Chess in Armenia explained

Chess has been played in Armenia since the early Middle Ages; however, it was institutionalized during the early Soviet period.[1] Highly popular in Armenia today,[2] [3] [4] chess gained widespread recognition during the 1960s, when Soviet Armenian grandmaster Tigran Petrosian became the World Chess Champion.[1] [5] A country of about three million people, Armenia is considered one of the strongest chess nations today,[6] [7] and a chess superpower.[8] [9] Among countries, Armenia has one of the most chess grandmasters per capita.[10]

Since the country's independence, the Armenian men's chess team has won the European Team Championship (1999), the World Team Championship (2011) and the Chess Olympiad (2006, 2008, 2012). The women's team had its crowning victory at the 2003 European Championship. As of August 2021, Armenia ranks seventh in the world by the average rating of its top players.[11] Levon Aronian, formerly Armenia's best chess player, has placed as high as world No. 2 in the FIDE rankings, and has been a World Champion candidate on six occasions.

Since the 2011–12 school year, chess lessons have been made part of the curriculum in every public school in Armenia, making it the first country in the world to make chess mandatory in schools.[12]

Name

Until the early 20th century, chess was known in Armenian as čatrak (ճատրակ), from Middle Persian chatrang.[13] [14] Another name was ճատրկուց, čatrkuts.[14] Today, that term—pronounced jadrag[15] —is only used in Western Armenian, which is spoken in the Armenian diaspora.[16] In modern Eastern Armenian, the variation used in Armenia, chess is known as šaxmat Armenian: շախմատ (in Armenian pronounced as /ʃɑχmɑt/). It is derived from Russian šáxmaty (шахматы), itself a derivative from Persian šâh mât (Persian: شاه مات), literally meaning "the king is at a loss" or "the king is helpless."[17] The latter Persian phrase is also the etymology of the English checkmate.[18]

History

Early history

In their 1936 book on the history of chess, historians Joseph Orbeli and Kamilla Trever suggest that chess was known in Armenia since at least the 9th century during the Arab rule. According to them, the game was brought to Armenia by the Arabs from India, where the game is believed to have been originated in the sixth century as Chaturanga.[19] In 1967 chess pieces were excavated by archaeologists in the citadel of Dvin, the medieval Armenian capital.[20] Chess is mentioned in manuscripts from the 12th–13th centuries, kept in the Matenadaran in Yerevan, including by Vardan Areveltsi and Mkhitar Anetsi.[21] [14] Until the mid-20th century villagers in Shenavan, in the Aparan area, used homemade chess figures similar to medieval ones.[22]

Soviet period

Chess in Armenia was institutionalized after the establishment of Soviet rule in 1920.[23] In 1926-27, chemist Simon Hovyan (1869-1942) spearheaded an initiative to introduce sections dedicated to chess in numerous Armenian newspapers. He played a crucial role in the widespread popularization of the game by providing lectures on the rules and strategy of chess, as well as translating books by Emanuel Lasker, Ilya Maizelis (ru), and Yakov Rokhlin (ru) into Armenian.

The first chess competitions were held in 1927, when the Armenian Chess Federation was founded. Until 1934 chess players from Armenia competed in the Transcaucasian championship. In 1934 the first Armenian Chess Championship was held in Yerevan.[14] Genrikh Kasparyan became its winner. In later years Kasparyan won the championship nine times and became the most-titled Armenian chess player with ten national championship wins. The women's championship was also held the same year, Sirush Makints and Margarita Mirza-Avagian shared the champion title.[24] [14] The first Armenian chess club was founded in Yerevan in 1936.[14] Chess clubs were also founded in Leninakan (now Gyumri) and Kirovakan (now Vanadzor) in the 1950s. By the early 1980s all towns and districts (rayons) of Soviet Armenia had chess clubs.[14]

Chess became particularly popular with the unprecedented success of Tigran Petrosian in the 1960s. Born in Tiflis, the current capital of Armenia's neighbor Georgia, he started his ascent in Armenia with a 1946 victory at the national championship. He then won the Soviet champion title four times (1959, 1961, 1969, 1975). In 1963 Petrosian became the World Chess Champion, defeating Mikhail Botvinnik, another Soviet representative. Petrosian's victory not only popularized the game of chess, but also "led to an outpouring of patriotic fervour" in the smallest Soviet republic. "From that moment on, chess became a national obsession." Many couples named their sons Tigran, after Petrosian. Besides being World Champion for six years (1963 to 1969), Petrosian won the Chess Olympiad nine times with the Soviet team (1958 to 1974).[25]

