Chlorine gas poisoning explained

Chlorine poisoning
Synonyms:Chlorine gas toxicity
Field:Emergency medicine

Chlorine gas poisoning is an illness resulting from the effects of exposure to chlorine beyond the threshold limit value.

Signs and symptoms

The signs of acute chlorine gas poisoning are primarily respiratory, and include difficulty breathing and cough; listening to the lungs will generally reveal crackles. There will generally be sneezing, nose irritation, burning sensations, and throat irritations. There may also be skin irritations or chemical burns and eye irritation or conjunctivitis. A person with chlorine gas poisoning may also have nausea, vomiting, or a headache.[1] [2] [3]

Chronic exposure to relatively low levels of chlorine gas may cause pulmonary problems like acute wheezing attacks, chronic cough with phlegm, and asthma.[2]

Causes

Occupational exposures constitute the highest risk of toxicity and common domestic exposures result from the mixing of chlorine bleach with acidic washing agents such as acetic, nitric or phosphoric acid. They also occur as a result of the chlorination of table water. Other exposure risks occur during industrial or transportation accidents. Wartime exposure is rare.[2] [3]

Dose toxicity

Humans can smell chlorine gas at ranges from 0.1–0.3 ppm. According to a review from 2010: "At 1–3 ppm, there is mild mucous membrane irritation that can usually be tolerated for about an hour. At 5–15 ppm, there is moderate mucous membrane irritation. At 30 ppm and beyond, there is immediate chest pain, shortness of breath, and cough. At approximately 40–60 ppm, a toxic pneumonitis and/or acute pulmonary edema can develop. Concentrations of about 400 ppm and beyond are generally fatal over 30 minutes, and at 1,000 ppm and above, fatality ensues within only a few minutes."[2]

Mechanism

The concentration of the inhaled gas and duration of exposure and water contents of the tissues exposed are the key determinants of toxicity; moist tissues like the eyes, throat, and lungs are the most susceptible to damage.[4]

Once inhaled, chlorine gas diffuses into the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the respiratory epithelium and may directly interact with small molecules, proteins and lipids there and damage them, or may hydrolyze to hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid which in turn generate chloride ions and reactive oxygen species; the dominant theory is that most damage is via the acids.[2] [3] [5] [6]

Diagnosis

Tests performed to confirm chlorine gas poisoning and monitor patients for supportive care include pulse oximetry, testing serum electrolyte, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels, measuring arterial blood gases, chest radiography, electrocardiogram (ECG), pulmonary function testing, and laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy.[3]

Treatment

There is no antidote for chlorine poisoning; management is supportive after evacuating people from the site of exposure and flushing exposed tissues. For lung damage caused by inhalation, oxygen and bronchodilators may be administered.[6]

Outcomes

There is no way to predict outcomes. Most people with mild to moderate exposure generally recover fully in three to five days, but some develop chronic problems such as reactive airway disease. Smoking or pre-existing lung conditions like asthma appear to increase the risk of long term complications.[1]

Epidemiology

In 2014, the American Association of Poison Control Centers reported about 6,000 exposures to chlorine gas in the US in 2013, compared with 13,600 exposures to carbon monoxide, which was the most common poison gas exposure;[7] the year before they reported about 5,500 cases of chlorine gas poisoning compared with around 14,300 cases of carbon monoxide poisoning.[8]

Mass poisoning incidents

Wartime

Industrial accidents

United States

There have been many instances of mass chlorine gas poisonings in industrial accidents.

Globally

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Jones R, Wills B, Kang C. Chlorine gas: an evolving hazardous material threat and unconventional weapon. West J Emerg Med. 2010 May;11(2):151-6. PMC 2908650
  2. White CW, Martin JG. Chlorine gas inhalation: human clinical evidence of toxicity and experience in animal models. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2010 Jul;7(4):257-63. Review. PMC 3136961
  3. Gerald F O'Malley, GF et al. Chlorine Toxicity Medscape Drugs & Diseases, Ed. Dembek, ZF. Updated: Dec 11, 2015
  4. CDC Basic Facts Page last reviewed April 10, 2013. Page last updated April 10, 2013
  5. Squadrito GL, Postlethwait EM, Matalon S. Elucidating mechanisms of chlorine toxicity: reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and physiological implications. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2010 Sep;299(3):L289-300. Review. PMC 2951076
  6. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry via the CDC. Medical Management Guidelines: Chlorine Page last reviewed: October 21, 2014. Page last updated: October 21, 2014
  7. Mowry JB, et al 2014 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 32nd Annual Report. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53(10):962-1147. . Page 1089
  8. Mowry JB, et al. 2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st Annual Report. Clin Toxicol. 2014 Dec;52(10):1032-283. PMC 4782684 Page 1225
  9. David Cloud for the New York Times. May 21, 2007 7 U.S. Soldiers Die in Iraq, 6 in Sweep of Baghdad
  10. News: Syria fails to remove all chemical weapons as deadline passes. Financial Times. 27 April 2014. 12 September 2014.
  11. Book: Collision of Union Pacific Railroad train MHOTU-23 with BNSF Railway Company train MEAP-TUL-126-D with subsequent derailment and hazardous materials release, Macdona, Texas, June 28, 2004. 2006. United States National Transportation Safety Board. 75276300.
  12. CDC Public Health Consequences from Hazardous Substances Acutely Released During Rail Transit --- South Carolina, 2005; Selected States, 1999--2004
  13. Michael Olukayode for Bloomberg News. July 25, 2015 Nigeria Says 8 People Dead After Inhaling Chlorine Gas in Jos
  14. The Canadian Press. September 11, 2020 Regional Municipality in Northern Alberta Fined for Releasing Chlorine Gas
  15. Web site: Over 50 hospitalised after chemical leak at Karachi Engro factory SAMAA. Samaa TV. 6 March 2020 . en-US. 2020-03-06.
  16. Web site: Update: 13 dead, over 260 injured after chlorine gas tank ruptures at Aqaba Port - Jordan News | Latest News from Jordan, MENA . 27 June 2022 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Chlorine gas poisoning".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.