Electromagnetic coil explained

An electromagnetic coil is an electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of a coil (spiral or helix).^{[1] [2]} Electromagnetic coils are used in electrical engineering, in applications where electric currents interact with magnetic fields, in devices such as electric motors, generators, inductors, electromagnets, transformers, sensor coils such as in medical MRI imaging machines. Either an electric current is passed through the wire of the coil to generate a magnetic field, or conversely, an external time-varying magnetic field through the interior of the coil generates an EMF (voltage) in the conductor.

A current through any conductor creates a circular magnetic field around the conductor due to Ampere's law.^[3] The advantage of using the coil shape is that it increases the strength of the magnetic field produced by a given current. The magnetic fields generated by the separate turns of wire all pass through the center of the coil and add (superpose) to produce a strong field there. The greater the number of turns of wire, the stronger the field produced. Conversely, a changing external magnetic flux induces a voltage in a conductor such as a wire, due to Faraday's law of induction.^[4] The induced voltage can be increased by winding the wire into a coil because the field lines intersect the circuit multiple times.

The direction of the magnetic field produced by a coil can be determined by the right hand grip rule. If the fingers of the right hand are wrapped around the magnetic core of a coil in the direction of conventional current through the wire, the thumb will point in the direction the magnetic field lines pass through the coil. The end of a magnetic core from which the field lines emerge is defined to be the North pole.

There are many different types of coils used in electric and electronic equipment.

Windings and taps

The wire or conductor which constitutes the coil is called the winding.^[5] The hole in the center of the coil is called the core area or magnetic axis.^[6] Each loop of wire is called a turn. In windings in which the turns touch, the wire must be insulated with a coating of nonconductive insulation such as plastic or enamel to prevent the current from passing between the wire turns. The winding is often wrapped around a coil form made of plastic or other material to hold it in place. The ends of the wire are brought out and attached to an external circuit. Windings may have additional electrical connections along their length; these are called taps.^[7] A winding that has a single tap in the center of its length is called center-tapped.^[8]

Coils can have more than one winding, insulated electrically from each other. When there are two or more windings around a common magnetic axis, the windings are said to be inductively coupled or magnetically coupled.^[9] A time-varying current through one winding will create a time-varying magnetic field that passes through the other winding, which will induce a time-varying voltage in the other windings. This is called a transformer.^[10] The winding to which current is applied, which creates the magnetic field, is called the primary winding. The other windings are called secondary windings.

Magnetic core

Many electromagnetic coils have a magnetic core, a piece of ferromagnetic material like iron in the center to increase the magnetic field.^[11] The current through the coil magnetizes the iron, and the field of the magnetized material adds to the field produced by the wire. This is called a ferromagnetic-core or iron-core coil.^[12] A ferromagnetic core can increase the magnetic field and inductance of a coil by hundreds or thousands of times over what it would be without the core. A ferrite core coil is a variety of coil with a core made of ferrite, a ferrimagnetic ceramic compound.^[13] Ferrite coils have lower core losses at high frequencies.

• A coil with a core which forms a closed loop, possibly with some narrow air gaps, is called a closed-core coil. By providing a closed path for the magnetic field lines, this geometry minimizes the magnetic reluctance and produces the strongest magnetic field. It is often used in transformers.
  • A common form for closed-core coils is a toroidal core coil, in which the core has the shape of a torus or doughnut, with either a circular or rectangular cross section. This geometry has minimum leakage flux and radiates minimum electromagnetic interference (EMI).
• A coil with a core which is a straight bar or other non-loop shape is called an open-core coil. This has lower magnetic field and inductance than a closed core, but is often used to prevent magnetic saturation of the core.

A coil without a ferromagnetic core is called an air-core coil.^[14] This includes coils wound on plastic or other nonmagnetic forms, as well as coils which actually have empty air space inside their windings.

Types of coils

Coils can be classified by the frequency of the current they are designed to operate with:

• Direct current or DC coils or electromagnets operate with a steady direct current in their windings

• Audio-frequency or AF coils, inductors or transformers operate with alternating currents in the audio frequency range, less than 20 kHz

• Radio-frequency or RF coils, inductors or transformers operate with alternating currents in the radio frequency range, above 20 kHz

Coils can be classified by their function:

Electromagnets

See main article: Electromagnet. Electromagnets are coils that generate a magnetic field for some external use, often to exert a mechanical force on something.^[15] or remove existing background fields.^[16] A few specific types:

• Solenoid - an electromagnet in the form of a straight hollow helix of wire

• Motor and generator windings - iron core electromagnets on the rotor or stator of electric motors and generators which act on each other to either turn the shaft (motor) or generate an electric current (generator)

• • Field winding - an iron-core coil which generates a steady magnetic field to act on the armature winding.

