Caning in Malaysia explained

Caning is used as a form of corporal punishment in Malaysia. It can be divided into at least four contexts: judicial/prison, school, domestic, and sharia/syariah. Of these, the first is largely a legacy of British colonial rule in the territories that are now part of Malaysia, particularly Malaya.[1]

Judicial caning, the most severe of the four forms of corporal punishment in Malaysia, can be ordered as part of a criminal sentence imposed by civil courts on male convicts. Always ordered in addition to a prison sentence for adult offenders, it is inflicted with a long and thick rattan cane on the prisoner's bare buttocks in an enclosed area in the prison. Convicts who were not sentenced to caning earlier in a court of law may also be punished by caning in the same way if they commit aggravated offences while serving time in prison.

In schools, students may be caned with a light rattan cane on the buttocks over clothing or the palm of the hand for serious misconduct. Although legally only boys can be caned, the caning of girls is common in Malaysia. In the domestic setting, it is legally and culturally acceptable for parents to punish their children with a light rattan cane for misbehaviour. Sharia courts can sentence Muslim men and women (including Muslim foreigners) to caning for committing certain offences. This form of caning is much less severe compared to judicial caning and it is designed to humiliate the offender rather than to inflict physical pain.

Malaysia has been criticised by human rights groups for its use of judicial caning, which Amnesty International claims "subjects thousands of people each year to systematic torture and ill-treatment, leaving them with permanent physical and psychological scars".[2]

Judicial caning

See also: Judicial corporal punishment.

History

Caning, as a form of legally sanctioned corporal punishment for convicted criminals, was first introduced by the British Empire in the 19th century. It was formally codified under the Straits Settlements Penal Code Ordinance IV in 1871.[3]

In that era, offences punishable by caning were similar to those punishable by birching or flogging (with the cat o' nine tails) in England and Wales. They included robbery, aggravated forms of theft, burglary, assault with the intention of sexual abuse, a second or subsequent conviction of rape, a second or subsequent offence relating to prostitution, and living on or trading in prostitution.

The practice of judicial caning was retained as a form of legal penalty after the Federation of Malaya declared independence from Britain in 1957. It is largely a legacy of British colonial rule and has nothing to do with "Islamic justice" even though the majority of the Malaysian population are Muslims.

Legal basis

Sections 286–291 of the Criminal Procedure Code lay down the procedures governing caning, which is referred to as "whipping" in the Code in accordance with traditional British legislative terminology. The procedures include the following:

Boys aged between 10 and 18 may be sentenced to a maximum of 10 strokes with a light rattan cane.[5] [6]

ExemptionsThe following groups of people shall not be caned:[7]

Offences punishable by caning

Malaysian criminal law prescribes caning for a wide range of offences, always in addition to a prison term and never as a punishment by itself except for juvenile offenders in some cases. Caning is usually a routine punishment for serious offences, notably those involving rape, violence or drug trafficking, but also for lesser offences such as illegal immigration, bribery, and criminal breach of trust. Every year, thousands of illegal immigrants (mostly from Indonesia) are briefly incarcerated, punished with one or two strokes of the cane, and then deported.[10] In November 2003, illegal moneylending was added to the list of offences punishable by caning.[11]

Malaysians have called for caning to be imposed as a punishment for illegal bike racing,[12] snatch theft,[13] traffic offences,[14] deserting one's wife,[15] perpetrating get-rich-quick schemes,[16] and vandalism[17] (cf. Singapore's Vandalism Act). However, these offences still remain outside the list of offences punishable by caning.[18]

Statistics

Although the Malaysian government does not release overall figures of the number of offenders sentenced to caning every year, in 2010 Amnesty International used statistical sampling to estimate that as many as 10,000 prisoners were caned in a year.

