Cardinal function explained

In mathematics, a cardinal function (or cardinal invariant) is a function that returns cardinal numbers.

Cardinal functions in set theory

{\rmadd}(I)=min\{|l{A}|:l{A}\subseteqI\wedgecupl{A}\notinI\}.

The "additivity" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is not in I any more. As any ideal is closed under finite unions, this number is always at least

\aleph0

; if I is a σ-ideal, then

\operatorname{add}(I)\ge\aleph1.

\operatorname{cov}(I)=min\{|l{A}|:l{A}\subseteqI\wedgecupl{A}=X\}.

The "covering number" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is all of X. As X itself is not in I, we must have add(I ) ≤ cov(I ).

\operatorname{non}(I)=min\{|A|:A\subseteqX\wedgeA\notinI\},

The "uniformity number" of I (sometimes also written

{\rmunif}(I)

) is the size of the smallest set not in I. Assuming I contains all singletons, add(I ) ≤ non(I ).

{\rmcof}(I)=min\{|l{B}|:l{B}\subseteqI\wedge\forallA\inI(\existsB\inl{B})(A\subseteqB)\}.

The "cofinality" of I is the cofinality of the partial order (I, ⊆). It is easy to see that we must have non(I ) ≤ cof(I ) and cov(I ) ≤ cof(I ).

In the case that

I

is an ideal closely related to the structure of the reals, such as the ideal of Lebesgue null sets or the ideal of meagre sets, these cardinal invariants are referred to as cardinal characteristics of the continuum.

(P,\sqsubseteq)

the bounding number

{akb}(P)

and dominating number

{akd}(P)

are defined as

{akb}(P)=min\{|Y|:Y\subseteqP\wedge(\forallx\inP)(\existsy\inY)(y\not\sqsubseteqx)\},

{akd}(P)=min\{|Y|:Y\subseteqP\wedge(\forallx\inP)(\existsy\inY)(x\sqsubseteqy)\}.

pp\kappa(λ)

is used.[1]

Cardinal functions in topology

Cardinal functions are widely used in topology as a tool for describing various topological properties.[2] [3] Below are some examples. (Note: some authors, arguing that "there are no finite cardinal numbers in general topology",[4] prefer to define the cardinal functions listed below so that they never taken on finite cardinal numbers as values; this requires modifying some of the definitions given below, for example by adding "

  +\aleph0

" to the right-hand side of the definitions, etc.)

X

are its cardinality and the cardinality of its topology, denoted respectively by

|X|

and

o(X).

\operatorname{w}(X)

of a topological space

X

is the cardinality of the smallest base for

X.

When

\operatorname{w}(X)=\aleph0

the space

X

is said to be second countable.

\pi

-weight of a space

X

is the cardinality of the smallest

\pi

-base for

X.

(A

\pi

-base is a set of non-empty open sets whose supersets includes all opens.)

\operatorname{nw}(X)

of

X

is the smallest cardinality of a network for

X.

A network is a family

l{N}

of sets, for which, for all points

x

and open neighbourhoods

U

containing

x,

there exists

B

in

l{N}

for which

x\inB\subseteqU.

X

at a point

x

is the cardinality of the smallest local base for

x.

The character of space

X

is \chi(X) = \sup \; \. When

\chi(X)=\aleph0

the space

X

is said to be first countable.

\operatorname{d}(X)

of a space

X

is the cardinality of the smallest dense subset of

X.

When

\rm{d}(X)=\aleph0

the space

X

is said to be separable.

\operatorname{L}(X)

of a space

X

is the smallest infinite cardinality such that every open cover has a subcover of cardinality no more than

\operatorname{L}(X).

When

\rm{L}(X)=\aleph0

the space

X

is said to be a Lindelöf space.

X

is

\operatorname{c}(X)=\sup\{|l{U}|:l{U}isafamilyofmutuallydisjointnon-emptyopensubsetsofX\}.

Y \subseteq X \text \

where "discrete" means that it is a discrete topological space.

X

is e(X) = \sup\

Y \subseteq X \text\

. So

X

has countable extent exactly when it has no uncountable closed discrete subset.

t(x,X)

of a topological space

X

at a point

x\inX

is the smallest cardinal number

\alpha

such that, whenever

x\in{\rmcl}X(Y)

for some subset

Y

of

X,

there exists a subset

Z

of

Y

with

|Z|\leq\alpha,

such that

x\in\operatorname{cl}X(Z).

Symbolically, t(x, X) = \sup \left\. The tightness of a space

X

is t(X) = \sup\. When

t(X)=\aleph0

the space

X

is said to be countably generated or countably tight.

X,

t+(X)

is the smallest regular cardinal

\alpha

such that for any

Y\subseteqX,

x\in{\rmcl}X(Y)

there is a subset

Z

of

Y

with cardinality less than

\alpha,

such that

x\in{\rmcl}X(Z).

Basic inequalities

c(X) \leq d(X) \leq w(X) \leq o(X) \leq 2^

e(X) \leq s(X)\chi(X) \leq w(X)\operatorname(X) \leq w(X) \text o(X) \leq 2^

Cardinal functions in Boolean algebras

Cardinal functions are often used in the study of Boolean algebras.[5] [6] We can mention, for example, the following functions:

c(B)

of a Boolean algebra

B

is the supremum of the cardinalities of antichains in

B

.

{\rmlength}(B)

of a Boolean algebra

B

is

{\rmlength}(B)=\sup\{|A|:A\subseteqBisachain\}

{\rmdepth}(B)

of a Boolean algebra

B

is

{\rmdepth}(B)=\sup\{|A|:A\subseteqBisawell-orderedsubset\}

.

{\rmInc}(B)

of a Boolean algebra

B

is

{\rmInc}({B})=\sup\{|A|:A\subseteqBsuchthat\foralla,b\inA(ab  ⇒ \neg(a\leqb\veeb\leqa))\}

.

\pi(B)

of a Boolean algebra

B

is

\pi(B)=min\{|A|:A\subseteqB\setminus\{0\}suchthat\forallb\inB\setminus\{0\}(\existsa\inA)(a\leqb)\}.

Cardinal functions in algebra

Examples of cardinal functions in algebra are:

{\rmrank}(M)

as the cardinality of any basis of this module.

External links

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Book: Holz, Michael . Steffens, Karsten . Weitz, Edmund . Introduction to Cardinal Arithmetic . Birkhäuser . 1999 . 3764361247 . registration .
  2. Book: Juhász, István. István Juhász (mathematician)

    . István Juhász (mathematician). Cardinal functions in topology. Math. Centre Tracts, Amsterdam. 1979. 90-6196-062-2. 2012-06-30. 2014-03-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20140318001358/http://oai.cwi.nl/oai/asset/13055/13055A.pdf. dead.

  3. Book: Juhász, István. Cardinal functions in topology - ten years later. Math. Centre Tracts, Amsterdam. 1980. 90-6196-196-3. 2012-06-30. 2014-03-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20140317230150/http://oai.cwi.nl/oai/asset/12982/12982A.pdf. dead.
  4. Book: Engelking, Ryszard. Ryszard Engelking

    . Ryszard Engelking. General Topology. Heldermann Verlag, Berlin. 1989. 3885380064. Revised. Sigma Series in Pure Mathematics. 6.

  5. Monk, J. Donald: Cardinal functions on Boolean algebras. "Lectures in Mathematics ETH Zürich". Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1990. .
  6. Monk, J. Donald: Cardinal invariants on Boolean algebras. "Progress in Mathematics", 142. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, .