Catarrhini Explained

The parvorder Catarrhini (known commonly as catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys) consists of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", ("singes de l'Ancien Monde" in French).[1] [2] [3] [4] Its sister in the infraorder Simiiformes is the parvorder Platyrrhini (New World monkeys). There has been some resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys despite the scientific evidence, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or the Catarrhini.[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century.[1] Linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with what we now recognise as the tarsiers and the New World monkeys, in a single genus "Simia" (sans Homo).[14] The Catarrhini are all native to Africa and Asia. Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines.

The Catarrhini are the sister group to the New World monkeys, the Platyrrhini.[15] [16] [17] [18] Some six million years before the ape - Cercopithecoidea bifurcation, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean.

Description

The technical distinction between the New World platyrrhines and Old World catarrhines is the shape of their noses. The platyrrhines (from Ancient Greek platy-, "flat", and rhin-, "nose") have nostrils which face sideways. The catarrhines (from Ancient Greek katà-, "down", and rhin-, "nose") have nostrils that face downwards. Catarrhines also never have prehensile tails, and have flat fingernails and toenails, a tubular ectotympanic (ear bone), and eight, not 12, premolars, giving them a dental formula of, indicating 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws.

Most catarrhine species show considerable sexual dimorphism and do not form a pair bond. Most, but not all, species live in social groups. Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generally diurnal,[19] and have grasping hands and (with the exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet.

The apes – in both traditional and phylogenic nomenclature – are exclusively catarrhine species. In traditional usage, ape describes any tailless, larger, and more typically ground-dwelling species of catarrhine. "Ape" may be found as part of the common name of such species, such as the Barbary ape. In phylogenic usage, the term ape applies only to the superfamily Hominoidea. This grouping comprises the two families: Hylobatidae, the lesser apes or gibbons; and Hominidae, the great apes, including orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans, and related extinct genera, such as the prehuman australopithecines and the giant orangutan relative Gigantopithecus.

Classification and evolution

According to Schrago & Russo, New World monkeys split from their Old World kin about 35 million years ago (Mya). They use the major catarrhine division between cercopithecoids and hominoids of about 25 Mya (which they argue is strongly supported by the fossil evidence), as a calibration point, and from this also calculate the gibbons separating from the great apes (including humans) about 15-19 Mya.[20]

According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with the first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya.[21]

Catarrhini lost the enzyme Alpha-galactosidase, present in all other mammal lineages, sometime after the split from platyrrhini. It is hypothesized that an ancient pathogen containing Alpha-galactosidase may be responsible, as only individuals with mutations that "turned off" the gene for Alpha-galactosidase would have produced antibodies against the pathogen and survived.[22] [23]

The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys: apes emerged as a sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines, which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, cladistically, apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such as Parapithecidae are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World Monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus, in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus emerged within the Old World Monkeys. Although the colloquial usage of terms like ape and monkey in English reflects a misconception about their true biological relationship, this is not the case in some other languages; for example, in Russian, the same term is used to describe all simians, both with and without tails, including apes.[24]

Cladogram

Below is a cladogram with extinct species in which the crown Catharrhini, which emerged in the Propliopithecoidea.[25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] Also, Saadanioidea is sister of the Cercopithecoidea rather than of the Crown Catarrhini here. It is indicated how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.