In 2004, the Malaysian Deputy Home Affairs Minister stated that 18,607 undocumented migrants were caned in the first 16 months since caning for immigration offences started in August 2002. In 2009, the Malaysian parliament revealed 34,923 foreigners were caned between 2002 and 2008. Over 60 percent of them were Indonesians, 14 percent were Burmese, and 14 percent were Filipinos.

Caning officers

The criteria for the selection of caning officers are very stringent, with maybe only two out of every 30 applicants being chosen. Those selected undergo special training. They are trained to swing the cane at a speed of at least 160km/h and produce a force upon impact of at least 90sigfig=3NaNsigfig=3.[19] In 2005, they were paid 10 ringgit for each stroke as compared to three ringgit previously.[20] [21] [22]

The cane

Two types of rattan canes are used for judicial caning:

The thicker cane is about 1.09sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 long and 1.25sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 thick.[23] [24]

Administration procedure

For adult offenders

The punishment cannot be carried out until after seven days from the date when the offender was sentenced to caning. If the offender made an appeal to an appellate court, the sentence must be confirmed by the court before it can be carried out.[25] The punishment cannot be carried out within 24 hours of the sentence being passed except by special order in case of emergency.[26]

The offender is not told in advance when he will be caned; he is notified only on the day his sentence is to be carried out or, in some instances, one day before. The uncertainty often puts offenders through much fear and psychological suffering.

On the day, a medical officer inspects him and determines whether he is in a fit state of health to undergo the punishment.[27] If the medical officer certifies that the offender is not in a fit state of health to be caned, the offender will be sent back to the court for the caning sentence to be remitted or converted to a prison term of up to 24 months, in addition to the original prison term he was sentenced to.[28]

If the medical officer certifies the offender fit, the offender is then confined in a holding area with other prisoners who are going to be caned on the same day. The offender is escorted to the caning area when it is his turn to be punished. The caning is conducted in an open yard surrounded by walls in the prison,[29] out of the view of the public and other prisoners. The prison director oversees the caning, along with the medical officer[30] and other prison officers. He reads the terms of punishment to the offender and asks him to confirm the number of strokes.

While the prison staff present at the caning scene are usually all men, sometimes female doctors from government hospitals might be ordered to participate because it was part of their duties as government employees.

In practice, the offender is required to strip completely naked for the punishment. However, he may be given a loincloth or a sarong to cover his genitals.

After he confirms the number of strokes, he is taken to an A-shaped wooden frame, to which he is secured throughout the duration of the punishment. The front of his body rests against a padded cushion on the frame while his arms are tied above his head and his legs spread apart and secured tightly to the frame (see the mannequin in the adjacent picture). A "torso shield" is fastened around his body, exposing only his buttocks while protecting his lower back (the kidneys and lower spine area) and upper thighs (near the genitals) from any strokes that might land off-target.[31] A prison officer stands in front of the offender and wraps his hands around the offender's head in case he jerks back his head and injures his neck. The caning is administered on the offender's bare buttocks.[32] The caning officer stands beside the frame and delivers the number of strokes specified in the sentence at intervals of about 30 seconds. To ensure maximum effect, he ensures the tip of the cane comes in contact with the target area and drags it quickly along the skin to break it.[33]

Sanitary procedures are observed as a precaution against HIV transmissions. Each cane is soaked in antiseptic before use to prevent infection. In the case of an HIV-positive subject, the cane used is burnt after the punishment is over. Caning officers also sometimes wear protective smocks, gloves and goggles.

For juvenile offenders

The Criminal Procedure Code stipulates that juvenile offenders (below the age of 18) sentenced to caning shall receive the punishment "in the way of school discipline using a light rattan cane." The legal limit for juveniles is 10 strokes. According to press reports from between 2012 and 2014, the punishment is administered by a police officer inside the courtroom in full view of everyone present there, immediately after the judge announced the sentence. The offender keeps his clothes on and receives the punishment on the buttocks over clothing while bending over a table. A medical officer is also present to supervise the punishment and ensure safety.

