Substituted cathinone explained

Substituted cathinones, which include some stimulants and entactogens, are derivatives of cathinone. They feature a phenethylamine core with an alkyl group attached to the alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the beta carbon, along with additional substitutions.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug.[6]

List of substituted cathinones

The derivatives may be produced by substitutions at four locations of the cathinone molecule:

The following table displays notable derivatives that have been reported:[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]

StructureCompoundR1R2R3R4CAS number
H H 71031-15-7
H Me H Me 5650-44-2
H Me H 51553-17-4
Propylcathinone H Me H 52597-14-5
H Et H Me 408332-79-6
N-Ethylbuphedrone (NEB)H Et H Et 1354631-28-9
N-Methyl-N-ethylbuphedrone H Et Me Et
H nPr H Me 879722-57-3
H nPr H Et 18268-16-1
N-Isopropylpentedrone H nPr H iPr 18268-14-9
H nBu H Me 2169446-41-5
N-EthylhexedroneH nBu H Et 18410-62-3
N-Butylhexedrone H nBu H nBu 18296-66-7
N-Isobutylhexedrone (NDH) H nBu H
Isohexedrone H iBu H Me
H nPe H Et
Octedrone H H Me
H Me Me Me 15351-09-4
H Me Et Et 134-80-5
N-Methyl-N-ethylcathinone H Me Me Et 1157739-24-6
3-Cl Me H 34911-55-2
3-Cl Me H 2-Me-3-OH-propan-2-yl 357399-43-0
4-Me Me H Me 1189805-46-6
2-Me Me H Me 1246911-71-6
2-MEC 2-Me Me H Et 1439439-84-5
2-EMC 2-Et Me H Me
2-EEC 2-Et Me H Et 2446466-59-5
3-Me Me H Me 1246816-62-5
3-MEC 3-Me Me H Et 1439439-83-4
3-MPC 3-Me Me H nPr
3-EMC 3-Et Me H Me
3-EEC 3-Et Me H Et 2446466-61-9
4-Et Me H Me 1225622-14-9
4-EEC 4-Et Me H Et 2446466-62-0
4-Me Me H H 31952-47-3
4-Me Me H 1225617-75-3
2'-MeO-Benzedrone 4-Me Me H 2-MeO-Bn
2,N-Dimethylbenzedrone 2-Me Me Me Bn
3,N-Dimethylbenzedrone 3-Me Me Me Bn
4,N-Dimethylbenzedrone 4-Me Me Me Bn
4-Me Me H Et 1225617-18-4
4-MPC 4-Me Me H nPr
N,N-DMMC 4-Me Me Me Me 1448845-14-4
N,N-MEMC 4-Me Me Me Et
N,N-DEMC 4-Me Me Et Et 676316-90-8
4-Me Pr H Et 746540-82-9
EDMC 4-Et Me Me Me
2,3-DMMC 2,3-dimethyl Me H Me
2,3-DMEC 2,3-dimethyl Me H Et
2,4-DMMC 2,4-dimethyl Me H Me 1225623-63-1
2,4-DMEC 2,4-dimethyl Me H Et 1225913-88-1
2,5-DMMC 2,5-dimethyl Me H Me
2,5-DMEC 2,5-dimethyl Me H Et
2,6-DMMC 2,6-dimethyl Me H Me
2,6-DMEC 2,6-dimethyl Me H Et
3,4-dimethyl Me H Me 1082110-00-6
3,4-DMEC 3,4-dimethyl Me H Et 1225811-81-3
