The Constitution of the Soviet Union recognised the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (between 1938 and 1989) and the earlier Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the Congress of Soviets (between 1922 and 1938) as the highest organs of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) between legislative sessions. Under the 1924, 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitutions these bodies served as the collective head of state of the Soviet Union.[1] The chairman of these bodies personally performed the largely ceremonial functions assigned to a single head of state[2] but was provided little real power by the constitution.
The Soviet Union was established in 1922. However, the country's first constitution was only adopted in 1924. Before that time, the 1918 Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic functioned as the constitution of the USSR. According to the 1918 Constitution, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (CEC), whose chairman was head of state, had the power to determine what matters of income and taxation would go to the state budget and what would go to the local soviets. The CEC could also limit taxes.[3] In periods between convocations of the Congress of Soviets the CEC held supreme power.[4] In between sessions of the Congress of Soviets the CEC was responsible for all the affairs of the Congress of Soviets.[5] The CEC and the Congress of Soviets was replaced by the Presidium and the Supreme Soviet respectively by several amendments to the 1936 Constitution in 1938.[6]
Under the 1977 Constitution, the Supreme Soviet was the highest organ of state power and the sole organ in the country to hold legislative authority.[6] Sessions of the Supreme Soviet were convened by the Presidium twice a year; however, special sessions could be convened on the orders of a Union Republic.[6] In the event of a disagreement between the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities the Presidium could form a conciliation commission. If this commission failed, the Presidium could dissolve the Supreme Soviet and order new elections.[6] The Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, along with the first and fifteen other vice chairmen, would be elected by the deputies of the Supreme Soviet.[7] In practice, the Chairman of the Presidium held little influence over policy ever since the delegation of the office's power to the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during Joseph Stalin's rule.[8]
The Presidency was established in 1990 and the President would, according to the altered constitution, be elected by the Soviet people by direct and secret ballot. However, the first and only Soviet President, Mikhail Gorbachev, was elected by the democratically elected Congress of People's Deputies.[9] In connection with the dissolution of the Soviet Union national elections for the office of President never took place. To be elected to the office a person must have been a Soviet citizen and older than thirty-five but younger than sixty-five years. The same person could not be elected president more than twice.[10] The Presidency was the highest state office, and was the most important office in the Soviet Union by influence and recognition, eclipsing that of Premier and, with the deletion of Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, General Secretary. With the establishment of the Presidency executive power was shared between the President and the Prime Minister. The President was given broad powers, such as being responsible for negotiating the membership of the Cabinet of Ministers with the Supreme Soviet;[11] the Prime Minister, however, was responsible for managing the nomenklatura and economic matters.[12]
Of the eleven individuals appointed head of state, three died in office of natural causes (Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko), one held the position in a temporary role (Charles Haman), and four held posts of party leader and head of state simultaneously (Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Mikhail Gorbachev). The first head of state was Mikhail Kalinin, who was inaugurated in 1922 after the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. At over twenty years, Kalinin spent the longest time in office; he died shortly after his resignation in 1946. Andropov spent the shortest time in office.
| Portrait | Name | Term | Congress Meetings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Duration | |||||
| Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets | |||||||
| 1 | Lev Kamenev | 9 November 1917 | 21 November 1917 | 2nd Congress | |||
| 2 | Yakov Sverdlov | 21 November 1917 | 16 March 1919 † | 3rd–6th Congress | |||
| — | Mikhail Vladimirsky | 16 March 1919 | 30 March 1919 | — | |||
| 3 | Mikhail Kalinin | 30 March 1919 | 30 December 1922 | 7th–10th Congress | |||
[13] | Portrait | Name | Term | Supreme Soviet Convocations [14] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Duration | ||||
| 1 | Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets | |||||
| Mikhail Kalinin [15] | 30 December 1922 | 12 January 1938 | 1st–8th Convocation | |||
| Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet | ||||||
| Mikhail Kalinin | 17 January 1938 | 19 March 1946 | 1st Convocation | |||
| 2 | Nikolai Shvernik [16] | 19 March 1946 | 15 March 1953 | 2nd–3rd Convocation | ||
| 3 | Kliment Voroshilov [17] | 15 March 1953 | 7 May 1960 | 3rd–5th Convocation | ||
| 4 | Leonid Brezhnev [18] | 7 May 1960 | 15 July 1964 | 5th–6th Convocation | ||
| 5 | Anastas Mikoyan [19] | 15 July 1964 | 9 December 1965 | 6th Convocation | ||
| 6 | Nikolai Podgorny [20] | 9 December 1965 | 16 June 1977 | 6th–9th Convocation | ||
| Leonid Brezhnev | 16 June 1977 | 10 November 1982 | 9th–10th Convocation | |||
| — | Vasily Kuznetsov [21] | 10 November 1982 | 16 June 1983 | 10th Convocation | ||
| 7 | Yuri Andropov | 16 June 1983 | 9 February 1984 | |||
| — | Vasily Kuznetsov | 9 February 1984 | 11 April 1984 | 11th Convocation | ||
| 8 | Konstantin Chernenko [22] | 11 April 1984 | 10 March 1985 | |||
| — | Vasily Kuznetsov | 10 March 1985 | 27 July 1985 | |||
| 9 | Andrei Gromyko [23] | 27 July 1985 | 1 October 1988 | |||
| 10 | Mikhail Gorbachev | 1 October 1988 | 25 May 1989 | 11th–12th Convocation | ||
| Chairman of the Supreme Soviet | ||||||
| Mikhail Gorbachev | 25 May 1989 | 15 March 1990 | 12th Convocation | |||
| President of the Soviet Union | ||||||
| Mikhail Gorbachev [24] | 15 March 1990 | 25 December 1991[25] | 12th Convocation | |||
There have been five individuals appointed vice head of state. In 1944, Nikolai Shvernik was the first vice head of state until 1946, the position was abolished and later re-established in 1977. At over eight years, Vasily Kuznetsov spent the longest time in office. Gennady Yanayev spent the shortest time in office.
| Portrait | Name | Term | Supreme Soviet Convocations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Duration | ||||
| First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet | ||||||
| 1 | Nikolai Shvernik | 4 March 1944 | 25 June 1946 | 1st Convocation | ||
| 2 | Vasily Kuznetsov | 7 October 1977 | 18 June 1986 | 9th–11th Convocation | ||
| 3 | Pyotr Demichev [26] | 18 June 1986 | 1 October 1988 | 11th Convocation | ||
| 4 | Anatoly Lukyanov [27] | 1 October 1988 | 25 May 1989 | 11th–12th Convocation | ||
| Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet | ||||||
| Anatoly Lukyanov | 25 May 1989 | 15 March 1990 | 12th Convocation | |||
| Vice President of the Soviet Union | ||||||
| 5 | Gennady Yanayev [28] | 27 December 1990 | 21 August 1991 | 12th Convocation | ||
| — | Office abolished[29] | 21 August 1991 | 26 December 1991 | |||