A lawyer who represented a juvenile offender who was sentenced to public caning in court defended the punishment by saying that it was part of a plea bargain with the prosecution to ensure that the offender would be punished "in the way of school discipline" instead of the manner in which adult offenders are caned in prison. She also added that such punishments are common in Malaysia and that she had witnessed six such cases in her five years of legal practice. However, another lawyer said there were errors in the way the sentence was ordered and carried out.[34]

Medical treatment and the effects

A 2010 report by Amnesty International described the severity of judicial caning as follows, "In Malaysian prisons specially trained caning officers tear into victims' bodies with a metre-long cane swung with both hands at high speed. The cane rips into the victim's naked skin, pulps the fatty tissue below, and leaves scars that extend to muscle fibre. The pain is so severe that victims often lose consciousness."

As the caning officers are trained to strike the target and drag the tip of the cane across the wound, the laceration will cause the skin to come off immediately and thus draw blood. Due to the physical pain and intense fear, the offender may lose control over his urinary and bowel functions, or even lose consciousness altogether. Offenders have variously described the pain as "intense", "burning", "being bitten by red ants", "like an electric shock", "worst pain in my life", etc. In any case, judicial caning usually leaves permanent scars on the offender's buttocks.[35]

After the caning, the offender is released from the frame and taken to the prison clinic for medical treatment.[36]

Malaysian caning videos

In August 1991, Malaysia's TV3 broadcast a two-part documentary on prison life shot by Majalah Tiga at Kajang Prison and Pudu Prison with permission from the Malaysian Prison Department. The second part focused on corporal and capital punishment. Wan Zaleha Radzi, the documentary's anchorperson, said that her team filmed an actual caning scene. However, direct camera shots of the cane striking prisoners' bare buttocks were edited out from the telecast because they were deemed too sensitive for viewers.[37] [38]

In the mid 2000s, the Malaysian government released three graphic videos featuring several genuine judicial canings, ranging from one stroke to 20 strokes. The canings were filmed in Seremban Prison near the national capital, Kuala Lumpur.[39] [40]

Comparison of judicial caning in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore

See also: Caning in Brunei and Caning in Singapore.

Judicial caning is also used as a form of legal punishment for criminal offences in two of Malaysia's neighbouring countries, Brunei and Singapore. There are some differences across the three countries.[41]

width=10%!width=30%Brunei !width=30%Malaysia !width=30%Singapore
Sharia caningIn practiceIn practiceNot in practice
JuvenilesLocal courts may order the caning of boys below the age of 16. Juveniles are punished "in the way of school discipline" with their clothes on.Local courts may order the caning of boys below the age of 16. Juveniles are punished "in the way of school discipline" with their clothes on.Only the High Court may order the caning of boys below the age of 16.
Age limitMen above the age of 50 cannot be sentenced to caning.Men above the age of 50 cannot be sentenced to caning. However, the law was amended in 2006 such that men convicted of sex offences may still be sentenced to caning even if they are above the age of 50. In 2008, a 56-year-old man was sentenced to 57 years jail and 12 strokes of the cane for rape.[42] Men above the age of 50 cannot be sentenced to caning.
Maximum no. of strokes per trial24 strokes for adults; 18 strokes for juveniles24 strokes for adults; 10 strokes for juveniles24 strokes for adults; 10 strokes for juveniles
TerminologyThe official term is whipping in accordance with traditional British legislative terminology.The official term is whipping in accordance with traditional British legislative terminology. Informally, the term caning, as well as strokes of the cane and strokes of the rotan, is used.In both legislation and press reports, the term used is caning.
Dimensions of the caneAbout 1.2sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 long and no more than 1.27sigfig=1NaNsigfig=1 in diameterAbout 1.09sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 long and no more than 1.25sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 in diameterAbout 1.2sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 long and no more than 1.27sigfig=1NaNsigfig=1 in diameter
Type of caneThe same type of rattan cane is used on all offenders regardless of the offence committed.Two types of rattan canes are used: The smaller one is for white-collar offenders while the larger one is for other offenders.The same type of rattan cane is used on all offenders regardless of the offence committed.
Modus operandiThe offender is tied to a wooden frame in a bent-over position with his feet together. He has protective padding secured around his lower back to protect the kidney and lower spine area from strokes that land off-target.The offender stands upright at an A-shaped wooden frame with his feet apart and hands tied above his head. He has a special protective "shield" tied around his lower body to cover the lower back and upper thighs while leaving the buttocks exposed.The offender is tied to the trestle in a bent-over position with his feet together. He has protective padding secured around his lower back to protect the kidney and lower spine area from strokes that land off-target.
[41]