The USSR Chess Championship was held in Yerevan twice, in 1962 and 1975.[26]

In 1962, there were 30,000 chess players in Soviet Armenia, as well as 3,000 instructors and judges. By 1986 the number of chess players had increased to 50,000, including three grandmasters: Rafael Vaganian, Smbat Lputian, and Arshak Petrosian. In the late Soviet period, Rafael Vaganian (1989)[27] and Artashes Minasian (1991)[28] became Soviet Champions. Vaganian also won the Olympiad with the Soviet team twice in 1984 and 1986.[29]

Independent Armenia

Armenia gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, Armenian chess players have had the opportunity to represent the Republic of Armenia. Three major chess tournaments have taken place in independent Armenia: the 32nd Chess Olympiad was held at the Sports & Music Complex in Yerevan in 1996;[30] the 2001 World Team Chess Championship and the 2014 European Individual Chess Championship were held at the Yerevan Opera Theater.[31] [32]

Armenia earned its first medal at the 1992 Chess Olympiad, finishing third. Armenia won bronze medals at the 2002 and 2004 Olympiads as well. The Armenian team made a breakthrough with the sensational victory at the 2006 Chess Olympiad. They also won the 2008 and 2012 Chess Olympiads. Their record at the World Team Championships has been similarly outstanding, finishing third in 1997, 2001, and 2005, and winning in 2011. At the European championships the team performed somewhat more poorly, placing third in 1997, first in 1999, and second in 2007.

Chess in schools

In 2011, the Ministry of Education of Armenia made chess part of the primary school curriculum along with such standards as math and history for children over the age of 6.[33] [34] Chess is compulsory for second, third and fourth graders.[35] Over $1.5 million was spent on the program. The inclusion of chess in schools was generally received positively by the public, but some parents claimed that their children's school program was already complicated and overloaded.[36] Grandmaster Smbat Lputian argued that "bringing chess into schools is the best way to build the future."[37] Grandmaster Rafael Vaganian criticized the program as "farce."[38]

The decision was widely reported in the international media. Journalists, chess experts and officials in various countries praised the program and advised its adoption in their respective countries.[39] During his visit to Armenia in 2014 Magnus Carlsen stated: "I think Armenia's experience of teaching chess in schools is a great example for the whole world."[40] As of 2020, chess is taught in grades 2 to 4 with two classes a week.[41]

Recent developments

On December 12, 2019 the United Nations (UN) designated 20 July as World Chess Day as proposed by the Armenian delegation. It marks the date in 1924 when the International Chess Federation was established.[42]

As of 2021, Armenia's statistics agency recorded 4,969 chess players (including 1,318 females), up from 1,846 (375 females) in 2005 and 184 coaches (including 36 females) up from 87 (17 females) in 2005.

In August 2022, when he met with the men's team that won a silver medal at the 44th Chess Olympiad, Armenia's Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said Armenia should aim to win the World Chess Championship by 2050. His government has listed it as a strategic goal for Armenia.[43]

Armenian diaspora

A number of ethnic Armenian chess players have achieved success outside of Armenia. Most notably, in 1985, Garry Kasparov, born in Baku, Soviet Azerbaijan to an Armenian mother and Russian Jewish father,[44] became World Champion. Although he never represented Armenia and is only half-Armenian, some sources preferred to call him Armenian,[45] partly because his last name is the Russified form of his mother's Armenian last name Kasparyan.

Other notable Armenian diaspora chess players include[46] Sergei Movsesian (Czech Republic, Slovakia), Yury Dokhoian[47] and David Paravyan (Russia), Levon Ashotovich Grigorian (Uzbekistan), Tatev Abrahamyan, Samuel Sevian, Varuzhan Akobian, Melikset Khachiyan and Levon Aronian (United States), Dina Kagramanov and Natalia Khoudgarian (Canada), José Bademian Orchanian (Uruguay), Krikor Mekhitarian (Brazil), Knarik Mouradian (Lebanon).

