Convergence tests explained

\sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} a _{n} .

List of tests

Limit of the summand

If the limit of the summand is undefined or nonzero, that is

\lim _{n} a _{n} \ne 0 , then the series must diverge. In this sense, the partial sums are Cauchy only if this limit exists and is equal to zero. The test is inconclusive if the limit of the summand is zero. This is also known as the nth-term test, test for divergence, or the divergence test.

Ratio test

This is also known as d'Alembert's criterion.

Suppose that there exists

r such that\lim _{n\toinfty} \left| (a _{n+1})/(a _{n}) \right| = r.

If r < 1, then the series is absolutely convergent. If r > 1, then the series diverges. If r = 1, the ratio test is inconclusive, and the series may converge or diverge.

Root test

This is also known as the nth root test or Cauchy's criterion.

Let

r = \limsup _{n\toinfty} \sqrt[n]{|a _{n|},}

where

\limsup denotes the limit superior (possibly inf ty ; if the limit exists it is the same value).

If r < 1, then the series converges absolutely. If r > 1, then the series diverges. If r = 1, the root test is inconclusive, and the series may converge or diverge.The root test is stronger than the ratio test: whenever the ratio test determines the convergence or divergence of an infinite series, the root test does too, but not conversely.^[1]

Integral test

The series can be compared to an integral to establish convergence or divergence. Let

f:[ 1 , inf ty)\to\R _{+} be a non-negative and monotonically decreasing function such that f(n) = a _{n} . Ifthen the series converges. But if the integral diverges, then the series does so as well. In other words, the series {a _{n}} converges if and only if the integral converges.

-series test

A commonly-used corollary of the integral test is the p-series test. Let

k > 0 . Then \sum ^{inf ty} _{n = k} ( (1)/(n ^{p}) ) converges if p > 1 .

The case of

p = 1 , k = 1 yields the harmonic series, which diverges. The case of p = 2 , k = 1 is the Basel problem and the series converges to (\pi ^{2})/(6) . In general, for p > 1 , k = 1 , the series is equal to the Riemann zeta function applied to p , that is \zeta(p) .

Direct comparison test

If the series

\sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} b _{n} is an absolutely convergent series and |a _{n|\le} |b _{n|} for sufficiently large n , then the series \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} a _{n} converges absolutely.

Limit comparison test

If

\{a _{n\},\{b} _{n\}>0} , (that is, each element of the two sequences is positive) and the limit \lim _{n\toinfty} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) exists, is finite and non-zero, then either both series converge or both series diverge.

Cauchy condensation test

Let

\left \{ a _{n} \right \} be a non-negative non-increasing sequence. Then the sum A = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} a _{n} converges if and only if the sum A ^{*} = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =0} 2 ^{n} a _{2 ^{n}} converges. Moreover, if they converge, then A \leq A ^{*} \leq 2 A holds.

Abel's test

Suppose the following statements are true:

\sum a _{n} is a convergent series,\left\{b _{n\right\}} is a monotonic sequence, and\left\{b _{n\right\}} is bounded.

Then

\sum a _{nb} _{n} is also convergent.

Absolute convergence test

Every absolutely convergent series converges.

Alternating series test

Suppose the following statements are true:

a _{n} are all positive,\lim _{n} a _{n} = 0 and

• for every n,

a _{n+1} \le a _{n} .

Then

\sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} ( -1 ) ^{n} a _{n} and \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} ( -1 ) ^{n+1} a _{n} are convergent series. This test is also known as the Leibniz criterion.

Dirichlet's test

If

\{a _{n\}} is a sequence of real numbers and \{b _{n\}} a sequence of complex numbers satisfyinga _{n} \geq a _{n+1} \lim _{n} a _{n} = 0 \left|\sum ^{N} _{n =1} b _{n\right|\leq} M for every positive integer N

where M is some constant, then the series

\sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} a _{n} b _{n}

converges.

Cauchy's convergence test

A series

\sum ^{inf ty} _{i =0} a _{i} is convergent if and only if for every \varepsilon> 0 there is a natural number N such that|a _{n+1} + a _{n+2} + … + a _{n+p} |<\varepsilon

holds for all and all .

Stolz–Cesàro theorem

Let

(a _{n)} _{n} and (b _{n)} _{n} be two sequences of real numbers. Assume that (b _{n)} _{n} is a strictly monotone and divergent sequence and the following limit exists:\lim _{n} (a _{n+1} - a _{n})/(b _{n+1} - b _{n}) = l. Then, the limit\lim _{n} (a _{n})/(b _{n}) = l.

Weierstrass M-test

Suppose that (f_n) is a sequence of real- or complex-valued functions defined on a set A, and that there is a sequence of non-negative numbers (M_n) satisfying the conditions

|f _{n(x)|\leq} M _{n} for all n \geq 1 and all x \in A , and\sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} M _{n} converges.Then the series \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} f _{n} (x) converges absolutely and uniformly on A.