Prison caning

Under Malaysian law, the officer in charge of a prison (holding the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Prison and above) may impose caning on prisoners who commit aggravated prison offences[43] even if they were not sentenced to caning earlier in a court of law. The prisoner is given an opportunity to hear the charge and evidence against him and make his defence.[44]

Sharia caning

Malaysia has a parallel justice system of sharia courts, which can order caning for Muslim men and women under Section 125 of the Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Territories) Act 1997.[45]

This kind of caning is rarely implemented, and is quite different from, and much less severe than, judicial caning under Malaysian criminal law. It is intended to be shaming rather than particularly painful. Before the caning is carried out, a medical officer must certify that the offender is fit to undergo the punishment. A rattan cane about 1.25cm (00.49inches) in diameter is used. The punishment is normally carried out in an enclosed area out of the view of the public, even though the Syariah Criminal Procedure (Sabah) Enactment 1993 allows the court to determine where the caning is to take place.[46] The offender remains fully dressed; men remain standing when they receive the punishment while women are seated. Although the law states that the offender can be caned on all parts of the body except the face, head, stomach, chest or private parts, in practice the caning is usually administered on the offender's back. It is carried out by an officer of the same sex as the offender. Each stroke intended to be executed with force low enough to not break the skin, and the officer delivers the punishment with a "limp wrist" and without raising his/her hand. A medical officer is also present throughout the procedure to ensure safety.[47]

This form of caning is also practised in Indonesia's Aceh Province, where it is more common.

Notable cases

School caning

In Malaysian primary and secondary schools, caning is a legal disciplinary measure. Although permitted for boys only, in practice it is sometimes also used on girls.

A survey conducted by YouGov in 2019 found that 81 percent of parents in Malaysia supported the use of corporal punishment. 47 percent supported its use in schools.[56] The survey also found that 85 percent of the parents had been physically disciplined growing up.

Government guidelines on school caning

Soure:[57]

The Education Ministry discourages the caning of primary school students.[60] However, based on numerous reported cases, caning is still common in both primary and secondary schools.

Public caning has been discouraged in schools after the Education Regulations came into force. However, there are many cases suggesting that the caning of both boys and girls in front of the class/school[61] is common.[62] [63]

There are many reported cases suggesting that the caning of girls on the clothed bottom, arms, legs,[64] or palm of the hand[65] is a common practice.[66] [67] Anecdotal evidence suggests that, especially in Chinese-medium schools, every girl would undoubtedly be caned at least once or more.[68]

While serious infringements such as theft, smoking, gangsterism and bullying are among offences punishable by caning, minor transgressions are also frequently dealt with by physical punishment.[69]

Chinese-language medium schools

Caning is especially prevalent Malaysia's Chinese-language medium schools,[70] where it is a daily occurrence for girls and boys of all ages instead of being a "special punishment" reserved for serious offences.[71] Typically, a student is caned on the spot in front of his or her class/school for transgressions such as:

This will typically be administered on the palm of the hand or clothed bottom, albeit less serious or forceful than an "official" caning for serious disciplinary breaches. Anecdotally, these will cause the palm/buttocks to sting, especially after multiple consecutive strokes. Mass punishments are not uncommon.