3,5-DMEC 3,5-dimethyl Me H Et
2,4,5-TMMC 2,4,5-trimethyl Me H Me 1368603-85-3
2,4,5-TMOMC 2,4,5-trimethoxy Me H Me
3,4,5-TMOMC 3,4,5-trimethoxy Me H Me
Me H Me 530-54-1
Dimethedrone Me Me Me 91564-39-5
Ethedrone 4-MeO Me H Et
2-MOMC 2-MeO Me H Me
3-MOMC 3-MeO Me H Me 1435933-70-2
3-FC 3-F Me H H 1082949-91-4
4-FC 4-F Me H H 80096-51-1
2-FMC 2-F Me H Me 1186137-35-8
2-FEC 2-F Me H Et
3-F Me H Me 1049677-77-1
3-FEC 3-F Me H Et
2-CMC 2-Cl Me H Me
2-BMC 2-Br Me H Me
2-IMC 2-I Me H Me
2-TFMAP 2-CF3 Me H Me
3-Cl Me H Me 1049677-59-9
3-CEC3-Cl Me H Et 2150476-60-9
3-BMC 3-Br Me H Me 676487-42-6
3-IMC 3-I Me H Me
3-TFMAP 3-CF3 Me H Me
Me H Me 447-40-5
4-F Me H Et 1225625-74-0
4-Cl Me H Me 1225843-86-6
2-CEC 2-Cl Me H Et
4-CEC 4-Cl Me H Et 14919-85-8
2-CiPC 2-Cl Me H iPr
3-CiPC 3-Cl Me H iPr
4-CiPC 4-Cl Me H iPr
4-CBC 4-Cl Me H nBu 1225621-71-5
2-CDMC 2-Cl Me Me Me
3-CDMC 3-Cl Me Me Me
4-CDMC 4-Cl Me Me Me 1157667-29-2
Me H Me 486459-03-4
4-BEC 4-Br Me H Et 135333-26-5
4-IMC 4-I Me H Me
4-TFMAP 4-CF3 Me H Me
4-EFMC 4-(2-fluoroethyl) Me H Me
4-MTMC 4-SCH3 Me H Me
4-MSMC 4-SO2CH3 Me H Me
4-PHMC 4-phenyl Me H Me
4-Me methoxymethyl H Me
FMMC 3-F-4-Me Me H Me 1696642-00-8
MFMC 3-Me-4-F Me H Me 1368943-21-8
3-Me-4-Cl Me H Me
MMOMC 3-Me-4-MeO Me H Me
3,4-DCMC 3,4-dichloro Me H Me 802281-39-6
3,4-DCEC 3,4-dichloro Me H Et 1225618-63-2
3,5-DCMC 3,5-dichloro Me H Me
3,5-difluoro Me H Me 1430343-55-7
2,5-DMOMC 2,5-dimethoxy Me H Me
βk-2C-C 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloro H H H 1538191-15-9
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromo H H H 807631-09-0
βk-2C-I 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo H H H
βk-2C-D 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl H H H 1368627-25-1
βk-2C-E 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethyl H H H 1517021-02-1
βk-2C-P 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propyl H H H
βk-2C-iP 2,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropyl H H H 1511033-62-7
βk-DOB 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromo Me H H
βk-MDOM 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl Me H Me
3,4-methylenedioxy Me H H 80535-73-5
N-Acetyl-βk-MDA 3,4-methylenedioxy Me H acetyl
2,3-MDMC 2,3-methylenedioxy Me H Me 1427205-87-5
3,4-methylenedioxy Me H Me 186028-79-5