• • Armature winding - an iron-core coil which is acted on by the magnetic field of the field winding to either create torque (motor) or induce a voltage to produce power (generator)

• Helmholtz coil, Maxwell coil - air-core coils which serve to cancel an external magnetic field

• Degaussing coil - a coil used to demagnetize parts

• Voice coil - a coil used in a moving-coil loudspeaker, suspended between the poles of a magnet. When the audio signal is passed through the coil, it vibrates, moving the attached speaker cone to create sound waves. The reverse is used in a dynamic microphone, where sound vibrations intercepted by something like a diaphragm physically transfer to a voice coil immersed in a magnetic field, and the coil's terminal ends then provide an electric analog of those vibrations.

Inductors

See main article: Inductor. Inductors or reactors are coils which generate a magnetic field which interacts with the coil itself, to induce a back EMF which opposes changes in current through the coil. Inductors are used as circuit elements in electrical circuits, to temporarily store energy or resist changes in current. A few types:

• Tank coil - an inductor used in a tuned circuit

• Choke - an inductor used to block high frequency AC while allowing through low frequency AC or DC.

• Loading coil - an inductor used to add inductance to an antenna, to make it resonant, or to a cable to prevent distortion of signals.

• Variometer - an adjustable inductor consisting of two coils in series, an outer stationary coil and a second one inside it which can be rotated so their magnetic axes are in the same direction or opposed.

• Flyback transformer - Although called a transformer, this is actually an inductor which serves to store energy in switching power supplies and horizontal deflection circuits for CRT televisions and monitors

• Saturable reactor - an iron-core inductor used to control AC power by varying the saturation of the core using a DC control voltage in an auxiliary winding.

• Inductive ballast - an inductor used in gas-discharge lamp circuits, such as fluorescent lamps, to limit the current through the lamp.

Transformers

See main article: Transformer.

A transformer is a device with two or more magnetically coupled windings (or sections of a single winding). A time varying current in one coil (called the primary winding) generates a magnetic field which induces a voltage in the other coil (called the secondary winding). A few types:

• Distribution transformer - A transformer in an electric power grid which transforms the high voltage from the electric power line to the lower voltage used by utility customers.

• Autotransformer - a transformer with only one winding. Different portions of the winding, accessed with taps, act as primary and secondary windings of the transformer.

• Toroidal transformer - the core is in the shape of a toroid. This is a commonly used shape as it decreases the leakage flux, resulting in less electromagnetic interference.

• Induction coil or trembler coil - an early transformer which uses a vibrating interrupter mechanism to break the primary current so it can operate off of DC current.

• • Ignition coil - an induction coil used in internal combustion engines to create a pulse of high voltage to fire the spark plug which initiates the fuel burning.

• Balun - a transformer which matches a balanced transmission line to an unbalanced one.

• Bifilar coil - a coil wound with two parallel, closely spaced strands. If AC currents are passed through it in the same direction, the magnetic fluxes will add, but if equal currents in opposite directions pass through the windings the opposite fluxes will cancel, resulting in zero flux in the core. So no voltage will be induced in a third winding on the core. These are used in instruments and in devices like Ground Fault Interrupters. They are also used in low inductance wirewound resistors for use at RF frequencies.

• Audio transformer - A transformer used with audio signals. They are used for impedance matching.

• • Hybrid coil - a specialized audio transformer with 3 windings used in telephony circuits to convert between two-wire and four-wire circuits

Electric machines

Electric machines such as motors and generators have one or more windings which interact with moving magnetic fields to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. Often a machine will have one winding through which passes most of the power of the machine (the "armature"), and a second winding which provides the magnetic field of the rotating element (the "field winding") which may be connected by brushes or slip rings to an external source of electric current. In an induction motor, the "field" winding of the rotor is energized by the slow relative motion between the rotating winding and the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator winding, which induces the necessary exciting current in the rotor.

Transducer coils

These are coils used to translate time-varying magnetic fields to electric signals, and vice versa. A few types:

• Sensor or pickup coils - these are used to detect external time-varying magnetic fields

• Inductive sensor - a coil which senses when a magnet or iron object passes near it

• Recording head - a coil which is used to create a magnetic field to write data to a magnetic storage medium, such as magnetic tape, or a hard disk. Conversely it is also used to read the data in the form of changing magnetic fields in the medium.

• Induction heating coil - an AC coil used to heat an object by inducing eddy currents in it, a process called induction heating.

• Loop antenna - a coil which serves as a radio antenna, to convert radio waves to electric currents.

• Rogowski coil - a toroidal coil used as an AC measuring device

• Musical instrument pickup - a coil used to produce the output audio signal in an electric guitar or electric bass.

• Flux gate - a sensor coil used in a magnetometer

• Magnetic phonograph cartridge - a sensor in a record player that uses a coil to translate vibration of a needle to an audio signal in playing vinyl phonograph records.

There are also types of coil which don't fit into these categories.

Winding technology

See main article: Coil winding technology.

See also

• Hanna curve

Further reading

• Querfurth, William, "Coil winding; a description of coil winding procedures, winding machines and associated equipment for the electronic industry" (2d ed.). Chicago, G. Stevens Mfg. Co., 1958.
• Weymouth, F. Marten, "Drum armatures and commutators (theory and practice) : a complete treatise on the theory and construction of drum winding, and of commutators for closed-coil armatures, together with a full résumé of some of the principal points involved in their design; and an exposition of armature reactions and sparking". London, "The Electrician" Printing and Publishing Co., 1893.
• "Coil winding proceedings". International Coil Winding Association.
• Chandler, R. H., "Coil coating review, 1970–76". Braintree, R. H. Chandler Ltd, 1977.

External links

• Coil Inductance Calculator Online calculator for determining the inductance of single-layer and multilayer coils
• R. Clarke, "Producing wound components ". Surrey.ac.uk, 2005 October 9

Notes and References

1. Book: Stauffer , H. Brooke . NFPA's Pocket Dictionary of Electrical Terms . Jones and Hymel Tucker . 2002 . 36 . 978-0877655992.
2. Book: Laplante , Phillip A. . Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering . Springer . 1999 . 114–115 . 978-3540648352.
3. Book: Arun , P. . Electronics . Alpha Sciences International Ltd. . 2006 . 73–77 . 978-1842652176.
4. Book: Newnes 2002, p. 129. 9780080524054. Amos. S. W.. Amos. Roger. 4 March 2002. Elsevier.
5. Book: NFPA's Pocket Dictionary of Electrical Terms. Stauffer, H.B.. 2005. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. 9780877655992. 273. 2017-01-07.
6. Book: Amos , S W . Roger Amos . Newnes Dictionary of Electronics . Newnes . 2002 . 191 . 978-0080524054.
7. Book: Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering. Laplante, P.A.. 1999. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 9783540648352. 633. 2017-01-07.
8. Book: NFPA's Pocket Dictionary of Electrical Terms. Stauffer, H.B.. 2005. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. 9780877655992. 29. 2017-01-07.
9. Book: Newnes Dictionary of Electronics. Amos, S.W.. Amos, R.. 2002. Elsevier Science. 9780080524054. 167. 2017-01-07.
10. Book: Newnes Dictionary of Electronics. Amos, S.W.. Amos, R.. 2002. Elsevier Science. 9780080524054. 326. 2017-01-07.
11. Book: Laplante , Phillip A. . Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering . Springer . 1998 . 143 . 978-3540648352.
12. Book: Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering. Laplante, P.A.. 1999. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 9783540648352. 346. 2017-01-07.
13. Book: Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering. Laplante, P.A.. 1999. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 9783540648352. 243. 2017-01-07.
14. Book: Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering. Laplante, P.A.. 1999. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 9783540648352. 19. 2017-01-07.
15. Book: Newnes Dictionary of Electronics. Amos, S.W.. Amos, R.. 2002. Elsevier Science. 9780080524054. 113. 2017-01-07.
16. Hobson . P. J. . et al . 2022 . Bespoke magnetic field design for a magnetically shielded cold atom interferometer . Sci. Rep. . 12 . 1 . 10520 . 10.1038/s41598-022-13979-4 . 35732872 . 9217970 . 2110.04498 . 2022NatSR..1210520H . 238583775 .