Institutions

The national governing body for chess, the Armenian Chess Federation, was founded in 1927.[48] Serzh Sargsyan, then Defense Minister, was elected its president in 2004 and was reelected in 2011.[49] Sargsyan "is known for enthusiastically supporting Armenian chess players."[50] On one occasion, Sargsyan stated that "We don't want people to know Armenia just for the earthquake and the genocide. We would rather it was famous for its chess."[51] The Armenian government provides grandmasters with salaries and perks.[5] [35]

The Chess Academy of Armenia (Հայաստանի շախմատի ակադեմիա) is a leading education institutions of chess in Armenia. It was founded in 2002 by the initiative of Grandmaster Smbat Lputian and supported by then-Prime Minister Andranik Margaryan. The academy has also organized international and national chess tournaments.[52]

National championship

See main article: Armenian Chess Championship. The first Armenian championship occurred in 1934 when it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR. Championships were held sporadically in the Armenian SSR until 1945, when they became an annual event; this practice has been continued in independent Armenia. Genrikh Kasparyan has won it the most times (10 times), followed by Ashot Anastasian (8 times), Levon Grigorian (6 times) and Artashes Minasian (6 times).[53]

The first woman's championship also took place in 1934, but was not held again till 1939. Some of the most notable women champions include Elina Danielian (6 times), Lilit Mkrtchian (4 times) and Siranush Andriasian (3 times).[24]

Media

In 1972, the magazine Chess in Armenia (Շախմատային Հայաստան Shakhmatayin Hayastan) was founded by Gaguik Oganessian. It was published monthly until 1997, when it became a weekly magazine.[54] In 1972, the TV show Chess-64 (originally named Chess School) started to be aired by the Public Television of Armenia. Hosted by Gaguik Oganessian, it is the "longest lived program series" in the channel's history.[55] Another more recently created show, Chess World, is aired after the First News.[56]

Individual statistics

FIDE, the World Chess Federation, lists 24 active Armenian grandmasters, 4 woman grandmasters, 17 international masters and 4 woman international masters.[57]

Men

The Top 10 Armenian grandmasters as of November 2023 are listed below.[58]

See also: List of Armenian chess players.

Player Birth year GM Title Rating World rank
1 2000 2017 2708 34
2 1983 2002 2686 48
3 1989 2008 2650 94
4 1995 2013 2646 97
5 2002 2019 2625 133
6 1993 2009 2618 150
7 2001 2018 2616 153
8 1991 2010 2611 169
9 1978 1997 2605 188
10 1998 2017 2604 189

Women

The Top 10 women Armenian chess players are listed below as of November 2023.[59]

Player Birth year Title Rating World rank
1 1978 GM 2413 43
2 1982 IM 2387 64
3 2001 IM 2364 83
4 2004 WIM 2347 100
5 1994 WGM 2260 -
6 1986 WIM 2192 -
7 2001 WIM 2171 -
8 1990 - 2155 -
9 2005 2073 -
10 1999 WIM 2069 -

Team records

Chess Olympiads

See also: Chess Olympiad.

