China Daily Explained

China Daily
Type:Daily newspaper, state media
Format:Broadsheet
Chiefeditor:Qu Yingpu
Owners:Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party
Headquarters:China: 15 Huixin Street East, Chaoyang District, Beijing
39.9801°N 116.4238°W
Overseas: 1500 Broadway, Suite 2800
New York, NY 10036
U.S.
Language:English

China Daily is an English-language daily newspaper owned by the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party.

Overview

China Daily has the widest print circulation of any English-language newspaper in China.[1] The headquarters and principal editorial office is in the Chaoyang District of Beijing.[2] The newspaper has branch offices in most major cities of China as well as several major foreign cities including New York City, Washington, D.C., London, and Kathmandu.[3] China Daily also produces an insert of sponsored content called China Watch that has been distributed inside other newspapers including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and Le Figaro.[4] [5] [6] [7]

Within mainland China, the newspaper targets primarily diplomats, foreign expatriates, tourists, and locals wishing to improve their English. The China edition also offers program guides to Radio Beijing and television, daily exchange rates, and local entertainment schedules.[8] It has been used as a guide to Chinese government policy and positions of the Chinese Communist Party.[9] [10] Scholar Falk Hartig describes the newspaper and its various international editions as an "instrument of China's public diplomacy."[11]

China Daily's editorial policies have historically been described as slightly more liberal than other Chinese state news outlets.[12] [13] Its coverage of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre was overwhelmingly sympathetic to the student protests with many of its journalists joining in at the height of mass demonstrations. The newspaper's coverage of the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak was reported to be more critical, fact-driven, and less laudatory than that of the People's Daily.[14] A 2018 discourse analysis from Uppsala University found that prior to Xi Jinping's accession, many China Daily articles portrayed their government as a particular kind of democracy, with democratic ideals such as the implementation of universal suffrage (in Hong Kong) and grassroots elections sometimes endorsed. After his accession, articles became more negative in tone toward democracy and shifted focus to portraying the "vices" of democracies in the West, particularly the United States.[15]

Editorial control

Scholars have described China Daily as effectively controlled by the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party.[16] [17] Ideologically, it tends to adopt similar perspectives to the People's Daily.[18] According to its 2014 annual report, China Daily is formally managed by the State Council Information Office (SCIO), which was formed from the Central Publicity Department in 1991.[19] The SCIO holds regular meetings with journalists and editors from China Daily on what they should publish. In 2014, the SCIO was absorbed into the CCP's Central Publicity Department.[20] The SCIO has stated that China Daily is "one of our most important tools in carrying out external propaganda".[21]

A former copy-editor (or "polisher" as termed at China Daily) for the newspaper described her role being "to tweak propaganda enough that it read as English, without inadvertently triggering war."[22] Journalist Michael Ottey described his time working for China Daily as "almost like working for a public relations firm" and added "it wasn't really honest journalism. It was more 'Let's make the Chinese government look good.'"[23] Writer Mitch Moxley, who worked at China Daily from 2007 to 2008, wrote in 2013 that many of the articles published in the newspaper's opinion pages "violated everything [he] had ever learned about journalistic ethics, including China Dailys own code: 'Factual, Honest, Fair, Complete.'"[24]

History

China Daily was officially established in June 1981 after a one-month trial. It was initially led by Jiang Muyue, with Liu Zhunqi as editor in chief.[25] It was the first national daily English-language newspaper in China after the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949. Its initial circulation was 22,000, which grew to 65,000 by the following year.[26] The paper was a departure from other Chinese newspapers at the time: it was "a Western-style paper", in content, style, and organizational structure. By July 1982, the newspaper had plans to publish editions in the United States, the United Kingdom, and tentatively Australia.[26] Initially, it struggled to find English-speaking journalists.[26]

China Daily began distribution in North America in 1983. It has been registered as a foreign agent in the United States under the Foreign Agents Registration Act since 1983.

China Daily introduced an online edition in 1996 and a Hong Kong edition in 1997.[27] By 2006, it had a reported circulation of 300,000, of which two thirds were in China and one third international. In 2010, it launched China Daily Asia Weekly, a tabloid-sized pan-Asian edition.

