| Conflict: | Convoy ON 92 |
| Partof: | the Battle of the Atlantic of World War II |
| Date: | 6–21 May 1942 |
| Place: | North Atlantic |
| Result: | German victory |
| Combatant2: |   |
| Commander1: | BdU |
| Commander2: | Comm R Gill |
| Strength1: | 9 submarines |
| Strength2: | 1 destroyer 4 corvettes 1 cutter 46 merchant ships |
| Casualties1: | None |
| Casualties2: | 9 killed 7 merchant ships sunk 1 merchant ship damaged |
Convoy ON 92 was a trade convoy of merchant ships during the Second World War. It was the 92nd of the numbered series of ON convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America. The ships departed from Liverpool on 6 May 1942[1] and were joined on 7 May[2] by Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group A-3.
The convoy was discovered by Wolfpack Hecht on 11 May; seven ships were sunk before the U-boats lost contact with the convoy on 13 May.[3] Surviving ships reached Halifax, Nova Scotia on 21 May.[1]
ON 92 was a west-bound convoy of 42 ships, either in ballast or carrying trade goods, and sailed from Liverpool on 6 May 1942 bound for ports in North America. The convoy commodore was Capt. R Gill in Southern Princess.
It was escorted by mid-ocean escort group A-3, comprising the United States Navy destroyer (Capt. J Heffernan as Senior Officer Escort), the United States Coast Guard cutter, and four Royal Canadian Navy corvettes,, and . The convoy was supported by a rescue ship, the North Sea packet .[4] Two of the merchant ships were equipped as CAM ships, with a catapult-launched Hurricane fighter as temporary air cover. Heffernan had a background in destroyers and anti-submarine warfare but was inexperienced in convoy protection, as was his group. Only Bittersweet had the new 10 cm radar, and only the rescue ship Bury had HF/DF.[5] [6]
ON 92's passage was barred by the patrol group "Hecht", comprising six Type VII U-boats. Of these two commanders were experienced Knight's Cross holders, while the others were on their first Atlantic patrol.[5]
After making rendezvous with its ocean escort ON 92 proceeded west, following along the great circle route to reduce distance. However German intelligence (B-Dienst) was aware of its passage, and U-boat Command (BdU) was able to send group "Hecht" in pursuit.On the morning of 11 May made contact and began to shadow. Its transmissions were detected by Bury, which was confirmed by the Admiralty that afternoon but Heffernan made no response until 1700, when he led Gleaves and Spencer in a wide sweep around the convoy. At 1749 Gleaves sighted a U-boat ahead and both proceeded to attack, continuing until after midnight.[7] Meanwhile two more U-boats were in contact, and, both commanded by Knights Cross holders. After sunset the commodore ordered evasive maneuvers, but without success, and at 2300 U-124 attacked, sinking Empire Dell and damaging Llanover.[8] A second attack by U-124 hit Mount Parnes and Cristales, while U-94 hit Cocles. Algoma sighted one and counter-attacked but with no success. At this point Gleaves and Spencer rejoined the convoy and no more attacks developed. Arvida and Shediac were able to pick up survivors, with Bury.[9]
On 12 May the three U-boats in contact were joined by three more "Hecht" boats,, and, and all six continued to shadow. At 1300 Heffernan again detached Gleaves and Spencer in a sweep around the convoy; at 1943 Spencer sighted two U-boats northwest of the convoy, and engaged with gunfire, while at the same time Gleaves made a sonar contact southeast and again began an anti-submarine hunt.
At 2253 the U-boats around the convoy attacked again, U-94 hitting Batna. She was counter-attacked by Bittersweet, but escaped. Both ships with both firing star shell, which brought Gleaves and Spencer back to the convoy. At 0310 on 13 May U-94 had a final success, hitting Tolken, but was driven off by defensive gunfire from the merchant. At this point foul weather closed in and the pack lost contact.
