Cardinal function explained
In mathematics, a cardinal function (or cardinal invariant) is a function that returns cardinal numbers.
Cardinal functions in set theory
- The most frequently used cardinal function is the function that assigns to a set A its cardinality, denoted by |A|.
- Aleph numbers and beth numbers can both be seen as cardinal functions defined on ordinal numbers.
- Cardinal arithmetic operations are examples of functions from cardinal numbers (or pairs of them) to cardinal numbers.
- Cardinal characteristics of a (proper) ideal I of subsets of X are:
{\rmadd}(I)=min\{|l{A}|:l{A}\subseteqI\wedgecupl{A}\notinI\}.
The "additivity" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is not in I any more. As any ideal is closed under finite unions, this number is always at least
; if
I is a σ-ideal, then
\operatorname{add}(I)\ge\aleph1.
\operatorname{cov}(I)=min\{|l{A}|:l{A}\subseteqI\wedgecupl{A}=X\}.
The "covering number" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is all of X. As X itself is not in I, we must have add(I ) ≤ cov(I ).
\operatorname{non}(I)=min\{|A|:A\subseteqX \wedge A\notinI\},
The "uniformity number" of I (sometimes also written
) is the size of the smallest set not in
I. Assuming
I contains all
singletons, add(
I ) ≤ non(
I ).
{\rmcof}(I)=min\{|l{B}|:l{B}\subseteqI\wedge\forallA\inI(\existsB\inl{B})(A\subseteqB)\}.
The "cofinality" of I is the cofinality of the partial order (I, ⊆). It is easy to see that we must have non(I ) ≤ cof(I ) and cov(I ) ≤ cof(I ).
In the case that
is an ideal closely related to the structure of the
reals, such as the ideal of Lebesgue null sets or the ideal of
meagre sets, these cardinal invariants are referred to as
cardinal characteristics of the continuum.
the
bounding number
and
dominating number
are defined as
{akb}(P)=min\{|Y|:Y\subseteqP \wedge (\forallx\inP)(\existsy\inY)(y\not\sqsubseteqx)\},
{akd}(P)=min\{|Y|:Y\subseteqP \wedge (\forallx\inP)(\existsy\inY)(x\sqsubseteqy)\}.
is used.
[1] Cardinal functions in topology
Cardinal functions are widely used in topology as a tool for describing various topological properties.[2] [3] Below are some examples. (Note: some authors, arguing that "there are no finite cardinal numbers in general topology",[4] prefer to define the cardinal functions listed below so that they never taken on finite cardinal numbers as values; this requires modifying some of the definitions given below, for example by adding "
" to the right-hand side of the definitions, etc.)
are its cardinality and the cardinality of its topology, denoted respectively by
and
of a topological space
is the cardinality of the smallest
base for
When
\operatorname{w}(X)=\aleph0
the space
is said to be
second countable.
-weight
of a space
is the cardinality of the smallest
-base for
(A
-base is a set of non-empty open sets whose supersets includes all opens.)
of
is the smallest cardinality of a network for
A
network is a
family
of sets, for which, for all points
and open neighbourhoods
containing
there exists
in
for which
- The character of a topological space
at a point
is the cardinality of the smallest
local base for
The
character of space
is
When
the space
is said to be
first countable.
of a space
is the cardinality of the smallest
dense subset of
When
the space
is said to be
separable.
of a space
is the smallest infinite cardinality such that every open cover has a subcover of cardinality no more than
When
the space
is said to be a
Lindelöf space.
- The cellularity or Suslin number of a space
is
\operatorname{c}(X)=\sup\{|l{U}|:l{U}isafamilyofmutuallydisjointnon-emptyopensubsetsofX\}.
- The hereditary cellularity (sometimes called spread) is the least upper bound of cellularities of its subsets: or
where "discrete" means that it is a
discrete topological space.
is
So
has countable extent exactly when it has no
uncountable closed discrete subset.
of a topological space
at a point
is the smallest cardinal number
such that, whenever
for some subset
of
there exists a subset
of
with
such that
x\in\operatorname{cl}X(Z).
Symbolically,
The
tightness of a space
is
When
the space
is said to be
countably generated or
countably tight.
- The augmented tightness of a space
is the smallest
regular cardinal
such that for any
there is a subset
of
with cardinality less than
such that
Basic inequalities
Cardinal functions in Boolean algebras
Cardinal functions are often used in the study of Boolean algebras.[5] [6] We can mention, for example, the following functions:
of a Boolean algebra
is the supremum of the cardinalities of
antichains in
.
of a Boolean algebra
is
{\rmlength}(B)=\sup\{|A|:A\subseteqBisachain\}
of a Boolean algebra
is
{\rmdepth}(B)=\sup\{|A|:A\subseteqBisawell-orderedsubset\}
.
of a Boolean algebra
is
{\rmInc}({B})=\sup\{|A|:A\subseteqBsuchthat\foralla,b\inA(a ≠ b ⇒ \neg(a\leqb \vee b\leqa))\}
.
of a Boolean algebra
is
\pi(B)=min\{|A|:A\subseteqB\setminus\{0\}suchthat\forallb\inB\setminus\{0\}(\existsa\inA)(a\leqb)\}.
Cardinal functions in algebra
Examples of cardinal functions in algebra are:
as the cardinality of any basis of this
module.
External links
See also
References
- Book: Jech . Thomas . Thomas Jech . Set Theory . Third Millennium . . Berlin, New York . Springer Monographs in Mathematics . 978-3-540-44085-7 . 2003 . 1007.03002 .
Notes and References
- Book: Holz, Michael . Steffens, Karsten . Weitz, Edmund . Introduction to Cardinal Arithmetic . Birkhäuser . 1999 . 3764361247 . registration .
- Book: Juhász, István. István Juhász (mathematician)
. István Juhász (mathematician). Cardinal functions in topology. Math. Centre Tracts, Amsterdam. 1979. 90-6196-062-2. 2012-06-30. 2014-03-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20140318001358/http://oai.cwi.nl/oai/asset/13055/13055A.pdf. dead.
- Book: Juhász, István. Cardinal functions in topology - ten years later. Math. Centre Tracts, Amsterdam. 1980. 90-6196-196-3. 2012-06-30. 2014-03-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20140317230150/http://oai.cwi.nl/oai/asset/12982/12982A.pdf. dead.
- Book: Engelking, Ryszard. Ryszard Engelking
. Ryszard Engelking. General Topology. Heldermann Verlag, Berlin. 1989. 3885380064. Revised. Sigma Series in Pure Mathematics. 6.
- Monk, J. Donald: Cardinal functions on Boolean algebras. "Lectures in Mathematics ETH Zürich". Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1990. .
- Monk, J. Donald: Cardinal invariants on Boolean algebras. "Progress in Mathematics", 142. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, .