3,4-methylenedioxy Me Me Me 109367-07-9
N-Acetylmethylone 3,4-methylenedioxy Me acetyl Me
N-Hydroxymethylone 3,4-methylenedioxy Me hydroxy Me
3,4-methylenedioxy Me H Et 1112937-64-0
Diethylone 3,4-methylenedioxy Me Et Et
N-Acetylethylone 3,4-methylenedioxy Me acetyl Et
N-Isopropyl-βk-MDA 3,4-methylenedioxy Me H iPr
MDPT 3,4-methylenedioxy Me H t-Bu 186028-84-2
Benzylone (BMDP) 3,4-methylenedioxy Me H Bn 1823274-68-5
3,4-methylenedioxy Me H cyclohexyl
3,4-EDMC 3,4-ethylenedioxy Me H Me 30253-44-2
βk-IMP 3,4-trimethylene Me H Me 100608-69-3
βk-IBP 3,4-trimethylene Et H Et
βk-IVP 3,4-trimethylene nPr H Et
3-Fluorobuphedrone 3-F Et H Me
4-Fluorobuphedrone 4-F Et H Me 1368599-12-5
4-Bromobuphedrone 4-Br Et H Me
3-Methylbuphedrone 3-Me Et H Me 1797911-07-9
4-Me Et H Me 1336911-98-8
4-Me-NEB 4-Me Et H Et 18268-19-4
2-F-NEB 2-F Et H Et
3-F Et H Et
4-F-NEB 4-F Et H Et
4-Me-DMB 4-Me Et Me Me
3,4-DMEB 3,4-dimethyl Et H Et
4-Methoxybuphedrone 4-MeO Et H Me
3,4-methylenedioxy Et H Me 802575-11-7
3,4-methylenedioxy Et H Et 802855-66-9
βk-PBDB 3,4-methylenedioxy Et H nPr
Bn-4-MeMABP 4-Me Et H Bn 1445751-39-2
BMDB 3,4-methylenedioxy Et H Bn 1445751-47-2
N-Cyclohexylbutylone 3,4-methylenedioxy Et H cyclohexyl
3,4-methylenedioxy Et Me Me 802286-83-5
3,4-methylenedioxy-5-MeO Me H Me 2230716-98-8
βk-MMDMA-2 2-MeO-3,4-methylenedioxy Me H Me
βk-DMMDA 2,5-diMeO-3,4-methylenedioxy Me H H
5-Methylmethylone 3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Me Me H Me 1364933-83-4
3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Me Me H Et 1364933-82-3
2-Methylbutylone 2-Me-3,4-methylenedioxy Et H Me 1364933-86-7
5-Methylbutylone 3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Me Et H Me 1354631-29-0
3,4-methylenedioxy nPr H Me 698963-77-8
3,4-methylenedioxy nPr H Et 727641-67-0
N-propylpentylone 3,4-methylenedioxy nPr H nPr
N-butylpentylone 3,4-methylenedioxy nPr H nBu
2,3-Dipentylone 2,3-methylenedioxy nPr Me Me
3,4-methylenedioxy nPr Me Me 17763-13-2
N,N-Diethylnorpentylone 3,4-methylenedioxy nPr Et Et
Hexylone 3,4-methylenedioxy nBu H Me
3,4-methylenedioxy iBu H Me 1157947-89-1
Isoheptylone 3,4-methylenedioxy iPe H Me
3,4-methylenedioxy nBu H Et 27912-41-0
3,4-methylenedioxy nPe H Et
4-Me nPr H Et 746540-82-9
3,4-DMEP 3,4-dimethyl nPr H Et
2-F-Pentedrone 2-F nPr H Me
3-F-Pentedrone 3-F nPr H Me
4-F-Pentedrone 4-F nPr H Me
