Cave of El Castillo explained

Cave of El Castillo
Native Name:	Cueva del Castillo
Alternate Name:	Cave of the Castle
Native Name Lang:	es
Map Type:	Spain Cantabria#Spain
Map Alt:	Cave of El Castillo in Spain
Map Size:	240
Relief:	yes
Coordinates:	43.2922°N -3.9653°W
Location:	Puente Viesgo (Cantabria), Spain
Type:	Cave
Part Of:	Caves of Monte Castillo

The Cueva del Castillo, or Cave of the Castle, is an archaeological site within the complex of the Caves of Monte Castillo, in Puente Viesgo, Cantabria, Spain.

The archaeological stratigraphy has been divided into around 19 layers, depending on the source they slightly deviate from each other, however the overall sequence is consistent, beginning in the Proto-Aurignacian, and ending in the Bronze Age.

The El Castillo cave contains the oldest known cave painting: a large red stippled disk in the Panel de las Manos was dated to more than 40,000 years old using uranium-thorium dating in a 2012 study.^[1] This is consistent with the tradition of cave painting originating in the Proto-Aurignacian, with the first arrival of anatomically modern humans in Europe.^[2] A 2013 study of finger length ratios in Upper Paleolithic hand stencils found in France and Spain determined that the majority were of female hands, overturning the previous widely held belief that this art form was primarily a male activity.^[3]

Cueva del Castillo was discovered in 1903 by Hermilio Alcalde del Río, a Spanish archaeologist, who was one of the pioneers in the study of the earliest cave paintings of Cantabria. The entrance to the cave was smaller in the past and has been enlarged as a result of archaeological excavations.Alcalde del Río found an extensive sequence of images executed in charcoal and red ochre on the walls and ceilings of multiple caverns.The paintings and numerous markings and graffiti span from the Lower Paleolithic to the Bronze Age, and even into the Middle Ages. There are over 150 depictions already catalogued, including those that emphasize the engravings of a few deer, complete with shadowing.

See also

• Art of the Upper Paleolithic
• List of Stone Age art
• Cave of La Pasiega

External links

• Caves of Cantabria - Spanish Government Council of Culture, Tourism and Sport
• Video: Paleolithic Cave Arts in Northern Spain: El Castillo Cave

Notes and References

1. Pike. A. W. G.. Hoffmann, D. L. . Garcia-Diez, M. . Pettitt, P. B. . Alcolea, J. . De Balbin, R. . Gonzalez-Sainz, C. . de las Heras, C. . Lasheras, J. A. . Montes, R. . Zilhao, J. . U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain. Science. 14 June 2012. 336. 6087. 1409–1413. 10.1126/science.1219957 . 22700921. 2012Sci...336.1409P . 7807664. ."We present uranium-series disequilibrium dates of calcite depositsoverlying or underlying art found in 11 caves, including the United Nations Educational, Scientific,and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage sites of Altamira, El Castillo, and Tito Bustillo,Spain. The results demonstrate that the tradition of decorating caves extends back at leastto the Early Aurignacian period, with minimum ages of 40.8 thousand years for a red disk,37.3 thousand years for a hand stencil, and 35.6 thousand years for a claviform-like symbol.These minimum ages reveal either that cave art was a part of the cultural repertoire of the firstanatomically modern humans in Europe or that perhaps Neanderthals also engaged in painting caves."The El Castillo red stippled disk (sample O-83) was dated to (95% CI, corrected).Table 1: Ages are corrected for detritus by using an assumed ²³²Th/²³⁸U activity of and ²³⁰Th/²³⁸U and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U at equilibrium.See also: Web site: Spain claims top spot for world's oldest cave art : Nature News & Comment . Nature.com . January 19, 2017.
2. "If the earliest cave paintings appeared in the region shortly before 40.8 ka, this would, assuming that the Proto-Aurignacian cultural complex was made exclusively by Homo sapiens, support the notion that cave art coincided with their arrival in western Europe ~41.5 ka and that the exploration and decorating of caves was part of their cultural package. However, because the 40.8-ky date for the disk is a minimum age, it cannot be ruled out that the earliest paintings were symbolic expressions of the Neanderthals, which were present in Cantabrian Spain until at least 42 ka." (Pike et al. 2012, p. 1412).
3. Sexual Dimorphism in European Upper Paleolithic Cave Art. Snow. Dean R.. American Antiquity. 2013 . 78. 4. 746–761 . 10.7183/0002-7316.78.4.746 . 43184971.