder . 1951 . An Ecological Reconnaissance of the Pheasants in Hawaii . . 68 . 3 . 283 . 10.2307/4080980.
  49. Web site: Pyle . Robert L. . Pyle . Peter . 2017-01-01 . The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status . 2024-05-12 . hbs.bishopmuseum.org.
  50. Book: Phillips, John C. . Wild birds introduced or transplanted in North America . . 1928 . 45.
  51. Book: Game Laws of Nebraska in force March 7, 1899 . Jacob Nord & Co., Printers . 1898 . Sheldon . A. E. . 1.
  52. Book: Woodcock, Arthur Roy . Annotated list of the birds of Oregon . Oregon Agricultural Printing Office . 1902 . 104.
  53. Web site: 2020 . [Honyūrui] Kankyōshō reddo risuto 2020 ]. ja:【哺乳類】環境省レッドリスト2020 . (Mammals) Ministry of the Environment Red List 2020 . 2024-05-11 . www.env.go.jp . . ja.
  54. Book: Richardson, Matthew . Threatened and Recently Extinct Vertebrates of the World . . 2023 . 978-1-108-85258-6.

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