Notable cases

Domestic caning

Corporal punishment of children with a rattan cane by their parents is lawful and culturally accepted in Malaysia.[100] This is done for various reasons, including misbehaviour, laziness or poor results. Sometimes, parents may cane their children after learning that they had been caned in school. However, if the caning causes physical and mental injuries, it becomes an offence under the law.[101] [102]

Criticism

Malaysia has been criticised by human rights groups for its use of judicial caning. A 2010 report by Amnesty International criticises the increasing use of judicial caning in Malaysia and claims the punishment "subjects thousands of people each year to systematic torture and ill-treatment, leaving them with permanent physical and psychological scars". Amnesty International estimates that some 10,000 people are caned each year, many of them for immigration offences. The charity argues the practice could cause long-term disabilities and trauma and said many of the foreigners sentenced to caning did not get legal representation or understand the charge.[103]

Malaysian officials reject the accusation of torture. The Prison Department states that canings are carefully supervised by prison authorities and attended by medical doctors.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #The History of Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei . January 2019 . World Corporal Punishment Research . 25 June 2019.
  2. Web site: Malaysia: Torture practiced systematically in widespread caning . Amnesty International . 30 January 2015 . 6 December 2010.
  3. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #The History of Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. September 2012. World Corporal Punishment Research. 24 January 2015.
  4. Prisons Regulations 2000 regulation 132(2).
  5. Prisons Regulations 2000 regulation 131(3).
  6. Web site: 2008 Human Rights Report: Malaysia . https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175743/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eap/119046.htm . dead . 26 February 2009 . US Department of State . 25 February 2009 . 28 January 2015.
  7. Criminal Procedure Code section 289.
  8. Prisons Regulations 2000 regulation 131(2).
  9. News: 57 years jail and 12 strokes for raping relative. The Star. Kuala Lumpur. 30 April 2008. 28 January 2015.
  10. Web site: Corporal Punishment in Malaysia. World Corporal Punishment Research. 28 August 2016. July 2016.
  11. News: Severe Punishment Awaits Along Under New Act. Bernama News Agency. 28 August 2016. Kuala Lumpur. 4 November 2003.
  12. News: Jessy. Kuldeep S.. Whipping for illegal road racers. The Star. 28 August 2016. Kuala Lumpur. 18 April 2008.
  13. News: Ahmad. Rene. Angry Malaysians want thieves caned. 28 August 2016. The Straits Times. 19 June 2004. Singapore.
  14. News: Whip traffic offenders, urge NGOs. 28 August 2016. The Star. 4 December 2003. Kuala Lumpur.
  15. News: Aziz. Azran. Nik Aziz proposes whipping for men who desert wives. 28 August 2016. New Straits Times. 30 August 2002. Kuala Lumpur.
  16. News: Tan. Anthony. Operators of get-rich-quick schemes face stiffer penalties. 28 August 2016. The Star. 8 June 2001. Kuala Lumpur.
  17. News: Call for vandals to be whipped. 28 August 2016. The Straits Times. 31 August 2001. Singapore.
  18. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #Offences for which caning is imposed. World Corporal Punishment Research. 28 August 2016. September 2012.
  19. News: Striking fear into hearts of most hardened criminals . New Straits Times . Kuala Lumpur . 27 May 2004 . 9 November 2019 . M. Husairy . Othman.
  20. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #The Caning Officers . September 2012 . World Corporal Punishment Research . 28 January 2015.