In December 2012, China Daily launched an Africa edition, published in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya.[28] [29] This edition aimed expand the China Daily readership, of both African people and Chinese people who live in Africa, and showcase China's interests in Africa.

In 2015, China Daily published a fake op-ed which the publication claimed was penned by Peter Hessler. They combined part of the transcript of an interview he had done with comments from another person interviewed as well as completely fabricated parts and ran it as an op-ed under Hessler's byline without his knowledge or permission.[30] The fabricated op-ed contained made up praise for China and misrepresented Hessler's own words by taking them out of context.[31] [32] According to the Associated Press, the editorial repeated Chinese Communist Party talking points and China Daily refused to retract it although it subsequently removed the English language version of the op-ed.[33]

In 2018, the paper fabricated a quote by the mayor of Davos, Tarzisius Caviezel.[34]

A January 2020 report by Freedom House, a U.S. non-governmental organization, noted that China Daily had increased its spending from $500,000 in the first half of 2009 to over $5 million in the latter half of 2019 for increased print runs.[35] China Daily said it had a circulation of 300,000 in the U.S. and 600,000 overseas.[36]

In February 2020, a group of U.S. lawmakers asked the United States Department of Justice to investigate China Daily for alleged violations of the Foreign Agents Registration Act.[37] Later the same month, the United States Department of State designated China Daily, along with several other Chinese state media outlets, as foreign missions owned or controlled by the Chinese Communist Party.[38] [39] [40] [41]

In June 2020, China Daily awarded a tender for a "foreign personnel analysis platform" to the Communication University of China to scan social media and automatically flag "false statements and reports on China."[42]

In September 2020, India's Ministry of External Affairs issued a statement saying that comments made by China Daily were falsely attributed to Ajit Doval.[43] In September 2023, the US Department of State accused the Chinese government of information laundering by using a fictitious opinion columnist named "Yi Fan" writing in China Daily and other outsets to present state narratives as "organic sentiment".[44] [45] [46]

In January 2024, China Daily and the Yunnan International Communication Center, a project of the propaganda department of the Yunnan provincial CCP committee, jointly launched the South and Southeast Asian Media Network.[47] China Daily has continued to partner with other provincial "International Communication Centers" established by provincial CCP propaganda departments.[48]

Reception

Overall

In a 2004 journal article, University of Sheffield professor Lily Chen stated that China Daily was "essentially a publicly funded government mouthpiece".[49] Judy Polumbaum stated in the Berkshire Encyclopedia of China (2009) that China Daily "resists definition as a simple mouthpiece" and has a "distinctive, if quixotic, status". In 2009, China Daily was called "the most influential English language national newspaper in China" according to University of St. Thomas scholar Juan Li. It is known for original reporting. Non-governmental organization Reporters Without Borders has accused China Daily of engaging in censorship and propaganda.[50] [51]

The New York Times wrote that China Daily's inserts published in US newspapers "generally offer an informative, if anodyne, view of world affairs refracted through the lens of the Communist Party."[40] In response to criticism, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Daily Telegraph, and Nine Entertainment Co. ceased publishing China Daily's China Watch inserts in their newspapers.[52] In March 2024, US senator Marco Rubio publicly called on The Seattle Times, Houston Chronicle, The Boston Globe, Los Angeles Times, Time, USA Today, Financial Times, Sun Sentinel, and the Chicago Tribune to sever financial ties with China Daily.[53]

Disinformation

Media outlets such as The New York Times, NPR, Quartz, and BuzzFeed News have published accounts of China Daily's dissemination of disinformation related to the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests.[54] [55] [56] [57] [58] In September 2019, China Daily's official Facebook account stated that Hong Kong protesters were planning on launching terrorist attacks on 11 September of the same year.[59] [60]