4-Cl-Pentedrone 4-Cl nPr H Me 2167949-43-9
4-Me nPr H Me 1373918-61-6
DL-4662 3,4-dimethoxy nPr H Et 1674389-55-9
4-F-iPr-norpentedrone 4-F nPr H iPr
3-CBV 3-Cl nPr H tBu
4-methylhexedrone 4-Me nBu H Me
MEH 4-Me nBu H Et
3-F nBu H Et
4-F-hexedrone 4-F nBu H Me
4-F-octedrone 4-F hexyl H Me
α-phenylmephedrone 4-Me phenyl H Me
H phenyl H Et 22312-16-9
β-naphthyl instead of phenyl Me H Me
thiophen-2-yl instead of phenyl Me H Me 24065-17-6
5-chlorothiophen-2-yl instead of phenyl Me H Me
benzofuran-5-yl instead of phenyl Me H Me
βk-6-MAPB benzofuran-6-yl instead of phenyl Me H Me
βk-5-IT indol-5-yl instead of phenyl Me H H 1369231-36-6
βk-5F-NM-AMT[29] 5-fluoroindol-3-yl instead of phenyl Me H Me
H Me phthalimido 19437-20-8
PPPO H Me piperidinyl
PPBO H Et piperidinyl 92728-82-0
FPPVO 4-F nPr piperidinyl
3,4-trimethylene nPr piperidinyl
MDPV-azepane 3,4-methylenedioxy nPr
Caccure 907 4-SCH3 α,α-di-Me morpholinyl
H Me pyrrolidinyl 19134-50-0
H Et pyrrolidinyl 13415-54-8
α-PVP (O-2387) H nPr pyrrolidinyl 14530-33-7
H pyrrolidinyl 13415-86-6
H iBu pyrrolidinyl
α-PEP (α-PHPP) H pyrrolidinyl 13415-83-3
α-POP H pyrrolidinyl
α-PNP H pyrrolidinyl
DPPE (Alpha-D2PV) H phenyl pyrrolidinyl 27590-61-0
α-PcPeP H pyrrolidinyl
H pyrrolidinyl 1803168-11-7
2-MePPP 2-Me Me pyrrolidinyl 2092429-83-7
3-MePPP 3-Me Me pyrrolidinyl 1214940-01-8
4-Me Me pyrrolidinyl 1313393-58-6
3-MeO-PPP 3-MeO Me pyrrolidinyl
4-MeO Me pyrrolidinyl 478243-09-3
3-F-PPP 3-F Me pyrrolidinyl 1214939-99-7
FPPP 4-F Me pyrrolidinyl 28117-76-2
Cl-PPP 4-Cl Me pyrrolidinyl 93307-24-5
3-Br-PPP 3-Br Me pyrrolidinyl
Br-PPP 4-Br Me pyrrolidinyl
2,3-DMPPP 2,3-dimethyl Me pyrrolidinyl
2,4-DMPPP 2,4-dimethyl Me pyrrolidinyl
3,4-DMPPP 3,4-dimethyl Me pyrrolidinyl
3-MPBP 3-Me Et pyrrolidinyl 1373918-60-5
3-F-PBP 3-F Et pyrrolidinyl 1373918-59-2
4-Me Et pyrrolidinyl 732180-91-5
FPBP 4-F Et pyrrolidinyl 1373918-67-2
EPBP 4-Et Et pyrrolidinyl
MOPBP 4-MeO Et pyrrolidinyl
MMOPBP 3-Me-4-MeO Et pyrrolidinyl
O-2384 3,4-dichloro Et pyrrolidinyl 850352-65-7
2-Me nPr pyrrolidinyl 850352-54-4
3-Me nPr pyrrolidinyl 13415-85-5
Pyrovalerone (O-2371) 4-Me nPr pyrrolidinyl 3563-49-3
4-Et nPr pyrrolidinyl
3-F nPr pyrrolidinyl 2725852-55-9
4-F nPr pyrrolidinyl 850352-31-7
2-Cl-PVP 2-Cl nPr pyrrolidinyl
3-Cl-PVP 3-Cl nPr pyrrolidinyl
4-Cl nPr pyrrolidinyl 5537-17-7