The Platyrrhini may have emerged in e.g. the Oligopithecidae.[31] The Saadanioidea may be sister to the Propliopithecoidea s.s., and Micropithecus may be sister to the Taqah Propliopithecids.[32]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Martin, W.C. Linnaeus. A General Introduction to The Natural History Mamminferous Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of Man, and the More Closely Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys. Wright and Co. printers. 1841. London. 339, 340, 361.
  2. Book: Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc comte de . Oeuvres complètes de Buffon: avec les descriptions anatomiques de Daubenton, son collaborateur . 1827 . Verdière et Ladrange . 61 . fr . 2022-04-14 . 2023-11-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231129103206/https://books.google.com/books?id=wOwEAAAAYAAJ&dq=sapajous+sagoins+buffon+regarder&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q=sapajous%20sagoins%20buffon%20regarder&f=false . live .
  3. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. M.É.. 1812. Tableau des Quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier Ordre de la Classe des Mammifères. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 19. 85–122. 2019-03-26. 2019-03-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091031/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23270#page/107/mode/1up. live.
  4. Bugge. J.. 1974. Chapter 4. Cells Tissues Organs. en. 87. Suppl. 62. 32–43. 10.1159/000144209. 1422-6405.
  5. Book: Osman Hill, W.C.. Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press. 1953. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. 53. 500576914. William Charles Osman Hill.
  6. Web site: Thomas Geissmann's Gibbon Research Lab.: Die Gibbons (Hylobatidae): Eine Einführung. www.gibbons.de. 2019-03-15. 2023-03-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326101033/http://www.gibbons.de/main/introduction/chapter_english01.html. live.
  7. Web site: Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution. 2017-06-21. UC Davis. EN. 2019-03-20. 2023-05-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20230526122051/https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/reconstruction-ancient-chromosomes-offers-insight-mammalian-evolution. live.
  8. Book: Archibald, J. David. Aristotle's Ladder, Darwin's Tree: The Evolution of Visual Metaphors for Biological Order. 2014-07-15. Columbia University Press. 9780231164122. en. 2020-11-09. 2023-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20231129103210/https://books.google.com/books?id=VgkZBQAAQBAJ&q=Simiadae%20darwin&pg=PA108#v=snippet&q=Simiadae%20darwin&f=false. live.
  9. Lacoste. Vincent. Lavergne. Anne. Ruiz-García. Manuel. Pouliquen. Jean-François. Donato. Damien. James. Samantha. 2018-09-15. DNA Polymerase Sequences of New World Monkey Cytomegaloviruses: Another Molecular Marker with Which To Infer Platyrrhini Systematics. Journal of Virology. en. 92. 18. e00980–18. 10.1128/JVI.00980-18. 0022-538X. 6146696. 29976674.
  10. James. Samantha. Donato. Damien. Pouliquen. Jean-François. Ruiz-García. Manuel. Lavergne. Anne. Lacoste. Vincent. 2018-07-05. DNA Polymerase Sequences of New World Monkey Cytomegaloviruses: Another Molecular Marker with Which To Infer Platyrrhini Systematics. Journal of Virology. 92. 18. EN. 10.1128/JVI.00980-18. 6146696. 29976674.
  11. Marc Luetjens. C.. Weinbauer. Gerhard F.. Wistuba. Joachim. 2007-03-15. Primate spermatogenesis: new insights into comparative testicular organisation, spermatogenic efficiency and endocrine control. Biological Reviews. en. 80. 3. 475–488. 10.1017/S1464793105006755. 16094809. 21241457. 1464-7931. 2022-01-02. 2023-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20231129103202/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006755. live.
  12. Osorio . Daniel . 2021-08-19 . Simmons . Leigh . What is primate color vision for? a comment on Caro et al. . Behavioral Ecology . en . 32 . 4 . 571–572 . 10.1093/beheco/arab050 . 1045-2249 . free . 2022-03-07 . 2022-03-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220307121826/https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/32/4/571/6331674 . live .
  13. Nakamura . Tomonori . Fujiwara . Kohei . Saitou . Mitinori . Tsukiyama . Tomoyuki . 2021-05-11 . Non-human primates as a model for human development . Stem Cell Reports . English . 16 . 5 . 1093–1103 . 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.021 . 2213-6711 . 8185448 . 33979596.