In May 2020, CNN, Financial Times, and other media outlets reported that China Daily censored references to the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic from an opinion piece authored by European Union ambassadors.[61] [62] [63] [64] In January 2021, China Daily inaccurately attributed deaths in Norway to the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.[65] In April 2021, the European External Action Service published a report that cited China Daily and other state media outlets for "selective highlighting" of potential vaccine side-effects and "disregarding contextual information or ongoing research" to present Western vaccines as unsafe.[66] [67] In October 2021, the German Marshall Fund reported that China Daily was one of several state media outlets propagating a conspiracy theory concerning the origins of COVID-19.[68]

In January 2022, China Daily alleged that the U.S. planned to pay athletes to "sabotage" the 2022 Winter Olympics.[69] In March 2022, China Daily published an article in Chinese[70] which falsely claimed that COVID-19 was created by Moderna, citing a page on The Exposé, a British conspiracist website.[71] [72]

Portrayal of Muslims

A 2019 critical discourse analysis of China Daily's coverage of Chinese Muslims found them to be portrayed as "obedient and dependent Chinese citizens who benefit from the government's intervention."[73] In January 2021, a China Daily article praised a report from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, stating that government policies in Xinjiang had "emancipated" the minds of Uyghur women so that they are "no longer baby-making machines".[74] [75] The article drew condemnation as being a justification for reproductive policies which persecute Uyghur people,[76] [77] [78] and sparked calls for Twitter to remove links to the article.[79] [80] [81] Twitter removed a reposting of the China Daily article by the PRC's official U.S. embassy account and subsequently suspended the account for contravening its stated policy against "dehumanization of a group of people".[82]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Hartig, Falk. Daya Kishan. Thussu. Hugo. De Burgh. Anbin. Shi. https://books.google.com/books?id=pW5ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT147. China's Media Go Global. 2017-11-27. Routledge. 978-1-317-21461-8. en. China Daily - Beijing's Global Voice?. 10.4324/9781315619668. 1158860903. 21 November 2020. 21 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121075431/https://books.google.com/books?id=pW5ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT147&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3. live.
  2. Web site: 1 June 2015. 2014 Annual Report. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160806181839/http://www.gjsy.gov.cn/ndbgzl/2014/201507/t20150701_42480.html. 6 August 2016. 2016-06-07. State Institution Registration Authority. zh.
  3. News: China Daily launches Kathmandu edition in Nepal. 2 June 2013. Xinhua News Agency. 31 May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140219174310/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-05/31/c_132422805.htm. 19 February 2014. dead.
  4. News: Fifield. Anna. Anna Fifield. 16 January 2020. China is waging a global propaganda war to silence critics abroad, report warns. The Washington Post. live. 21 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027022601/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-is-waging-an-aggressive-propaganda-campaign-to-distort-media-landscape-report-warns/2020/01/15/30fd4d58-374a-11ea-a1ff-c48c1d59a4a1_story.html. 27 October 2020.
  5. News: Waterson. Jim. Jim Waterson. Jones. Dean Sterling. 2020-04-14. Daily Telegraph stops publishing section paid for by China. The Guardian. live. 2020-04-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20200415012159/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/apr/14/daily-telegraph-stops-publishing-section-paid-for-by-china. 15 April 2020.
  6. News: Yu . Mo . 26 June 2020 . US Spending Report Sheds Light on China's Global Propaganda Campaign . . live . 26 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200629220032/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/voa-news-china/us-spending-report-sheds-light-chinas-global-propaganda-campaign . 29 June 2020.
  7. News: Basu . Zachary . 23 September 2018 . China takes out anti-trade war ads in Des Moines Register . . live . 24 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180924032925/https://www.axios.com/trump-trade-war-china-des-moines-register-ads-38d43375-3649-4d90-9e2f-26d386703c43.html . 24 September 2018.