Open (Men's)
Year Event Location Players Position
1992 Manila, Philippines [60]
1994 Moscow, Russia 13 [61]
1996 Yerevan, Armenia Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, A. Petrosian 5 [62]
1998 Elista, Russia Vaganian, Lputian, Akopian, Minasian, Asrian, Anastasian 16 [63]
2000 Istanbul, Turkey 17 [64]
2002 Bled, Slovenia Akopian, Lputian, Asrian, Sargissian, Minasian, Anastasian [65]
2004 Calviá, Spain Akopian, Aronian, Vaganian, Lputian, Sargissian, Minasian [66]
2006 Turin, Italy Aronian, Akopian, Asrian, Lputian, Sargissian, Minasian [67]
2008 Dresden, Germany Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, T. Petrosian, Minasian [68]
2010 Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia 7 [69]
2012 Istanbul, Turkey Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, T. Petrosian [70]
2014 Tromsø, Norway 8 [71]
2016 Baku, Azerbaijandid not participate— —
2018 Batumi, GeorgiaAronian, Sargissian, Melkumyan, Hovhannisyan, Martirosyan8 [72]
2022 Chennai, IndiaSargissian, Melkumyan, Ter-Sahakyan, Petrosyan, R. Hovhannisyan[73]
Women's
Year Event Location Players Position
1992 Manila, Philippines 33 [74]
1994 Moscow, Russia 24 [75]
1996 Yerevan, Armenia Danielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian, Khalafian 20 [76]
1998 Elista, Russia 21 [77]
2000 Istanbul, Turkey Danielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian, Aginian 10 [78]
2002 Bled, Slovenia 15 [79]
2004 Calviá, Spain 11
2006 Turin, Italy Mkrtchian, Danielian, Aginian, Andriasian 8 [80]
2008 Dresden, Germany Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Galojan, Andriasian 6 [81]
2010 Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia 11 [82]
2012 Istanbul, Turkey 6 [83]
2014 Tromsø, Norway 5 [84]
2016 Baku, Azerbaijandid not participate
2018 Batumi, GeorgiaDanielian, Mkrtchian, Sargsyan, Kursova, Ghukasyan6 [85]

World Team Championships

See also: World Team Chess Championship.

Men's
Year Location Players Position
1993 Lucerne, Switzerland 4 [86]
1997 Lucerne, Switzerland [87]
2001 Yerevan, Armenia Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Asrian, Anastasian, Minasian [88]
2005 Beersheba, Israel Aronian, Akopian, Asrian, Vaganian, Lputian, Anastasian [89]
2010 Bursa, Turkey 5 [90]
2011 Ningbo, China [91]
2013 Antalya, Turkey Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Petrosian5 [92]
2015 Tsaghkadzor, Armenia Aronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Akopian, Melkumyan[93]
2017 Khanty-Mansiysk, Russiadid not participate
2019 Astana, Kazakhstandid not participate
Women's
Year Location Players Position
2007 Yekaterinburg, Russia 8 [94]
2009 Ningbo, China 5 [95]
2011 Mardin, Turkey Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Aginian 6 [96]
2013 Astana, Kazakhstan did not participate[97]
2015 Chengdu, China7
2017 Khanty-Mansiysk, Russiadid not participate
2019 Astana, Kazakhstan 8 [98]

European Team Championships

Men's

See also: European Team Chess Championship.

Year Location Players Position
1992 Debrecen, Hungary 19 [99]
1997 Pula, Croatia Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian [100]
1999 Batumi, Georgia [101]
2001 León, Spain did not participate[102]
2003 Plovdiv, Bulgariadid not participate[103]
2005 Gothenburg, Sweden Akopian, Aronian, Vaganian, Lputian, Anastasian 12 [104]
2007 Heraklion, Greece Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Asrian, Lputian [105]
2009 Novi Sad, Serbia 4 [106]
2011 Porto Carras, Greece 4 [107]
2013 Warsaw, Poland Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Petrosian 4 [108]
2015 Reykjavík, Iceland
2017 Halkidiki, Greece
Women's
Year Location Players Position
1992 Debrecen, Hungary 19 [109]
1997 Pula, Croatia 5 [110]
1999 Batumi, Georgia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian 5 [111]
2001 León, Spain did not participate[112]
2003 Plovdiv, Bulgaria [113]
2005 Gothenburg, Sweden 6 [114]
2007 Heraklion, Greece [115]
2009 Novi Sad, Serbia 5 [116]
2011 Porto Carras, Greece Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Aginian 7 [117]
2013 Warsaw, Poland 5 [118]

Club championships

In 1995, the Yerevan city club won the European Chess Club Cup men's tournament.[119] In 2006, the Yerevan MIKA club won the European Club Cup women's tournament.[120]