  14. Book: Linné . Carl von . Caroli Linnaei...Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis . Salvius . Lars . 1758 . Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii . 1 . Holmiae . 2022-04-28 . 2017-03-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030419/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277 . live .
  15. 10.1007/s10914-016-9366-5 . Evolutionary Significance of the Entepicondylar Foramen of the Humerus in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) . Journal of Mammalian Evolution . 25 . 141–151 . 2018 . Garbino . Guilherme Siniciato Terra . De Aquino . Carla Cristina. 3268953 .
  16. 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.08.001 . 27765146 . Stem members of Platyrrhini are distinct from catarrhines in at least one derived cranial feature . Journal of Human Evolution . 100 . 16–24 . 2016 . Fulwood . Ethan L. . Boyer . Doug M. . Kay . Richard F.. free .
  17. Book: 10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs375 . Primate sexuality . The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality . 861–1042 . 2015 . Dixson . Alan . 9781118896877.
  18. Takai. Masanaru. Maung-Maung. Sein. Chit. Soe. Aung Naing. Thaung-Htike. Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein. 2017-01-01. Chapter 9 Review of the investigation of primate fossils in Myanmar. Geological Society, London, Memoirs. en. 48. 1. 185–206. 10.1144/M48.9. 90910477. 0435-4052.
  19. Web site: Catarrhini Infraorder . ChimpanZoo (The Jane Goodall Institute) . January 1, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121015085243/http://www.chimpanzoo.org/catarrhi.html . 15 October 2012 . dead.
  20. 10.1093/molbev/msg172 . 12832653 . Timing the Origin of New World Monkeys . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 20 . 10 . 1620–1625 . 2003 . Schrago . C. G. . Russo . C. A.. free .
  21. Book: 10.1002/9781118332344.ch20 . Catarrhine Origins . A Companion to Paleoanthropology . 376–396 . 2013 . Harrison . Terry . 9781118332344.
  22. Koike . Chihiro . Uddin . Monica . Wildman . Derek E. . Gray . Edward A. . Trucco . Massimo . Starzl . Thomas E. . Goodman . Morris . Functionally important glycosyltransferase gain and loss during catarrhine primate emergence . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 9 January 2007 . 104 . 2 . 559–564 . 10.1073/pnas.0610012104 . 17194757 . 1766424 . 2007PNAS..104..559K . 0027-8424. free .
  23. Web site: Did An Ancient Pathogen Reshape Our Cells? . YouTube . Public Broadcasting System . 13 August 2022 . en . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813162504/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KT44K_MRyQc&t=11s . live .
  24. Web site: Monkeys and apes . live . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/4A-dMqEbSk8 . 2021-12-12 . YouTube.
  25. Seiffert. Erik R.. Boyer. Doug M.. Fleagle. John G.. Gunnell. Gregg F.. Heesy. Christopher P.. Perry. Jonathan M. G.. Sallam. Hesham M.. 2018. New adapiform primate fossils from the late Eocene of Egypt. Historical Biology. 30. 1–2. 204–226. 10.1080/08912963.2017.1306522. 89631627. 2023-06-19. 2023-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20231129103220/https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/New_adapiform_primate_fossils_from_the_late_Eocene_of_Egypt/4834019. live.
  26. Stevens. Nancy J.. Seiffert. Erik R.. o'Connor. Patrick M.. Roberts. Eric M.. Schmitz. Mark D.. Krause. Cornelia. Gorscak. Eric. Ngasala. Sifa. Hieronymus. Tobin L.. Temu. Joseph. 2013. Palaeontological evidence for an Oligocene divergence between Old World monkeys and apes. Nature. 497. 7451. 611–614. 2013Natur.497..611S. 10.1038/nature12161. 23676680. 4395931. 2019-09-02. 2021-02-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20210218192342/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/28740/4/28740%20Stevens%20et%20al%202013%20accepted%20version.pdf. live.
  27. Rossie. James B.. Hill. Andrew. 2018. A new species of Simiolus from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution. 125. 50–58. 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002. 30502897. 54625375.
  28. Rasmussen. D. Tab. Friscia. Anthony R.. Gutierrez. Mercedes. Kappelman. John. Miller. Ellen R.. Muteti. Samuel. Reynoso. Dawn. Rossie. James B.. Spell. Terry L.. Tabor. Neil J.. Gierlowski-Kordesch. Elizabeth. 2019. Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116. 13. 6051–6056. 10.1073/pnas.1815423116. 6442627. 30858323. Jacobs. Bonnie F.. Kyongo. Benson. Macharwas. Mathew. Muchemi. Francis. 2019PNAS..116.6051R . free.
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