  8. Book: Thurston. Anne F.. China Bound: A Guide to Academic Life and Work in the PRC. Turner-Gottschang. Karen. Reed. Linda A.. National Academy Press. 1994. 978-0-309-04932-0. Revised. Washington, D.C.. 38. 10.17226/2111.
  9. Lams . Lutgard . 21 November 2017 . Othering in Chinese official media narratives during diplomatic standoffs with the US and Japan . . en . 3 . 1 . 33 . 10.1057/s41599-017-0034-z . 2055-1045 . free.
  10. Book: Schnell, James A.. Qualitative Method Interpretations in Communication Studies. Lexington Books. 2001. 978-0-7391-0147-6. .
  11. Hartig. Falk. 23 September 2019. Rethinking China's global 'propaganda' blitz. Global Media and Communication. en. 16. 1. 3–18. 10.1177/1742766519871694. 1742-7665. 204356272.
  12. Book: Heuvel. Jon Vanden. The Unfolding Lotus: East Asia's Changing Media: A Report of the Freedom Forum Media Studies Center at Columbia University in the City of New York. Dennis. Everette E.. The Center. 1993. 33. 623928917. Everette Dennis.
  13. Liu. Lihua. 2009-02-01. Discourse construction of social power: interpersonal rhetoric in editorials of the China Daily. Discourse Studies. en. 11. 1. 59–78. 10.1177/1461445608098498. 220784533 . 1461-4456.
  14. Book: Changfu, Chang. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fm5BAgAAQBAJ&dq=China%20Daily%20%22detached%22&pg=PA261. Evolution of Power: China's Struggle, Survival, and Success. 2013-11-21. Lexington Books. 978-0-7391-8498-1. 263–265. en. One System, Two Frames: The Coverage of the WTO Negotiations and the SARS Outbreak by the People's Daily and the China Daily. 864899546. 24 November 2020. 9 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109071334/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Evolution_of_Power/Fm5BAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=China+Daily+%22detached%22&pg=PA261&printsec=frontcover. live.
  15. Book: Hietanen, Markus. A Discourse on Democracy in China Daily. Uppsala Universitet. 2018. 21–26. 23 November 2020. 9 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109071320/https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1201133/FULLTEXT01.pdf. live.
  16. Chen. Lily. September 2013. Who speaks and how? Studies of voicing in the China Daily following a decade of change. Chinese Journal of Communication. en. 6. 3. 325–349. 10.1080/17544750.2013.789421. 144203378. 1754-4750.
  17. Book: General History of the People's Republic of China, 1949-1995. December 1993. 当代中国出版社. 7-80092-500-5. 有林. 北京. 446. zh.
  18. Li. Juan. 2009. Intertextuality and national identity: discourse of national conflicts in daily newspapers in the United States and China. Discourse & Society. 20. 1. 85–121. 10.1177/0957926508097096. 0957-9265. 42889245. 220396320 .
  19. Book: Brady, Anne-Marie . Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China . 2008 . . 978-0-7425-4057-6 . 23, 156, 168 . en . 968245349 . Anne-Marie Brady . 21 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210109071355/https://books.google.com/books?id=uj-1sxeO99kC . 9 January 2021 . live.
  20. Web site: Lulu . Jichang . Jirouš . Filip . Lee . Rachel . 2021-01-25 . Xi's centralisation of external propaganda: SCIO and the Central Propaganda Department . live . 2021-11-20 . Sinopsis . en-US . 3 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220203220603/https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/scio.pdf .
  21. News: Kilpatrick . Ryan Ho . 2023-03-16 . The Ins and Outs of the China Daily USA . 2023-03-25 . China Media Project . en-US . 25 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230325153605/https://chinamediaproject.org/2023/03/16/the-ins-and-outs-of-the-china-daily-usa/ . live .
  22. News: Needham. Kirsty. 2004-08-23. Dear Iris, the truth is this .... 2020-11-22. The Sydney Morning Herald. en. 9 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109071321/https://www.smh.com.au/world/dear-iris-the-truth-is-this-20040823-gdjlna.html. live.
  23. News: Scott. Liam. October 18, 2021. China Media Directives Reveal Granular Detail of State Censorship. Voice of America. October 20, 2021. 20 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211020081237/https://www.voanews.com/a/china-media-directives-reveal-granular-detail-of-state-censorship/6275855.html. live.
  24. News: Moxley . Mitch . 2013-08-03 . Fear and Loathing at the China Daily . 2022-12-21 . . en . 21 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221221024445/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/08/fear-and-loathing-at-the-china-daily/278334/ . live .
  25. Book: Cheng, Linsun . Berkshire Encyclopedia of China . 2016 . . 978-0-9770159-4-8 . 1 . en . 10.1093/acref/9780190622671.001.0001.