  21. News: Kent . Jonathan . Malaysia's floggers get pay rise . BBC News. 28 January 2015. 23 March 2005.
  22. News: The hand that wields the cane. Yip Yoke Teng . The Star . Kuala Lumpur . 20 February 2005 . 28 January 2015.
  23. Prisons Regulations 2000 regulation 131(5a).
  24. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #The Dimensions of the Cane. September 2012. World Corporal Punishment Research. 30 January 2015.
  25. Criminal Procedure Code section 287.
  26. Prisons Regulations 2000 regulation 133(2).
  27. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #The Medical Examination. September 2012. World Corporal Punishment Research. 30 January 2015.
  28. Criminal Procedure Code section 291(1).
  29. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #Inside the Caning Area. September 2012. World Corporal Punishment Research. 30 January 2015.
  30. Prisons Regulations 2000 regulation 133(1).
  31. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #Apparatus Used. September 2012. World Corporal Punishment Research. 30 January 2015.
  32. Prisons Regulations 2000 regulation 131(4).
  33. News: Damis. Aniza. The pain is in the shame. New Straits Times. 30 January 2015. 27 June 2005. Kuala Lumpur.
  34. News: Khairuddin . Amin . Accused's lawyer defends public caning . 28 August 2016 . Free Malaysia Today . 24 November 2014.
  35. Web site: Judicial, prison and military punishment pictures from various countries #Malaysia. World Corporal Punishment Research. 30 January 2015.
  36. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #Medical Treatment. September 2012. World Corporal Punishment Research. 30 January 2015.
  37. News: Lo. Tien Yin. Convicts caned on TV. The New Paper. 30 August 1991. Singapore.
  38. News: Lo. Tien Yin. 'Please, please, don't rotan'. The New Paper. 31 August 1991. Singapore.
  39. Web site: Video clips: Malaysia - judicial caning. World Corporal Punishment Research. 30 January 2015.
  40. Web site: Video clips: Malaysia - judicial caning (page 2). World Corporal Punishment Research. 30 January 2015.
  41. Web site: Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #Some Differences Between Singapore and Malaysia. September 2012. World Corporal Punishment Research. 25 January 2015.
  42. News: 57 years jail and 12 strokes for raping relative. 24 January 2015. The Star. Kuala Lumpur. 30 April 2008.
  43. Prison Act section 50(3).
  44. Prison Act section 52.
  45. Web site: Section 125. Sentence of whipping. . Portal Rasmi E-Syariah . 23 July 2020.
  46. Web site: Enactment No. 10 of 1993, Syariah Criminal Procedure Enactment 1993 . 23 July 2020.
  47. Web site: Surin. Jacqueline Ann. Torture by any other fashion. The Nut Graph. 30 January 2015. 6 November 2009.
  48. News: Looi. Elizabeth. Malaysia in heated debate over caning of woman. The Straits Times. Singapore. 30 January 2015. 25 July 2009.
  49. News: Kartika's sentence put on hold due to 'doubtful' implementation. New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur. 13 November 2009.
  50. News: Lawyer: Malaysia commutes woman's caning sentence. CNN. Saeed. Ahmed. 1 April 2010. 30 January 2015.
  51. Web site: Chong. Debra. Kartika says she would rather be caned. The Malaysian Insider. https://archive.today/20150130161407/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/beritamalaysia/conversations/messages/112764. dead. 30 January 2015. 1 April 2010. 30 January 2015.
  52. Web site: Malaysia canes women for adultery. Al Jazeera. 30 January 2015. 18 February 2010.
  53. Web site: Ranjeetha. Pakiam. Malaysian Groups Condemn Caning of Women in Shariah Sex Case. 18 February 2010. 31 January 2010. Bloomberg.
  54. Web site: Sisters condemns caning of 3 Muslim women. 18 February 2010. 31 January 2015. mysinchew.com.
