Colorectal surgery explained

Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon.^[1] The field is also known as proctology, but this term is now used infrequently within medicine and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular. The word proctology is derived from the Greek words Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πρωκτός, meaning "anus" or "hindparts", and Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: -λογία, meaning "science" or "study".

Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists. In the United States, to become colorectal surgeons, surgical doctors have to complete a general surgery residency as well as a colorectal surgery fellowship, upon which they are eligible to be certified in their field of expertise by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery or the American Osteopathic Board of Proctology. In other countries, certification to practice proctology is given to surgeons at the end of a 2–3 year subspecialty residency by the country's board of surgery.

Scope of the specialty

Colorectal surgical disorders include:^[2]

• varicosities or swelling, and inflammation of veins in the rectum and anus (hemorrhoids)
• unnatural cracks or tears in the anus (anal fissures)
• abnormal connections or passageways between the rectum or other anorectal area to the skin surface (fistulas)
• severe constipation conditions
• fecal incontinence
• protrusion of the walls of the rectum through the anus (rectal prolapse)
• birth defects such as the imperforate anus
• treatment of severe colic disorders, such as Crohn's disease
• cancer of the colon and rectum (colorectal cancer)
• repositioning of the rectal area if fallen out
• anal cancer
• any injuries to the anus
• removal of objects inserted into anus
• performing colonoscopies
• performing hemorrhoidectomies

Surgical treatment and diagnostic procedures

Surgical forms of treatment for these conditions include: colectomy, ileo/colostomy, polypectomy, strictureplasty, hemorrhoidectomy (in severe cases of hemorrhoids), minimally invasive surgery, anoplasty, and more depending on the condition the patient has. Diagnostic procedures, such as a colonoscopy, are very important in colorectal surgery, as they can tell the physician what type of diagnosis should be given and what procedure should be done to correct the condition. Other diagnostic procedures used by colorectal surgeons include: proctoscopy, defecating proctography, sigmoidoscopy. In recent times, the laparoscopic method of surgery has seen a surge of popularity, due to its lower risks, decreased recovery time, and smaller, more precise incisions achieved by using laparoscopic instruments.^[3]

Mechanical bowel preparation

Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is a procedure lacking evidence in literature,^[4] wherein fecal matter is expelled from the bowel lumen prior to surgery, most commonly by using sodium phosphate.^[5]

See also

• Proctalgia fugax

Notes and References

1. Web site: Colon and Rectal Surgery Specialty Description . American Medical Association . 22 May 2020.
2. Web site: Digestive Tract: Rectal and Colon Diseases and Conditions. Cleveland Clinic.
3. Web site: What is minimally invasive surgery?. ccalliance.org. 5 October 2018 . en-US. 2019-10-22.
4. McCoubrey AS . The use of mechanical bowel preparation in elective colorectal surgery . Ulster Med J . 76 . 3 . 127–30 . September 2007 . 17853636 . 2075581 .
5. Zmora O. Pikarsky AJ. Wexner SD . Bowel preparation for colorectal surgery . Dis. Colon Rectum . 44 . 10 . 1537–49 . October 2001 . 11598488 . 10.1007/bf02234614. 138004.