  26. Lawrence. John. 1982. China Daily News. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs. 8. 147–151. 10.2307/2158933. 0156-7365. 2158933. 156940388.
  27. News: About China Daily. https://web.archive.org/web/20181223215426/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cd/introduction.html. 23 December 2018. China Daily.
  28. News: 14 December 2012 . China Daily newspaper launches Africa edition . . live . 15 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121214205149/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20722952 . 14 December 2012.
  29. News: Smith . David . David Smith (journalist) . 14 May 2012 . China Daily to publish African edition as Beijing strengthens voice abroad . . live . 25 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160417075755/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/14/china-daily-newspaper-launches-african-edition . 17 April 2016.
  30. News: Davison . Nicola . January 21, 2015 . China state-run newspaper 'fabricated column by New Yorker writer' praising Beijing . en-GB . . live . subscription . 2021-03-06 . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11359439/China-state-run-newspaper-fabricated-column-by-New-Yorker-writer-praising-Beijing.html . 12 January 2022.
  31. News: Yu. Jess. January 21, 2015. New Yorker Writer Is Surprised by Byline in Chinese Newspaper: His Own. The New York Times. live. March 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20180126224907/https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/21/peter-hessler-china-daily-article/. January 26, 2018.
  32. News: Hernandez. Javier C.. October 14, 2015. In China's State News Media, What Is Said May Not Be What's Printed. The New York Times. live. March 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20180126224912/https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/14/roderick-macfarquhar-global-times-china/. January 26, 2018.
  33. News: Chang . Jack . New Yorker writer says he didn't pen op-ed in Chinese paper . 9 March 2021 . . Associated Press . 8 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220408064314/https://apnews.com/article/47dbf00d8d724bfaa910c36ae1a5e4a8 . live .
  34. News: Huang. Zheping. January 26, 2018. A Chinese paper used fake news to play up Xi Jinping's influence at Davos. Quartz. live. March 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20180126094638/https://qz.com/1189998/fake-news-chinas-state-media-used-fabricated-quotes-to-play-up-xi-jinpings-influence-at-davos/. January 26, 2018.
  35. News: Tandon . Shaun . April 8, 2020 . US tightens rules on Chinese state media . . . live . April 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200408222218/https://hongkongfp.com/2020/04/08/us-tightens-rules-on-chinese-state-media/ . April 8, 2020.
  36. News: 2020-05-06 . Steven . Yoder . Driven to 'near extinction': Beijing's high-pressure campaign against the foreign Chinese-language press . . 17 July 2022 . 10 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200510180119/https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/china-censorship-abroad/ . live .
  37. News: Magnier. Mark. 8 February 2020. US lawmakers push Justice Department to investigate China Daily, label the newspaper a foreign agent. South China Morning Post. live. 21 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200811204030/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3049627/us-lawmakers-push-justice-department-investigate-china-daily. 11 August 2020.
  38. News: Allen-Ebrahimian . Bethany . 18 February 2020 . Exclusive: Pompeo says new China media restrictions "long overdue" . . live . 2020-02-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200218235410/https://www.axios.com/pompeo-china-media-restriction-2507fdab-5672-4a07-b4f7-4de7c996983a.html . 18 February 2020.
  39. News: Tomlinson . Lucas . 2020-02-18 . State Department designates 5 Chinese media outlets 'foreign missions' . en-US . . live . 2020-02-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200218235410/https://www.foxnews.com/world/state-department-china-media-foreign-propaganda . 18 February 2020.
  40. News: Jakes. Lara. Myers. Steven Lee. 2020-02-18. U.S. Designates China's Official Media as Operatives of the Communist State. The New York Times. live. 2020-04-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20200324074500/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/18/world/asia/china-media-trump.html. 24 March 2020.
  41. News: O'Keeffe. Kate. Cheng. Jonathan. 2020-02-19. State Department Names Five Chinese Media Outlets as Foreign Missions in U.S.. The Wall Street Journal. live. 2020-04-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20200401025922/https://www.wsj.com/articles/state-department-names-five-chinese-media-outlets-as-foreign-diplomatic-missions-in-u-s-11582062002. 1 April 2020.
