Cereblon Explained

Cereblon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRBN gene.[1] The gene that encodes the cereblon protein is found on the human chromosome 3, on the short arm at position p26.3 from base pair 3,190,676 to base pair 3,221,394. CRBN orthologs are highly conserved from plants to humans.[1]

Function

Ubiquitination and role in development

Cereblon forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1), Cullin-4A (CUL4A), and regulator of cullins 1 (ROC1).[2] This complex ubiquitinates a number of other proteins and marks them for degradation via the proteasome. Through a mechanism which has not been completely elucidated, this ubiquitination results in reduced levels of fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) and fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10). FGF8 in turn regulates a number of developmental processes, such as limb and auditory vesicle formation. The net result is that this ubiquitin ligase complex is important for limb outgrowth in embryos.

In the absence of cereblon, DDB1 forms a complex with DDB2 that functions as a DNA damage-binding protein. Furthermore, cereblon and DDB2 bind to DDB1 in a competitive manner.

Regulation of potassium channels

Cereblon binds to the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (KCNMA1) and regulates its activity.[3] [4] Moreover, mice lacking this channel develop neurological disorders.[5]

Clinical significance

Birth defects

The drug thalidomide binds to cereblon and changes which substrates can be degraded by it, which leads to an antiproliferative effect on myeloma cells and possibly the teratogenic effect on fetal development.[6] [7] [8] [9] Thalidomide was used as a treatment for morning sickness from 1957 until 1961 but was withdrawn from the market after it was discovered that it caused birth defects.[10] It is estimated that 10,000 to 20,000 children were affected.[11] However, the idea that cereblon modulation is responsible for the teratogenic activity of thalidomide in the chick and zebrafish was cast into doubt due to a 2013 report that pomalidomide (a more potent thalidomide analogue) does not cause teratogenic effects in these same model systems even though it binds with cereblon more strongly than thalidomide.[12] [13]

Intellectual disability

Mutations in the CRBN gene are associated with autosomal recessive nonsyndromic intellectual disability,[1] possibly as a result of dysregulation of calcium-activated potassium channels in the brain (see below) during development.[6]

Targeted protein degradation

Based on the finding that thalidomide and related analogues bind CRBN, heterobifunctional molecules were designed linking thalidomide to ligands for other proteins of interest.[14] [15] These molecules, termed proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) or protein degraders, recruit CRBN to a protein of interest, leading to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. This technology is being explored in clinical trials by a number of biotechnology companies such as Arvinas, C4 Therapeutics, and Kymera Therapeutics.[16]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Higgins JJ, Pucilowska J, Lombardi RQ, Rooney JP . A mutation in a novel ATP-dependent Lon protease gene in a kindred with mild mental retardation . Neurology . 63 . 10 . 1927–31 . November 2004 . 15557513 . 1201536 . 10.1212/01.wnl.0000146196.01316.a2.
  2. Angers S, Li T, Yi X, MacCoss MJ, Moon RT, Zheng N . Molecular architecture and assembly of the DDB1-CUL4A ubiquitin ligase machinery . Nature . 443 . 7111 . 590–3 . October 2006 . 16964240 . 10.1038/nature05175 . 2006Natur.443..590A . 4337993 .
  3. Jo S, Lee KH, Song S, Jung YK, Park CS . Identification and functional characterization of cereblon as a binding protein for large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel in rat brain . J. Neurochem. . 94 . 5 . 1212–24 . September 2005 . 16045448 . 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03344.x . 20578294 .
  4. Higgins JJ, Hao J, Kosofsky BE, Rajadhyaksha AM . Dysregulation of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel expression in nonsyndromal mental retardation due to a cereblon p.R419X mutation . Neurogenetics . 9 . 3 . 219–23 . July 2008 . 18414909 . 10.1007/s10048-008-0128-2 . 20729122 .
  5. Sausbier M, Hu H, Arntz C, Feil S, Kamm S, Adelsberger H, Sausbier U, Sailer CA, Feil R, Hofmann F, Korth M, Shipston MJ, Knaus HG, Wolfer DP, Pedroarena CM, Storm JF, Ruth P . Cerebellar ataxia and Purkinje cell dysfunction caused by Ca2+-activated K+ channel deficiency . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 101 . 25 . 9474–8 . June 2004 . 15194823 . 439001 . 10.1073/pnas.0401702101 . 2004PNAS..101.9474S . free .
  6. Ito T, Ando H, Suzuki T, Ogura T, Hotta K, Imamura Y, Yamaguchi Y, Handa H . Identification of a primary target of thalidomide teratogenicity . Science . 327 . 5971 . 1345–1350 . 2010 . 20223979 . 10.1126/science.1177319 . 2010Sci...327.1345I . 17575104 .
  7. News: Carl Zimmer . Answers Begin to Emerge on How Thalidomide Caused Defects . As they report in the current issue of Science, a protein known as cereblon latched on tightly to the thalidomide.. . March 15, 2010 . 2010-03-21 . Carl Zimmer .
  8. Web site: Thalidomide binding protein revealed . 2010-03-11 . Chemistry World . Royal Society of Chemistry . 2010-03-11 .
  9. Web site: Researchers Gain New Insights into the Mystery of Thalidomide-Caused Birth Defect . Moisse K . 2010-03-11 . Scientific American . 2010-03-11 .
  10. Web site: Thalidomide - A Second Chance? - programme summary. Anon. BBC. 2009-05-01.
  11. Web site: Born Freak. Anon. Happy Birthday Thalidomide. Channel 4. 2009-05-01.
  12. Mahony C, Erskine L, Niven J, Greig NH, Figg WD, Vargesson N . Pomalidomide is nonteratogenic in chicken and zebrafish embryos and nonneurotoxic in vitro . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 110 . 31 . 12703–8 . 2013 . 23858438 . 3732931 . 10.1073/pnas.1307684110 . 2013PNAS..11012703M . free .
  13. Lopez-Girona A, Mendy D, Ito T, Miller K, Gandhi AK, Kang J, Karasawa S, Carmel G, Jackson P, Abbasian M, Mahmoudi A, Cathers B, Rychak E, Gaidarova S, Chen R, Schafer PH, Handa H, Daniel TO, Evans JF, Chopra R . Cereblon is a direct protein target for immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities of lenalidomide and pomalidomide . Leukemia . 26 . 11 . 2326–35 . 2012 . 22552008 . 3496085 . 10.1038/leu.2012.119 .
  14. Winter . Georg E. . Buckley . Dennis L. . Paulk . Joshiawa . Roberts . Justin M. . Souza . Amanda . Dhe-Paganon . Sirano . Bradner . James E. . 2015-06-19 . DRUG DEVELOPMENT. Phthalimide conjugation as a strategy for in vivo target protein degradation . Science . 348 . 6241 . 1376–1381 . 10.1126/science.aab1433 . 1095-9203 . 4937790 . 25999370.
  15. Lu . Jing . Qian . Yimin . Altieri . Martha . Dong . Hanqing . Wang . Jing . Raina . Kanak . Hines . John . Winkler . James D. . Crew . Andrew P. . Coleman . Kevin . Crews . Craig M. . 2015-06-18 . Hijacking the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon to Efficiently Target BRD4 . Chemistry & Biology . 22 . 6 . 755–763 . 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.009 . 1879-1301 . 4475452 . 26051217.
  16. Mullard . Asher . 2019-03-06 . First targeted protein degrader hits the clinic . Nature Reviews Drug Discovery . en . 18 . 4 . 237–239 . 10.1038/d41573-019-00043-6. free . 30936511 .

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