3-Br-PVP 3-Br nPr pyrrolidinyl
4-Br-PVP 4-Br nPr pyrrolidinyl
4-MeO nPr pyrrolidinyl 5537-19-9
3,4-dimethoxy nPr pyrrolidinyl 850442-84-1
DMPVP 3,4-dimethyl nPr pyrrolidinyl
3,4-dichloro nPr pyrrolidinyl 850352-61-3
3-methyl-4-fluoro nPr pyrrolidinyl
4-Me nBu pyrrolidinyl 34138-58-4
3-F nBu pyrrolidinyl
4-F nBu pyrrolidinyl 2230706-09-7
4-Cl nBu pyrrolidinyl 2748592-29-0
DMOPHP 3,4-dimethoxy nBu pyrrolidinyl
MFPHP 3-Me-4-F nBu pyrrolidinyl
3-F iBu pyrrolidinyl
4F-PiHP 4-F iBu pyrrolidinyl
O-2394 4-Me pyrrolidinyl 850352-51-1
MPEP 4-Me pyrrolidinyl
4F-PV8 4-F pentyl pyrrolidinyl
4-MeO-PV8 4-MeO pentyl pyrrolidinyl
MFPEP 3-Me-4-F pentyl pyrrolidinyl
MCPEP 3-Me-4-Cl pentyl pyrrolidinyl
4-F pyrrolidinyl
4-MeO-PV9 4-MeO hexyl pyrrolidinyl
α-Phenylpyrovalerone 4-Me pyrrolidinyl
3,4-methylenedioxy Me pyrrolidinyl 783241-66-7
MDMPP 3,4-methylenedioxy α,α-di-Me pyrrolidinyl
3,4-methylenedioxy Et pyrrolidinyl 784985-33-7
3,4-methylenedioxy nPr pyrrolidinyl 687603-66-3
2,3-MDPV 2,3-methylenedioxy nPr pyrrolidinyl
5-Me-MDPV 3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Me nPr pyrrolidinyl
6-Me-MDPV 2-Me-4,5-methylenedioxy nPr pyrrolidinyl
6-MeO-MDPV 2-MeO-4,5-methylenedioxy nPr pyrrolidinyl
Br-MeO-MDPV 2,3-methylenedioxy-4-MeO-5-Br nPr pyrrolidinyl
MDPiVP 3,4-methylenedioxy iPr pyrrolidinyl
3,4-methylenedioxy nBu pyrrolidinyl 776994-64-0
MDPHiP 3,4-methylenedioxy iBu pyrrolidinyl
MDPEP (MD-PV8) 3,4-methylenedioxy pentyl pyrrolidinyl 24646-39-7
MDPOP (MD-PV9) 3,4-methylenedioxy hexyl pyrrolidinyl 24646-40-0
3,4-EtPV 3,4-dimethylene nPr pyrrolidinyl
5-PPDi 3,4-trimethylene Et pyrrolidinyl
Indanyl-α-PVP 3,4-trimethylene nPr pyrrolidinyl 2748590-83-0
3,4-trimethylene nBu pyrrolidinyl
3,4-trimethylene phenyl pyrrolidinyl
TH-PBP 3,4-tetramethylene Et pyrrolidinyl
3,4-tetramethylene nPr pyrrolidinyl 2304915-07-7
TH-PHP 3,4-tetramethylene nBu pyrrolidinyl
2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl instead of Ph nPr pyrrolidinyl 1620807-94-4
3-BF-PVP benzofuran-3-yl instead of Ph nPr pyrrolidinyl
Naphyrone (O-2482) β-naphthyl instead of phenyl nPr pyrrolidinyl 850352-53-3
α-Naphyrone α-naphthyl instead of phenyl nPr pyrrolidinyl
α-PPT thiophen-2-yl instead of phenyl Me pyrrolidinyl
α-PBT thiophen-2-yl instead of phenyl Et pyrrolidinyl
thiophen-2-yl instead of phenyl nPr pyrrolidinyl 1400742-66-6