  42. News: Cadell. Cate. December 31, 2021. China harvests masses of data on Western targets, documents show. en-US. The Washington Post. 2022-01-01. 0190-8286. 1 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220101001350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-harvests-masses-of-data-on-western-targets-documents-show/2021/12/31/3981ce9c-538e-11ec-8927-c396fa861a71_story.html. live.
  43. Web site: 8 September 2020 . Press Statement on China Daily / Global Times article attributing false comments to NSA . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210109071350/https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl%2F32948%2FPress_Statement_on_China_Daily__Global_Times_article_attributing_false_comments_to_NSA . 9 January 2021 . 2020-11-23 . Ministry of External Affairs (India).
  44. Web site: September 28, 2023 . How the People's Republic of China Seeks to Reshape the Global Information Environment . 2023-09-29 . . en . PRC officials sometimes attribute relevant content to specific authors under false names, likely to conceal the PRC's role in producing it and falsely purporting to represent legitimate, organic sentiment in a given region. In addition, PRC officials are known in some cases to attribute such manufactured commentaries to "international affairs commentators" and then use other individual, non-official accounts to promote these commentaries. As one example, the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) uses a manufactured persona named Yi Fan, often credited as a "Beijing-based international affairs commentator," to deceptively promote pro-Beijing views on a wide variety of topics and regions. . 28 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928232237/https://www.state.gov/gec-special-report-how-the-peoples-republic-of-china-seeks-to-reshape-the-global-information-environment/ . live .
  45. News: Myers . Steven Lee . 2023-09-28 . China Uses 'Deceptive' Methods to Sow Disinformation, U.S. Says . en-US . . 2023-09-29 . 0362-4331 . 29 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230929012111/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/28/technology/china-disinformation-us-state-department.html . live .
  46. News: Willemyns . Alex . September 28, 2023 . US diplomat: 'We're in an undeclared information war' . en . . 2023-09-29 . 30 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930010005/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/disinformation-propaganda-report-09282023162711.html . live .
  47. Web site: Bandurski . David . 2024-02-29 . China's Local Game of Global Propaganda . 2024-02-29 . China Media Project . en-US . 29 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240229150204/https://chinamediaproject.org/2024/02/29/going-local-with-the-global-propaganda-game/ . live .
  48. Web site: Bandurski . David . 2024-07-04 . China Starts Influence Ranking for Cities . 2024-07-06 . China Media Project . en-US.
  49. Chen. Lily. 2004. Evaluation in Media Texts: A Cross-Cultural Linguistic Investigation. Language in Society. 33. 5. 673–702. 10.1017/S0047404504045026. 0047-4045. 4169385. 5524732. 23 December 2021. 22 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220122005921/https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1613/1/chen.l1.pdf. live.
  50. Web site: 2020-03-25. Coronavirus: The information heroes China silenced. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109071321/https://rsf.org/en/news/coronavirus-information-heroes-china-silenced. 9 January 2021. 2020-11-23. Reporters Without Borders. en.
  51. Web site: 22 March 2019. China's Pursuit of a New World Media Order. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109071320/https://rsf.org/sites/default/files/en_rapport_chine_web_final.pdf. 9 January 2021. 23 November 2020. Reporters Without Borders.
  52. News: Meade. Amanda. 9 December 2020. Nine Entertainment newspapers quit carrying China Watch supplement. The Guardian. live. 9 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109071324/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/dec/09/nine-entertainment-newspapers-quit-carrying-china-watch-supplement. 9 January 2021.
  53. News: Joseph . Jamie . 4 March 2024 . Rubio calls on US media outlets to cut ties with CCP propaganda outlet China Daily . 5 March 2024 . . 5 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240305001130/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/rubio-calls-us-media-outlets-cut-ties-ccp-propaganda-outlet-china-daily . live .
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