No further attacks developed and on 13 May Bury, with 178 survivors on board, was detached to St Johns, escorted by Arvida.[10] The convoy was joined by units of Western Local Escort Force on 17 May and made port at Halifax on 21 May.[5]
ON 92 lost seven ships of a total of 42 that set out. The Admiralty and Western Approaches Command (WAC) were unimpressed with Heffernan's performance, particularly as he described it in his report as a success, commenting "all escorts are entitled to credit for a highly satisfactory performance." WAC disagreed, feeling the group had "failed lamentably" in its defence of ON 92. The commodores report sums up the episode by commenting "Gleaves was never there when ON 92 was attacked."[10] After this Heffernan was moved to other duties, with leadership of A-3 being passed to USCG commander P Heineman of the cutter .[5]
BdU had reason to be pleased with the sinking of seven merchant ships from the convoy, although this was the only successful attack on any North Atlantic convoy in the month of May. It was also noticeable that the only success fell to the two experienced commanders; the other four "Hecht" skippers achieved nothing.[11]
| Name[12] | Flag | Tonnage (GRT) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Achilles (1906) |  | 1,815 | Bound for St John's, Newfoundland |
| Alex (1914) | 3,932 | Bound for Halifax | |
| Batna (1928) | 4,399 | Sunk By [13] SE of Cape Farewell, Greenland On 13 May. 1 dead. Survivors picked up by Bury | |
| Belinda (1939) |  | 8,325 | Bound for Corpus Christi, Texas |
| British Power (1936) | 8,451 | Bound for Houston | |
| Bury (1911) | 1,686 | ||
| Carras (1918) |  | 5,234 | Bound for Father Point, Quebec |
| Chagres (1919) |  | 5,545 | Bound for Boston |
| Clearpool (1935) | 5,404 | Bound for Father Point, Quebec | |
| Cocle (1920) | | 5,630 | Sunk By [14] on 12 May 740nmi SE of Cape Farewell, Greenland. 5 dead. Survivors picked up by Bury and landed at St. John's, Newfoundland. |
| Cristales (1926) | 5,389 | Sunk by [15] on 12 May SE of Cape Farewell, Greenland. 0 dead. Abandoned and sunk by gunfire from HMCS Shediac. Survivors picked up by Shediac and USCGC Spencer and landed at Boston. | |
| Dean Emery (1919) | | 6,664 | Bound for Beaumont, Texas |
| Dimitrios Chandris (1910) | | 4,643 | Returned |
| Dorcasia (1938) | 8,053 | Bound for Houston | |
| Dorington Court (1939) | 5,281 | Bound for New York City | |
| Elisabeth Lensen (1910) | 4,212 | Bound for Father Point, Quebec | |
| (1919) | 4,945 | Bound for Halifax. Ship's Master is Vice-Commodore | |
| (1918) | 5,684 | Bound for Baltimore | |
| (1941) | 7,069 | CAM Ship. Bound for Halifax | |
| (1941) | 7,065 | CAM ship. Sunk by [16] on 12 May. 2 dead. Survivors picked up by HMCS Shediac and Bury, and landed at St. John's, Newfoundland | |
| Empire Wolfe (1941) | 2,888 | Bound for Halifax | |
| Errington Court (1925) | 4,913 | Bound for River Clyde | |
| Evanger (1920) | | 3,869 | |
| Fort Binger (1919) | 5,671 | With torpedo damage (uxb), in the port bow, from [17] on 18 May. 1 dead. Fog closed in, so U-boat lost contact and the Fort Binger docked for repairs in Yarmouth before making it to Halifax[18] | |
| Gazcon (1932) | 4,224 | ||
| Grey Lag (1910) | | 3,312 | Bound for Halifax |
| Ivan Topic (1920) | 4,943 | Bound for New York City | |
| Juno (1908) | | 1,763 | Bound for New York City |
| Langleebrook (1930) | 4,246 | Bound for New York City | |
| Lisbeth (1922) | | 2,732 | Bound for Halifax |
| Llanover (1928) | 4,959 | Sunk by [19] SE of Cape Farewell, Greenland on 12 May. 0 Dead. Scuttled by HMCS Arvida. Survivors picked up by Bury and landed at St. John's, Newfoundland | |
| Mount Parnes (1917) | | 4,371 | Sunk by [20] on 12 May 650nmi SE of Cape Farewell, Greenland. 0 dead. |
| Mount Rhodope (1919) | | 5,182 | Bound for Montreal |
| Mount Taurus (1920) | | 6,696 | Bound for Montreal |
| Portsea (1938) | 1,583 | Bound for Pictou | |
| (1941) | | 2,866 | Bound for Father Point, Quebec |
| San Ambrosio (1935) | 7,410 | ||
| Selvik (1920) | | 1,557 | |
| Selvistan (1924) | 5,136 | Bound for Halifax | |
| Solarium (1936) | 6,239 | Bound for Baton Rouge | |
| Southern Princess (1915) | 2,156 | Bound for Boston. Capt R Gill CBE Rd RNR (Commodore) | |
| Spokane (1929) | | 2,882 | Bound for Charleston, South Carolina |
| Suecia (1912) |  | 4,966 | Returned |
| Titanian (1924) | | 4,880 | Bound for Father Point, Quebec |
| Tolken (1922) | | 4,471 | Sunk by [21] 675nmi SE of Cape Farewell, Greenland On 13 May. 0 dead. Survivors picked up by Bury and landed at St. John's, Newfoundland |
| Zypenberg (1920) | | 4,973 | Bound for New York City |
| Name | Flag | Type | Joined | Left | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 May 1942 | 18 May 1942 | ||||
| < | --EDIT NOTE: This is correct per the article sources, regardless of what some Swedish band may say. See talk page for further discussion.--> | United States Coast Guard | 7 May 1942 | 18 May 1942 | |
| 7 May 1942 | 18 May 1942 | ||||
| 7 May 1942 | 14 May 1942 | ||||
| HMCS Bittersweet | 7 May 1942 | 18 May 1942 | |||
| 7 May 1942 | 16 May 1942 | ||||
The convoy was attacked by Wolfpack Hecht, which consisted of U-boats, namely: