Chromosome 19 Explained

Length Bp:	61,707,364 bp (CHM13)
Genes:	1,357 (CCDS)
Type:	Autosome
Centromere Position:	Metacentric^[1] (26.2 Mbp^[2])
Chr:	19
Ensembl Id:	19
Entrez Id:	19
Ncbi Id:	19
Ucsc Id:	19
Refseq Id:	NC_000019
Genbank Id:	CM000681

Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 61.7 million base pairs, the building material of DNA. It is considered the most gene-rich chromosome containing roughly 1,500 genes, despite accounting for only 2 percent of the human genome.^{[3] [4]}

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 19. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation, their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.^[5]

Estimated by	Protein-coding genes	Non-coding RNA genes	Pseudogenes	Source	Release date
	1,357	—	—	^[6]	2016-09-08
HGNC	1,372	299	413	^[7]	2017-05-12
	1,469	894	514	^[8]	2017-03-29
	1,435	—	—	^[9]	2018-02-28
	1,430	604	528	^[10] ^[11] ^[12]	2017-05-19

Gene list

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 19. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

Long arm

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19:^[13]

• Alternating hemiplegia of childhood
• Alzheimer's disease
• CADASIL
• Centronuclear myopathy autosomal dominant form
• Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
• Congenital hearing loss
• Congenital hypothyroidism
• Donohue syndrome
• Familial hemiplegic migraine
• Glutaric acidemia type 1
• Hemochromatosis
• HUPRA syndrome^[14]
• Leber congenital amaurosis^[15]
• Maple syrup urine disease
• Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Myotubular myopathy autosomal dominant form
• Oligodendroglioma
• Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
• Prolidase deficiency
• Pseudoachondroplasia
• Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6
• X-linked agammaglobulinemia or Bruton's disease

Cytogenetic band

G-bands of human chromosome 19 in resolution 850 bphs^[16] ! Chr. ! Arm^[17] ! Band^[18] ! ISCN
start^[19] ! ISCN
stop! Basepair
start ! Basepair
stop ! Stain^[20] ! Density

19	p	13.3	0	578			gneg
19	p	13.2	578	870			gpos	25
19	p	13.13	870	1034			gneg
19	p	13.12	1034	1216			gpos	25
19	p	13.11	1216	1581			gneg
19	p	12	1581	1809			gvar
19	p	11	1809	1992			acen
19	q	11	1992	2159			acen
19	q	12	2159	2372			gvar
19	q	13.11	2372	2569			gneg
19	q	13.12	2569	2737			gpos	25
19	q	13.13	2737	2949			gneg
19	q	13.2	2949	3101			gpos	25
19	q	13.31	3101	3193			gneg
19	q	13.32	3193	3390			gpos	25
19	q	13.33	3390	3649			gneg
19	q	13.41	3649	3770			gpos	25
19	q	13.42	3770	3938			gneg
19	q	13.43	3938	4120			gpos	25

References

• Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, Terry A, Schmutz J, Lamerdin J, Hellsten U, Goodstein D, Couronne O, Tran-Gyamfi M, Aerts A, Altherr M, Ashworth L, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caenepeel S, Carrano A, Caoile C, Chan YM, Christensen M, Cleland CA, Copeland A, Dalin E, Dehal P, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Garcia C, Georgescu AM, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Ho I, Huang W, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Larionov V, Leem SH, Lopez F, Lou Y, Lowry S, Malfatti S, Martinez D, McCready P, Medina C, Morgan J, Nelson K, Nolan M, Ovcharenko I, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Popkie AP, Predki P, Quan G, Ramirez L, Rash S, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, She X, Smith D, Slezak T, Solovyev V, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wagner M, Wheeler J, Wu K, Xie G, Yang J, Dubchak I, Furey TS, DeJong P, Dickson M, Gordon D, Eichler EE, Pennacchio LA, Richardson P, Stubbs L, Rokhsar DS, Myers RM, Rubin EM, Lucas SM . Len A. Pennacchio . The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19 . Nature . 2004 . 529–35 . 428 . 6982 . 15057824 . 10.1038/nature02399. 2004Natur.428..529G . free .
• Human Proteome Project Launch website~ https://web.archive.org/web/20110726163128/http://www.hupo.org/research/hpp/HPP_legrain_sep_2010.pdf

External links

• Web site: National Institutes of Health . Chromosome 19 . Genetics Home Reference . https://web.archive.org/web/20040803052656/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=19 . dead . August 3, 2004 . 2017-05-06 .
• Web site: Chromosome 19. Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. 2017-05-06.

Notes and References

1. Book: Tom Strachan. Andrew Read. Human Molecular Genetics. 2 April 2010. Garland Science. 978-1-136-84407-2. 45.
2. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
3. Web site: Ucciferri . Charles . 2004-03-31 . Gene-Rich Human Chromosome 19 Sequence Completed . 2022-12-10 . DOE Joint Genome Institute . en-US.
4. Gene Density and Chromosome Territory Shape . 2014 . 5726871 . Sehgal . N. . Fritz . A. J. . Morris . K. . Torres . I. . Chen . Z. . Xu . J. . Berezney . R. . Chromosoma . 123 . 5 . 499–513 . 10.1007/s00412-014-0480-y . 25106753 .
5. Pertea M, Salzberg SL. Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes. . Genome Biol . 2010 . 11 . 5 . 206 . 20441615 . 10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206 . 2898077 . free .
6. Web site: Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene . NCBI . CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens . 2016-09-08 . 2017-05-28.
7. Web site: Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 19 . HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee . 2017-05-12 . 2017-05-19.
8. Web site: Chromosome 19: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens . Ensembl Release 88 . 2017-03-29 . 2017-05-19.
9. Web site: Human chromosome 19: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM . UniProt . 2018-02-28 . 2018-03-16.
10. Web site: Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene . NCBI . 2017-05-19 . 2017-05-20.
11. Web site: Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND (("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene . NCBI . 2017-05-19 . 2017-05-20.
12. Web site: Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene . NCBI . 2017-05-19 . 2017-05-20.
13. Gilbert F . Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 19 . Genet Test . 1997 . 145–9 . 1 . 2 . 10464639 . 10.1089/gte.1997.1.145.
14. Web site: OMIM Entry - # 613845 - HYPERURICEMIA, PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, RENAL FAILURE, AND ALKALOSIS SYNDROME; HUPRAS. www.omim.org. 20 January 2017. en-us.
15. Web site: K . Moss . Leber's Congenital Amaurosis . Spring 2001 . Texas Deafblind Outreach . Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131119084909/http://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/spring01/lebers.htm . November 19, 2013 .
16. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
17. "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
18. For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
19. These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
20. gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.