Contronym Explained

A contronym is a word with two opposite meanings; such a word is also known as an antagonym, autoantonym, contranym, or Janus word.^{[1] [2]} For example, the word cleave can mean "to cut apart" or "to bind together". This feature is also called enantiosemy,^{[3] [4]} enantionymy (enantio- means "opposite"), antilogy or autoantonymy. An enantiosemic term is by definition polysemic.

Nomenclature

A contronym is alternatively called an autantonym, auto-antonym, antagonym, enantiodrome, enantionym, Janus word (after the Roman god Janus, who is usually depicted with two faces),^[2] self-antonym, antilogy, or addad (Arabic, singular didd).^{[5] [6]}

Linguistic mechanisms

Some pairs of contronyms are true homographs, i.e., distinct words with different etymologies which happen to have the same form.^[7] For instance cleave "separate" is from Old English clēofan, while cleave "adhere" is from Old English clifian, which was pronounced differently.

Other contronyms are a form of polysemy, but where a single word acquires different and ultimately opposite definitions. For example, sanction—"permit" or "penalize"; bolt (originally from crossbows)—"leave quickly" or "fix/immobilize"; fast—"moving rapidly" or "fixed in place". Some English examples result from nouns being verbed in the patterns of "add <noun> to" and "remove <noun> from"; e.g. dust, seed, stone. Denotations and connotations can drift or branch over centuries. An apocryphal story relates how Charles II (or sometimes Queen Anne) described St Paul's Cathedral (using contemporaneous English) as "English: awful, pompous, and artificial", with the meaning (rendered in modern English) of "awe-inspiring, majestic, and ingeniously designed".^[8] "Literally" has had a literal meaning of "word for word", but its increasing use as a intensifier in colloquial speech can make it express "not literally but with emphasis".^[9] Negative words such as English: bad|italic=yes^[10] and sick sometimes acquire ironic senses by antiphrasis referring to traits that are impressive and admired, if not necessarily positive (that outfit is bad as hell; lyrics full of sick burns).

Some contronyms result from differences in varieties of English. For example, to table a bill means "to put it up for debate" in British English, while it means "to remove it from debate" in American English (where British English would have "shelve", which in this sense has an identical meaning in American English). To barrack, in Australian English, is to loudly demonstrate support, while in British English it is to express disapproval and contempt.

In Latin, Latin: [[wikt:sacer#Latin|sacer]] has the double meaning "sacred, holy" and "accursed, infamous". Greek Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: [[wikt:δημιουργός#Greek|δημιουργός]] gave Latin its Latin: [[wikt:demiurgus#Latin|demiurgus]], from which English got its demiurge, which can refer either to God as the creator or to the devil, depending on philosophical context.

In some languages, a word stem associated with a single event may treat the action of that event as unitary, so in translation it may appear contronymic. For example, Latin Latin: hospes can be translated as both "guest" and "host". In some varieties of English, borrow may mean both "borrow" and "lend".

Examples

English

• Cleave can mean "to cling" or "to split apart".^{[2] [11]}
• Clip can mean "attach" or "cut off".
• Dust can mean "to remove dust" (cleaning a house) or "to add dust" (e.g., to dust a cake with powdered sugar).^[2]
• Fast can mean "without moving; fixed in place", (holding fast, also as in "steadfast"), or "moving quickly".^[2]
• Obbligato in music traditionally means a passage is "obligatory" but has also been used to mean "optional".^{[12] [13]}
• Overlook can mean "to make an accidental omission or error" or "to engage in close scrutiny or control".^[14]
• Oversight can mean "accidental omission or error" or "close scrutiny or control".^[15]
• Peruse can mean to "consider with attention and in detail" or "look over or through in a casual or cursory manner".^{[16] [17]}
• Ravel can mean "to separate" (e.g., threads in cloth) or "to entangle".^[18]
• Sanction can mean "approve" or "penalize".
• Table can mean "to discuss a topic at a meeting" (British English) or "to postpone discussion of a topic" (American English).^[19]

Other languages

Nouns

• The Korean noun 앞(ap) may mean either "future" or "past" (distinguished by context).