Extensions to the ratio test

The ratio test may be inconclusive when the limit of the ratio is 1. Extensions to the ratio test, however, sometimes allows one to deal with this case.

Raabe–Duhamel's test

Let be a sequence of positive numbers.

Define

b _{n = n\left( (a _{n})/(a _{n+1})} -1 \right).

If

L = \lim _{n\toinfty} b _{n}

exists there are three possibilities:

• if L > 1 the series converges (this includes the case L = ∞)
• if L < 1 the series diverges
• and if L = 1 the test is inconclusive.

An alternative formulation of this test is as follows. Let be a series of real numbers. Then if b > 1 and K (a natural number) exist such that

\left| (a _{n+1})/(a _{n}) \right|\le 1- (b)/(n)

for all n > K then the series is convergent.

Bertrand's test

Let be a sequence of positive numbers.

Define

b _{n=ln} n\left(n\left( (a _{n})/(a _{n+1}) -1 \right) -1 \right).

If

L = \lim _{n\toinfty} b _{n}

exists, there are three possibilities:^{[2] [3]}

• if L > 1 the series converges (this includes the case L = ∞)
• if L < 1 the series diverges
• and if L = 1 the test is inconclusive.

Gauss's test

Let be a sequence of positive numbers. If

(a _{n})/(a _{n}) = 1+ (\alpha)/(n) + O( 1 /n ^{\beta)} for some β > 1, then \sum a _{n} converges if and diverges if .

Kummer's test

Let be a sequence of positive numbers. Then:^{[4] [5] [6]}

(1)

\sum a _{n} converges if and only if there is a sequence b _{n} of positive numbers and a real number c > 0 such that b _{k} (a _{k} /a _{k+1} ) - b _{k+1} \ge c .

(2)

\sum a _{n} diverges if and only if there is a sequence b _{n} of positive numbers such that b _{k} (a _{k} /a _{k+1} ) - b _{k+1} \le 0

and

\sum 1 /b _{n} diverges.

Abu-Mostafa's test

Let

\sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} a _{n} be an infinite series with real terms and let f:\R\to\R be any real function such that f( 1 /n) = a _{n} for all positive integers n and the second derivative f'' exists at x =0 . Then \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} a _{n} converges absolutely if f( 0 ) = f'( 0 ) =0 and diverges otherwise.^[7]

Notes

• For some specific types of series there are more specialized convergence tests, for instance for Fourier series there is the Dini test.

Examples

Consider the series

Cauchy condensation test implies that is finitely convergent if

is finitely convergent. Since

\sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} 2 ^{n} \left( (1)/(2 ^{n}) \right) ^{\alpha} = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} 2 ^{n-n\alpha} = \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} 2 ^{(1-\alpha)}

is a geometric series with ratio

Convergence of products

While most of the tests deal with the convergence of infinite series, they can also be used to show the convergence or divergence of infinite products. This can be achieved using following theorem: Let

\left \{ a _{n} \right \} ^{inf ty} _{n =1} be a sequence of positive numbers. Then the infinite product \prod ^{inf ty} _{n =1} ( 1 + a _{n)} converges if and only if the series \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} a _{n} converges. Also similarly, if 0 < a _{n} < 1 holds, then \prod ^{inf ty} _{n =1} ( 1 - a _{n)} approaches a non-zero limit if and only if the series \sum ^{inf ty} _{n =1} a _{n} converges .

This can be proved by taking the logarithm of the product and using limit comparison test.^[8]

See also

• L'Hôpital's rule
• Shift rule

Further reading

• Book: Leithold, Louis . Louis Leithold . The Calculus, with Analytic Geometry . New York . Harper & Row . 2nd . 1972 . 0-06-043959-9 . 655–737 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: MathCS.org - Real Analysis: Ratio Test. Bert G.. Wachsmuth. www.mathcs.org.
2. František Ďuriš, Infinite series: Convergence tests, pp. 24–9. Bachelor's thesis.
3. Web site: Bertrand's Test. Weisstein. Eric W.. mathworld.wolfram.com. en. 2020-04-16.
4. 1835-01-01. Über die Convergenz und Divergenz der unendlichen Reihen.. Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 1835. 13. 171–184. 10.1515/crll.1835.13.171. 121050774. 0075-4102.
5. Tong. Jingcheng. 1994. Kummer's Test Gives Characterizations for Convergence or Divergence of all Positive Series. The American Mathematical Monthly. 101. 5. 450–452. 10.2307/2974907. 2974907.
6. Samelson. Hans. 1995. More on Kummer's Test. The American Mathematical Monthly. en. 102. 9. 817–818. 10.1080/00029890.1995.12004667. 0002-9890.
7. Abu-Mostafa. Yaser. 1984. A Differentiation Test for Absolute Convergence. Mathematics Magazine. 57. 4. 228–231.
8. Web site: Convergence of Infinite Products. Jim. Belk. 26 January 2008.