Legality

On 2 April 2010, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs in the UK announced that a broad structure-based ban of this entire class of compounds would be instituted, following extensive publicity around grey-market sales and recreational use of mephedrone, a common member of the family. This ban covers compounds with the aforementioned general structure, with 28 compounds specifically named.[30]

This text was added as an amendment to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, to come into force on 16 April 2010.[31] Note that four of the above compounds (cathinone, methcathinone, diethylpropion and pyrovalerone) were already illegal in the UK at the time the ACMD report was issued. Two compounds were specifically excluded from the ban, these being bupropion because of its common use in medicine and relative lack of abuse potential, and naphyrone because its structure falls outside the generic definition and not enough evidence was yet available to justify a ban.

Naphyrone analogues were subsequently banned in July 2010 following a further review by the ACMD,[32] [33] along with a further broad based structure ban even more expansive than the last.[34] [35]

The substitutions in the general structure for naphyrone analogues subject to the ban may be described as follows:

More new derivatives have however continued to appear, with the UK reporting more novel cathinone derivatives detected in 2010 than any other country in Europe, with most of them first identified after the generic ban had gone into effect and thus already being illegal despite never having been previously reported.[36]

In the United States, substituted cathinones are the psychoactive ingredients in "bath salts" which as of July 2011 were banned by at least 28 states, but not by the federal government.[37]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Meltzer PC, Butler D, Deschamps JR, Madras BK . 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry . 49 . 4 . 1420–32 . February 2006 . 16480278 . 2602954 . 10.1021/jm050797a .
  2. Paillet-Loilier M, Cesbron A, Le Boisselier R, Bourgine J, Debruyne D . Emerging drugs of abuse: current perspectives on substituted cathinones . Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation . 5 . 37–52 . 2014 . 24966713 . 4043811 . 10.2147/SAR.S37257 . free .
  3. Simmons SJ, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Oliver CF, Hicks C, Muschamp JW, Rawls SM, Olive MF . DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Cathinone-Derived Psychostimulants . ACS Chemical Neuroscience . 9 . 10 . 2379–2394 . October 2018 . 29714473 . 6197900 . 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00147 .
  4. Beck O, Bäckberg M, Signell P, Helander A . Intoxications in the STRIDA project involving a panorama of psychostimulant pyrovalerone derivatives, MDPV copycats . Clinical Toxicology . 56 . 4 . 256–263 . April 2018 . 28895757 . 10.1080/15563650.2017.1370097 . 3401681 . free .
  5. Majchrzak M, Celiński R, Kuś P, Kowalska T, Sajewicz M . The newest cathinone derivatives as designer drugs: an analytical and toxicological review . Forensic Toxicology . 36 . 1 . 33–50 . 2018 . 29367861 . 5754390 . 10.1007/s11419-017-0385-6 .
  6. Colzato LS, Ruiz MJ, van den Wildenberg WP, Hommel B . Khat use is associated with impaired working memory and cognitive flexibility . PLOS ONE. 6 . 6 . e20602 . 2011 . 21698275 . 3115937 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0020602 . free . 2011PLoSO...620602C .
  7. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/550/2008_Implementation_report_281411.pdf Europol 2008 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  8. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/553/2009_Implementation_report_281420.pdf Europol 2009 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  9. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/644/EMCDDA-Europol_Annual_Report_2010A_281336.pdf Europol 2010 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  10. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/689/EMCDDA-Europol_Annual_Report_2011_2012_final_335568.pdf Europol 2011 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  11. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/734/EMCDDA-Europol_2012_Annual_Report_final_439477.pdf Europol 2012 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  12. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/814/TDAN14001ENN_475519.pdf Europol 2013 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  13. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/1018/TDAN15001ENN.pdf Europol 2014 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  14. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2880/TDAS16001ENN.pdf Europol 2015 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  15. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/4724/TDAN17001ENN_PDFWEB.pdf Europol 2016 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  16. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/9282/20183924_TDAN18001ENN_PDF.pdf Europol 2017 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA
  17. Book: New psychoactive substances: global markets, glocal threats and the COVID-19 pandemic. An update from the EU Early Warning System . European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction . Luxembourg . Publications Office of the European Union . December 2020 . 10.2810/921262 . 9789294975584 .
  18. Maurer HH, Kraemer T, Springer D, Staack RF . Chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and hepatic metabolism of designer drugs of the amphetamine (ecstasy), piperazine, and pyrrolidinophenone types: a synopsis . Therapeutic Drug Monitoring . 26 . 2 . 127–31 . April 2004 . 15228152 . 10.1097/00007691-200404000-00007 . 9255084 .
  19. Davis S, Rands-Trevor K, Boyd S, Edirisinghe M . The characterisation of two halogenated cathinone analogues: 3,5-difluoromethcathinone and 3,5-dichloromethcathinone . Forensic Science International . 217 . 1–3 . 139–45 . April 2012 . 22088945 . 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.042 .
  20. Liu C, Jia W, Li T, Hua Z, Qian Z . Identification and analytical characterization of nine synthetic cathinone derivatives N-ethylhexedrone, 4-Cl-pentedrone, 4-Cl-α-EAPP, propylone, N-ethylnorpentylone, 6-MeO-bk-MDMA, α-PiHP, 4-Cl-α-PHP, and 4-F-α-PHP . Drug Testing and Analysis . 9 . 8 . 1162–1171 . August 2017 . 27863142 . 10.1002/dta.2136 .
  21. Błażewicz A, Bednarek E, Popławska M, Olech N, Sitkowski J, Kozerski L . Identification and structural characterization of synthetic cathinones: N-propylcathinone, 2,4-dimethylmethcathinone, 2,4-dimethylethcathinone, 2,4-dimethyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone, 4-bromo-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone, 1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-1-one and 2,4-dimethylisocathinone. . Forensic Toxicol . 2019 . 37 . 2 . 288–307 . 10.1007/s11419-018-00463-w . 59618061 . free .
  22. Westphal F, Girreser U, Angerer V, Auwärter V . Analytische Daten neuer 2-aminosubstituierter Methylendioxyvalerophenonderivate. . Toxichem Krimtech . January 2016 . 83 . 1 . 3–29 .
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