Verbs

• The German verb ausleihen, the Dutch verb lenen, the Afrikaans verb leen, the Polish verb pożyczyć, the Russian verb одолжить (odolžítʹ), the Finnish verb lainata, and the Esperanto verb prunti can mean either "to lend" or "to borrow", with case, pronouns, and mention of persons making the sense clear. The verb stem conveys that "a lending-and-borrowing event is occurring", and the other cues convey who is lending to whom. This makes sense because anytime lending is occurring, borrowing is simultaneously occurring; one cannot happen without the other.
• The German verb umfahren can mean either "to drive around" or "to run over". The two variants are distinguished by stress, though. The Afrikaans verb omry can also mean either "to drive around" or "to run over", but with no distinction in pronunciation.
• The Romanian verb a închiria, the French verb louer, the Afrikaans verb huur, the Finnish verb vuokrata^[20] and the Spanish Spanish; Castilian: alquilar and Spanish; Castilian: arrendar^[21] mean "to rent" (as the lessee does) as well as "to let" (as the lessor does). The English verb can also describe either the lessee's or the lessor's role.
• The Swahili verb kutoa means both "to remove" and "to add".
• The Chinese word "大败", it means both "be defeated" and "to defeat".
• The Persian verb چیدن (čidan) means both "to pluck" and "to arrange" (i.e. by putting objects down).
• In Spanish (basic meaning "to give"), when applied to lessons or subjects, can mean "to teach", "to take classes" or "to recite", depending on the context.^[22] Similarly with the French verb apprendre, which usually means "to learn" but may refer to the action of teaching someone.^[23] Dutch and Afrikaans can mean "to teach" or "to learn".
• The Indonesian verbs menghiraukan and mengacuhkan can mean "to regard" or "to ignore".
• The Indonesian/Malay adjective usah can mean "required" or "discouraged" (disambiguated by the use of tidak or tak "don't").

Adverbs

• Hindi: कल and Urdu: کل (kal pronounced as /kəl/) may mean either "yesterday" or "tomorrow" (disambiguated by the verb in the sentence).
• can mean "a while ago" or "in a little bit/later on"^[24]

Agent nouns

• The Italian, Spanish and French cognates (respectively) ospite, huésped and hôte can mean "host" or "guest". The three words derive from the Latin hospes, which also carries both meanings.

Adjectives

• The Latin sinister meant both "auspicious" and "inauspicious", within the respective Roman and Greek traditions of augury.^[25] The negative meaning was carried on into French and ultimately English.^[26]
• Latin means "excessive, too much". It maintained this meaning in Spanish, but it was also misinterpreted as "insignificant, without importance".^{[27] [28]}
• In Vietnamese, means among other things "bright, clear" (from Sino-Vietnamese Vietnamese: 明) and "dead, gloomy" (from Vietnamese: 冥). Because of this, the name of the dwarf planet Pluto is not adapted from as in Chinese, Japanese and Korean.^{[29] [30] [31]}
• Spanish meant originally "blissful, fortunate" as in Spanish; Castilian: tierra dichosa, "fortunate land". However it developed an ironic and colloquial meaning "bothersome, unlucky", as in Spanish; Castilian: ¡Dichosas moscas!, "Damned flies!".^[32]

In translation

Seeming contronyms can arise from translation. In Hawaiian, for example, aloha is translated both as "hello" and as "goodbye", but the essential meaning of the word is "love", whether used as a greeting or farewell. Similarly, 안녕 (annyeong) in Korean can mean both "hello" and "goodbye" but the central meaning is "peace". The Italian greeting ciao is translated as "hello" or "goodbye" depending on the context; the original meaning was "at your service" (literally "(I'm your) slave").^[33]

See also

• Īhām, ambiguity used as a literary device in Middle Eastern poetry
• -onym, suffix denoting a class of names
• Oxymoron, contradiction used as a figure of speech
• Skunked term, a term that becomes difficult to use because it is evolving from one meaning to another, or is otherwise controversial

Further reading

• Sheidlower, Jesse (1 November 2005). "The Word We Love To Hate". Slate.
• Leithauser, Brad (14 October 2013). "Unusable Words". The New Yorker.
• Herman, Judith B. (30 May 2014). "25 Words That Are Their Own Opposites". Mental Floss.
• Schulz, Kathryn (7 April 2015). What Part of "No, Totally" Don't You Understand?. The New Yorker.