See also

References

Notes

Citations

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: In Armenia chess is king and grandmasters are stars. . 13 May 2010 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140915235449/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/in-armenia-chess-is-king-and-grandmasters-are-stars-1972407.html . 15 September 2014.
  2. News: Compulsory chess lessons might be making Armenia's kids supersmart . 25 March 2013 . . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130928213708/http://now.msn.com/chess-lessons-in-armenia-having-positive-effect-on-children . 28 September 2013.
  3. News: Shant . Shahrigian . Marco . Werman . Learning Chess in Elementary School . 1 November 2011 . . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140915210141/http://www.pri.org/stories/2011-11-01/slideshow-learning-chess-elementary-school . 15 September 2014.
  4. [Garry Kasparov]
  5. News: Parkinson . Joe . Winning Move: Chess Reigns as Kingly Pursuit in Armenia . . 3 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210808133102/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324020804578147393825457694 . 8 August 2021.
  6. News: Moss . Stephen . Armenia's killer chess move . . 16 November 2011 . Armenia is an obsessive chess-playing country, one of the strongest in the world despite a population that is the same as – yes, you guessed it – Wales. . https://web.archive.org/web/20210511223040/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/16/armenia-killer-chess-move . 11 May 2021.
  7. News: Armenia: the cleverest nation on earth . . 19 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210503153450/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004j7zg . 3 May 2021.
  8. Chakelian . Anoosh . Armenia Is an International Superpower—at Chess . . May 24, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904105432/https://newrepublic.com/article/117888/armenias-chess-dominance . 4 September 2022.
  9. Web site: Speech by President Sargsyan on the occasion of the gold victory of the men's national chess team at the World Chess Olympiad . president.am . The Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia . https://web.archive.org/web/20210228091208/https://www.president.am/en/statements-and-messages/item/2008/11/26/news-24/ . 28 February 2021 . 26 November 2008 . The Armenian chess players through their splendid performance, talent and will power proved once again that our country is a chess superpower..
  10. News: Armenia Wins World Chess Title, Ukraine Takes Third. 27 July 2011. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Chess has been one of Armenia's most popular sports since Tigran Petrosian, a Tbilisi-born Armenian, became a world champion in 1963. The country currently boasts one of the largest per capita numbers of chess grandmasters in the world. . https://web.archive.org/web/20210505160643/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia_wins_world_team_chess_title/24278984.html . 5 May 2021.
  11. Web site: Federations Ranking. fide.com. World Chess Federation. 2012-09-19. 2017-12-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227004927/http://ratings.fide.com/topfed.phtml. live.
  12. News: Chess lessons introduced to the curriculum in Armenian schools. Nina. Akhmeteli. BBC News. 19 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092306/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-16629820 . 8 November 2020.
  13. Book: Adjarian, Hrachia. Հայերեն Արմատական Բառարան [Armenian Etymological Dictionary]. 3. 1926. Yerevan University Press. 190. Hrachia Adjarian. hy.
  14. Encyclopedia: Petrosian. Tigran. Tigran Petrosian. Hakobian. G.. Շախմատ [Chess]. 414–415. 8. Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. hy. Yerevan. Armenian Encyclopedia. 1982.
  15. Book: Awde, Nicholas. Western Armenian Dictionary & Phrasebook. 2006. Hippocrene Books. New York. 978-0-7818-1048-7. 168. Nicholas Awde. Davidian, Vazken-Khatchig.
  16. Book: Kouyoumdjian . Mesrob G. . Ընդարձակ Բառարան Անգլիերէնէ Հայերէն [A Comprehensive English - Armenian Dictionary] . 1981 . G. Doniguian & Fils . Beirut . 226.
  17. Book: Chess: East and West, Past and Present. 1968. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. xxv.
  18. Web site: checkmate (n.) . etymonline.com . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210306182646/https://www.etymonline.com/word/checkmate . 6 March 2021.
  19. Book: The Everything Chess Basics Book. 2003. Adams Media. Avon, Massachusetts. 978-1-4405-2229-1. 2. United States Chess Federation. United States Chess Federation. Kurzdorfer, Peter. Chess is a descendant of a game called Chaturanga believed to have originated in India in the sixth century and which may have been related to a much older Chinese game..
  20. Karo Ghafadaryan. Ghafadarian. Karo. Հնագիտական աշխատանքը Հայաստանում սովետական շրջանում [Archaeological Research in Armenia in Soviet Years]]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes. 1970. 3. 16. Armenian Academy of Sciences. Yerevan. hy. 2013-12-07. 2018-09-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20180920124140/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/1526/. live.
