Casualties of the Tigray War explained

Casualties of the Tigray War refers to the civilian and military deaths and injuries in the Tigray War that started in November 2020, in which rape and other sexual violence are also widespread.Precise casualty figures are uncertain. According to researchers at Ghent University in Belgium, as many as 600,000 people had died as a result of war-related violence and famine by late 2022.[1] The scale of the death and destruction led The New York Times to describe it in November 2022 as "one of the world’s bloodiest contemporary conflicts."[2]

Breakdown

True casualties statistics have been difficult to determine, largely due to deliberate information blackouts in the region.[3] Journalists have noted the difficulty they face attempting to report on the war, as the Ethiopian government has taken steps to reduce press access to the Tigray Region, facing the risk of getting killed or imprisoned.[4] [5] It is also been reported that there is an unwillingness from either side to fully confirm precise numbers.[6]

While Prime Minister of Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed initially spoke of no civilian casualties in the early days of the war, by February 2021, he described the level of death in Tigray as "hav[ing] caused much distress for me personally.”[7]

BreakdownEstimated & claimed casualtiesTime periodSource

Civilians

52,000+ killed3 November 2020 – 2 February 2021Tigrayan opposition parties
Military(all sides)100,000+ killed3 November 2020 – 16 February 2021TPLF[8] [9]
100,000 killedSeptember 2022 – October 2022Kjetil Tronvoll[10]

TPLF allied forces

5,600+ killed, 2,300 wounded3 November 2020 – ENDF[11]
Ethiopian and Eritrean
allied forces		3,073 killed, 4,473 wounded3 November 2020 – TPLF
90,000+ Ethiopian casualtiesSeptember 2022Alex de Waal[12]
Total deaths385,000–600,000 killed3 November 2020 – 21 October 2022Ghent University
700,000–800,000 killed3 November 2020 – 19 October 2022Abdurahman Sayed[13]

Massacres

Numerous reports have been made of extrajudicial killings and summary executions (in many cases, targeting civilians) since the war began.[14]

Terminology:

Date Place Number Perpetrators Sources Notes
4-10 November 2020Shiglil7Government-allied militias[15]
9-10 November 2020Humera54ENDF, Amhara militia, Fanorelated: EHRC report
5-19 November 2020Dansha25Civilians were caught in the crossfire between warring parties
9–10 November 2020Mai Kadra600 or 1100Samri kebele youths or Amhara militiasvictim ethnicity and perpetrators disputed
13-17 November 2020Zalambessa86EDF[16] Killed mostly in house-to-house searches after shelling the town
14–17 November 2020Bisober27-31TPLF & ENDF [17] [18] Shelling crossfire and house-to-house search
17 November 2020Shire200EDF[19] Elders say people were "slaughtered like chicken"
c. 19 November 2020Hitsats305TPLF[20] [21] or EDF[22] [23] Perpetrators disputed. EEPA claims 300 Eritrean refugees executed by EDF, HRW claims EDF, refugees claim local Tigrayan militia or EDF, Ethiopia claims TPLF; five humanitarian workers killed in battle
21 November 2020Idaga HamusDozensEDFafter capture of town
c. 21 November 2020Adigrat12EDFafter capture of town
27-28 November 2020Wukro220EDF, ENDF[24] killing spree accompanying the massive looting of the town
28–29 November 2020Axum750EDFinitial body counts; in-depthDaily killings preceded and followed the main massacre.
30 November 2020Dengelat80–150EDF[25] at Maryam Dengelat church
late November/early December 2020Irob5250 men, 2 women
1 December 2020Mekelle27ENDF[26]
4–7 December 2020Ziban Gedena150-300EDF[27] Also: 150 houses burnt, 90% of livestock killed, harvests burnt and stolen
13 December 2020Kola Tembien20ENDF[28] Soldiers kept terrorising civilians in Tembien in an effort to get the location of the leader of the TPLF.
c. 23 December 2020Hawzenup to 70EDF[29] 70 bodies recognised by witness
5 January 2021Gu'itelo29EDF[30] at Medhane-Alem church
8 January 2021Bora70–187ENDF[31] Killing spree after a battle with TDF
9 January 2021Ari Giyergis12ENDF[32] 12 young deacons taken out of the church and executed
mid-January 2021Mahbere Dego50–74ENDF (Amharic speaking)[33] [34] People were executed and thrown off a cliff, according to geolocated video evidence.
January 2021Irob187ENDF, EDFincludes 30 Coptic priests, 50 women, 100 children
1 February 2021Kerebera5ENDF & EDFfive priests were killed in the village church
10 February 2021Wukro18EDFkilled in street protests
10 February 2021Kola Tembien182ENDF, EDFhouse-to-house killing; access to bodies permitted on 15 Feb, by which time many were partially eaten by wildlife
few days before 14 February 2021Adwa + Shire30killed in street protests
15 FebCheli180EDF
c. 19 February 2021Khisret, Gijet100+ENDF
22 February 2021Debrekerbe9EDF
23 February 2021May Weyni80EDF
1-3 March 2021Humera250Amhara militia, Fano, EDF
11 March 2021Enkikumel, near Shire100+ENDF/EDF[35] [36] Reports suggest that ENDF/EDF soldiers went door to door and kidnapped civilians in order to force militias to give up their weapons and surrender. Once the militias surrendered, they and the remaining hostages were all executed. All victims were reportedly young men.
14 March 2021Wukro3-5ENDF[37] retaliation for attacks by TDF
23 March 2021Inda Teka Tesfay between Mekelle and Adigrat4ENDFMédecins Sans Frontières staff observed the execution of at least four men by the ENDF. They were taken off a public bus and executed.
24 March 2021Grizana, near Samre11-18EDF[38] [39]
30 March - 5 April 2021Wukro Maray~161EDF & ENDF[40] As revenge for lost battles
1 or 3 April 2021May Atsmi, Tisha and Haddush Addi, Tahtay Maychew district~140EDFAs revenge for lost battles
5 April 2021Debrekerbe in Zana district116EDF[41]
5 April 2021Haruka kebele, Afar Region30+Somali Regional State special forces
8 April 2021Freweyni7EDF
8 April 2021Hawzen30+EDF
8 April 2021Around Wukro Maray, between Shire and Axum200+ENDF and EDF
12 April 2021Adwa, Central Tigray3–9EDF[42] [43]
12 April 2021village near Axum11presumably EDF[44]
12 April 2021Hugumburda, Southern Tigray15Amhara militias and ENDF
c. 12 April 2021Wukro Maray town near Aksum300+EDF
29 April 2021Idaga Hibret20EDF[45]
30 April 2021(Bure, Amhara and Danchu Kebelle)21unknownDuring the attacks, some civilians had reportedly been burnt alive.
8 May 2021Guh village, Hawzien, Eastern Tigray19EDF[46] [47]
12 June 2021Menji and Guyya villages near the town ofAbi-Adi Tembien.16EDF and ENDF[48] Reports indicate that cluster bombs and phosphorus gas was used in the shelling of both villages.
22 June 2021Togoga village50-80ENDF[49] 50-80 civilians were killed in an airstrike on the village's market area. Reports indicate that the ENDF blocked ambulances from attending to the dead and wounded in the village, possibly increasing the casualty toll.
17-19 July 2021Yalo20TDF or ENDF[50] Victims of shelling
~3 August 2021Humera and elsewhere along the Tekezé River95Amhara militia, Fano, EDF[51] The victims had been shot with their hands tied
5 August 2021Galikoma, Afar Region107-200TDF[52] [53] [54] Indiscriminate killing by TDF
31 August–4 September 2021Chenna (near Dabat)120-200TDF[55] Extrajudicial killings; Using civilians as human shields
9 September 2021Kobo600TDF[56] [57] [58] Extrajudicial killings
30 October 2021Kombolcha, Amhara region100+TDF[59] [60] [61] Extrajudicial killings, looting and ransacking WFP and UN trucks and aid essentials, private and public properties.
8 October 2021Mekelle3ENDF[62] Airstrike killing civilians, all children
21 November 2021Prison camp near Mirab Abaya, SNNPR83 (+20 missing)Ethiopian prison guards, ENDF, lynch mob[63] Massacre of imprisoned Tigrayan soldiers; according to The Washington Post, the prisoners in question had not engaged in combat against the government.
6 January 2022Mai Aini refugee camp3Unknown[64] [65] Airstrike killing Eritrean refugees, including 2 children
7 January 2022Dedebit56-59ENDF[66] [67] [68] [69] [70] Airstrike hitting a camp for internally displaced people; has been called a war crime by the UN and Human Rights Watch
10–11 January 2022Mai Tsebri and Hiwane19ENDF[71] Drone strike killing civilians
23 February 2022Chenna and Kobo24+TDF[72] Extrajudicial killings
23 February 2022Berhale5+Unknown; suspected to be the TDF[73] [74] Extrajudicial killings of Eritrean refugees
26 August 2022Mekelle4ENDF[75] Airstrike killing civilians, including 2 children
6–12 September 2022Sheraro40+EDF[76] [77] Extrajudicial killings of civilians, including Eritrean refugees
Shimblina46ENDF/EDF[78]
13–14 September 2022Mekelle10Unclear; suspected to be the ENDF[79] [80] Airstrike killing civilians,
13–15 September 2022Kobo17+TDF[81] Systemic torture and killings of civilians
4 October 2022Adi Daero, La'ilay Adiyabo50-65+ENDF[82] [83] Airstrike hitting a school sheltering internally displaced people
24 October 2022Egela district, Tigray96EDF[84] Extrajudicial killings of civilians
26 October 2022Adwa60+ENDF/EDF[85] Extrajudicial killings of civilians
17–25 November 2022Eastern Zone, Tigray111EDF[86] [87] Kidnapping, extrajudicial killings of civilians; 241 houses destroyed and overall "widespread looting."
Mid December 2022Central Zone, Tigray550+EDF and Amhara militias[88] Extrajudicial killings and mass rapes.