External links

• • • Contronyms by language in Wiktionary
• Autoantonyms page on fun-with-words.com
• List of English examples at LingerAndLook.com

Notes and References

1. 2024-07-22.
2. Web site: Nym Words > Autoantonyms. 2016-09-22. www.fun-with-words.com.
3. Book: Zuckermann, Ghil'ad . 11,77 . . Ghil'ad Zuckermann . . 2003., where "enantiosemy" is mentioned along with "auto-opposite".
4. Web site: Etymology gleanings for September 2013. Liberman. Anatoly. 25 September 2013. Oxford Etymologist. Oxford University Press. The coexistence of two opposite meanings in a word is called enantiosemy, and the examples are rather numerous.. 25 September 2013.
5. Web site: 'Addad' : a study of homo-polysemous opposites in Arabic. 2 August 2011.
6. Web site: Gall. Nick. Antagonyms. 2 August 2011.
7. Web site: Words That are Their Own Opposites. Merriam-Webster . 2024-07-27.
8. Web site: St Paul's Cathedral Is Amusing, Awful, and Artificial. O’Toole. Garson. 31 October 2012. Quote Investigator. 22 January 2015.
9. News: Gill . Martha . Have we literally broken the English language? . 7 May 2023 . The Guardian . 13 August 2013 . en-GB.
10. Peter Piper . CD . en-US . Profile Records . 1986 . . He's the big bad wolf in your neighborhood / not bad meaning bad, but bad meaning good . Darryl McDaniels, Joseph Simmons (for Run-DMC).
11. Web site: 25 Words That Are Their Own Opposites . mentalfloss.com . Judith . Herman . 15 June 2018 . 2022-09-10.
12. "Obbligato" in Lectionary of Music, Nicolas Slonimsky. McGraw-Hill
13. "Obbligato" in Collins Music Encyclopedia, Westrup & Harrison: Collins, London, 1959
14. Web site: 2023-09-01 . Definition of OVERLOOK . 2023-09-12 . www.merriam-webster.com . en.
15. Web site: 2023-09-07 . Definition of OVERSIGHT . 2023-09-12 . www.merriam-webster.com . en.
16. Web site: Definition of PERUSE . www.merriam-webster.com . 28 June 2020 . en . to ... EFFECT.
17. Web site: Janus Words . www.merriam-webster.com . 28 June 2020 . en . to ... EFFECT.
18. Book: The Canadian Oxford dictionary . 2004 . Oxford University Press . 9780195418163 . 1283 . 2nd . entangle...disentangle, unravel.
19. Book: Barber . Katherine . Canadian Oxford Dictionary . 2004 . Oxford University Press Canada . Don Mills, Ontario . 9780195418163 . 1580 . Second.
20. Web site: sanakirja.org. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20211126130436/https://www.sanakirja.org/search.php?id=119813&l2=3 . 2021-11-26 .
21. Web site: Prieto García-Seco . David . Rinconete. Lengua. «Huésped» o significar una cosa y la contraria . cvc.cervantes.es . Centro Virtual Cervantes . 7 May 2023 . es . 2021-05-28.
22. Book: Diccionario de la lengua española . 2021 . RAE-ASALE . 23 . 22 April 2022 . es . dar . 14. tr. Impartir una lección, pronunciar una conferencia o charla. 15. tr. Recibir una clase. Ayer dimos clase de matemáticas. 16. tr. Dicho de un alumno: Recitar la lección..
23. Book: Le Petit Robert, dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la langue française . 2022 . Dictionnaires Le Robert – SEJER . 30 March 2023 . fr . apprendre . I. (sens subjectif) Être avisé, informé de (qqch.). II. (sens objectif) 2. Donner la connaissance, le savoir, la pratique de (qqch.)..
24. Web site: Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ar ball. www.teanglann.ie.
25. Web site: On Auguries. M. Horatius Piscinus.
26. Web site: sinister (adj.). www.etymonline.com.
27. Book: Diccionario de la lengua española . 2021 . RAE-ASALE . 23 . 22 April 2022 . es . nimio, nimia.
28. Web site: Rubio Hancock. Jaime. 19 autoantónimos: palabras que significan una cosa y la contraria . Verne . Ediciones El País . 7 May 2023 . es . 28 August 2016.
29. Web site: Steve . Renshaw . Saori . Ihara . 2000 . A Tribute to Houei Nojiri . November 29, 2011 . dead . https://archive.today/20121206025620/http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/nojiri.htm . December 6, 2012 . mdy-all.
30. Web site: Planetary Linguistics. June 12, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071217070734/http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/days.html. December 17, 2007. dead.
31. Web site: Bathrobe . Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto in Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese . cjvlang.com . November 29, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110720140817/http://www.cjvlang.com/Dow/UrNepPl.html . July 20, 2011 . mdy-all.
32. Book: Diccionario de la lengua española . 2021 . RAE-ASALE . 23 . 2023-05-07 . es . dichoso.
33. Ronnie Ferguson, A linguistic history of Venice, 2007,, p. 284