  21. Thomson . Robert W. . Robert W. Thomson . The Historical Compilation of Vardan Arewelcʿi . . 1989 . 43 . 192 . 10.2307/1291609 . 1291609 .
  22. Arakelian. Babken N.. Babken Arakelyan. Ակադեմիկոս Հովսեփ Օրբելի (Ծննդյան 90-ամյակի առթիվ) [Academician Hovsep Orbeli (on his 90th birth anniversary)]]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes. 1977. 1. 27. Armenian National of Sciences. Yerevan. hy. 2013-12-07. 2017-11-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060430/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/2722/. live.
  23. Karpov . Anatoly . Anatoly Karpov . Шахматы: Энциклопедический словарь . Армения [Armenia] . 1990 . . Moscow . ru . 978-5-85270-005-6 . 23533106 . 97214322 . 21.
  24. Web site: All Women's Champions of Armenia. Chess in Armenia Magazine. 1 September 2013. 30 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110930112028/http://www.armchess.am/all_womens_ch_arm.htm. live.
  25. Web site: Petrosian, Tigran. OlimpBase. 25 August 2013. 11 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131211031225/http://www.olimpbase.org/players/ikkqkgyh.html. live.
  26. Web site: Gabelli . Giuseppe . The Soviet Chess Championship 1920-1991 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080128115927/http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/ussr/index.htm . 28 January 2008.
  27. Web site: Vaganian Rafael Artemovich. Chess Network Company. 24 August 2013. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202610/http://www.chessnc.com/biography/person-1914.html. live.
  28. Web site: Minasian Artashes. Chess Network Company. 24 August 2013. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202614/http://www.chessnc.com/biography/person-257.html. live.
  29. Web site: Vaganian, Rafael. OlimpBase. 24 August 2013. 25 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140625061545/http://www.olimpbase.org/players/siswak0g.html. live.
  30. Web site: 32nd Chess Olympiad: Yerevan 1996 . OlimpBase . 12 September 2012 . 6 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072224/http://www.olimpbase.org/1996/1996in.html . live .
  31. Web site: 5th World Team Chess Championship: Yerevan 2001 . OlimpBase . 12 September 2012 . 15 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120415153910/http://www.olimpbase.org/2001t/2001in.html . live .
  32. News: European Individual Chess Championship launches in Yerevan. 16 March 2014. 3 March 2014. Armenpress. 16 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140316195326/http://armenpress.am/eng/news/752204/european-individual-chess-championship-launches-in-yerevan.html. live.
  33. News: Armenia Introduces Chess As Mandatory School Subject. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 19 September 2011. 12 September 2012. 12 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120912031913/http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia_introduces_chess_as_mandatory_school_subject/24333249.html. live.
  34. News: Armenia makes chess compulsory in schools. The Guardian. 15 November 2011. 12 September 2012. 1 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131001064954/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/15/armenia-chess-compulsory-schools. live.
  35. News: Parameswaran; Gaedtke. Gayatri; Felix. Chess mania captures Armenia's attention. Al Jazeera. 24 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111224142/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/03/24/chess-mania-captures-armenias-attention/ . 11 November 2020.
  36. News: Hakobyan . Julia . Reading, Writing, Chess: Experts evaluate Armenia's progress on introducing the oldest board game at primary schools . 28 April 2013 . ArmeniaNow . 26 April 2013 . 20 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150620060608/http://www.armenianow.com/society/education/45640/armenia_chess_education_primary_schools . dead .
  37. News: Grigoryan. Marianna. Armenia: Can Chess "Build the Country's Future?". 25 August 2013. EurasiaNet. 27 July 2011. 27 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130827222357/http://eurasianet.org/node/63957. live.
  38. News: Գրոսմայստեր Ռաֆայել Վահանյանը դեմ է դպրոցներում շախմատի դասավանդմանը . . 17 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191218181359/https://a1plus.am/hy/article/355846 . 18 December 2019 . hy.
  39. News: Berezow. Alex. Why Chess Should Be Required in U.S. Schools. Pacific Standard. 15 April 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140915234136/https://psmag.com/education/why-chess-should-be-required-in-us-schools-55241. 15 September 2014.
  40. News: Carlsen: World should take example from Armenia. sport.news.am. 23 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140623164032/http://sport.news.am/eng/news/42618/carlsen-world-should-take-example-from-armenia.html. 23 June 2014.
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