Civilian deaths

, the highest estimate of civilian deaths in the Tigray War is that given by three of the opposition parties from the 2020 Tigray regional election: National Congress of Great Tigray, Tigray Independence Party, and Salsay Woyane Tigray, which were allocated 15 seats in September 2020, prior to the war. The three parties' statement, published on 2 February 2021, estimated that at least 52,000 civilians had been killed by the ENDF, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), Amhara militias, and other forces allied with the ENDF. Hailu Kebede, head of foreign affairs in Salsay Woyane Tigray, said that the three parties' collection method was to try to register data from witnesses in every administrative area of Tigray Region. He stated that "thousands" of names were already recorded. 2022 estimates from Belgium’s Ghent University put the number of war fatalities at 300,000 to 500,000, including 50,000 to 100,000 from fighting, 150,000 to 200,000 due to famine, and 100,000 from lack of medical attention.

Military deaths

2020

An ENDF soldier present at the attack on the Adigrat base of the ENDF Northern Command during the 4 November Northern Command attacks, Bulcha, stated to BBC News that there were 32 ENDF fatalities and 100 TPLF fatalities.

Based on its 14–18 November 2020 visit and a visit starting 10 January 2021 to the Tigray Region, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) reported a Humera hospital employee's count of the war deaths as 92, including military (ENDF and TPLF) and civilian deaths.

An estimated 760 troops (ENDF and TPLF) were killed during fighting in the Raya region.[89]

The TPLF claimed on 24 November to have killed thousands of ENDF and Eritrean in three fronts: Adwa, Idagahamus and Ray-Mokoni. They also claimed to have killed almost an entire Ethiopian division during fighting at Raya.[90] This division is the 21st mechanised division.[91]

On 7 December 2020 heavy fighting broke out between AMISOM troops and Ethiopian troops in Hiran region, Somalia, when Ethiopian troops tried to disarm Tigrayan troops. In total 21 Tigrayan soldiers and 20 Ethiopian soldiers were killed.[92]

2022

In September 2022, Ethiopian and Eritrean forces launched a massive "joint" offensive against rebels in Tigray. The Ethiopian army reportedly suffered 90,000 casualties in one month.[93]

Notes

  1. Web site: York . Geoffrey . 21 October 2022 . Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say . registration . live . https://archive.today/20220324154028/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-tigray-war-has-seen-up-to-half-a-million-dead-from-violence-and/%23comments . 24 March 2022 . . Independent scholars, based at Ghent University in Belgium, suggest that the death toll in Tigray is now between 385,000 and 600,000..
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