  55. News: Two Malaysian women caned under Islamic law for lesbian sex . 5 September 2018 . The Straits Times . 3 September 2018 . Singapore.
  56. News: 7 July 2019 . Annuar . Azril . Four in five Malaysian parents back physical punishment of children . Malay Mail . Kuala Lumpur . 17 March 2021.
  57. Web site: Malaysia. April 2014. endcorporalpunishment.org. 30 January 2015. 27 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120227192626/http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/progress/reports/malaysia.html. dead.
  58. News: Sennyah. Patrick. Seeking solutions to a punishing task. New Sunday Times. Kuala Lumpur. 31 January 2015. 29 July 2007.
  59. News: Malaysia to revive caning in schools. 30 January 2015. Agence France-Presse. 4 July 2009. https://archive.today/20150130163201/http://rp2.abs-cbnnews.com/world/04/07/09/malaysia-revive-caning-schools. 30 January 2015. dead.
  60. News: Caning can still be carried out, says Wee. 4 July 2009. New Straits Times. 31 January 2015. Kuala Lumpur.
  61. News: Girls should be caned too but do it right . 29 November 2007 . The Star Online . Kuala Lumpur . 17 November 2019.
  62. Web site: We asked Malaysians: What Were Their Worst Caning Experiences? . 16 July 2019. IN REAL LIFE. 17 November 2019.
  63. Web site: TV SMITH's Dua Sen: The School Of Hard Knocks. tvsmith.net.my. 17 November 2019.
  64. News: Secondary schoolgirl left with red welts on arms and legs after caning . Jamil . Syauqi . The Star . Kuala Lumpur . 24 June 2019 . 26 June 2019.
  65. News: 局長調解‧家長接受‧教師道歉平息風波 . 2 August 2010 . 光明日报 Guang Ming Daily . zh . 29 December 2019.
  66. News: Spare the rod? . Nagu . Suzieana Uda . 21 March 2004 . New Straits Times . 31 January 2015 . Kuala Lumpur.
  67. News: Use the cane only as a last resort, teachers . Chew . Victor . 26 July 2008 . The Star. 31 January 2015 . Kuala Lumpur.
  68. News: Caning of schoolgirls is nothing new . Chin . V.K. . 4 December 2007 . The Star . 31 January 2015 . Kuala Lumpur.
  69. Web site: Lessons in violence nurture shame and more violence for children . 6 October 2008 . UNICEF . 31 January 2015 . 11 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160811211822/http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/protection_9199.html . dead .
  70. News: Caning already a norm in Chinese-medium schools . Chin . V. K. . 23 October 2003 . The Star . Kuala Lumpur . 13 September 2019.
  71. Web site: A look into Corporal Punishment and Caning from a Malaysian and Singaporean perspective.. 28 March 2016. Wei Xian's Fight Club of Controversial Thoughts . 23 November 2019.
  72. Web site: Short Hair Policy in Chinese School. 28 March 2008. Hijack Queen. 19 March 2020.
  73. Web site: Many sides to the stick . www.asiaone.com . 29 December 2019.
  74. Web site: 从"错一题，打一鞭"谈起/吴荣顺. e南洋商报Nanyang Siang Pau 您的创富伙伴 . zh . 29 December 2019.
  75. Web site: 指誣賴鞭學生索25萬‧教師控家長‧國內首宗. 17 January 2008 . 光明日报 Guang Ming Daily . zh . 29 December 2019.
  76. Web site: 黄. 建荣. 5 February 2015. 舍弃国际学校高薪挖角．马来教师"情系独中. Abandoning international schools, teachers flock to chinese schools. 2021-03-19. 星洲日报‧报道.
  77. News: Spare the rod, spoil the child . Golingai . Philip . 29 June 2019 . The Star Online . 13 September 2019.
  78. News: Stewart . Ian . 7 July 2000 . Debate rages on 'caning of pupil' . South China Morning Post . Hong Kong.
  79. News: Substitute teacher goes on caning 'spree' . 20 October 2020 . The New Paper . Singapore . 24 January 2009.
  80. Web site: 21 July 2010. 鞭女生打错位．副校长道歉．家长指缺乏诚意备案追究. Missed palm when caning girls: vice-principal apologises. Parents decry lack of sincerity. 2021-03-18. www.sinchew.com.my. Zh.
  81. Web site: 20 July 2011. 老師猛鞭13學生‧屁股紅腫險暈倒‧女生：交白卷被用考卷打臉. 13 students harshly caned: Girl hit on face. 2021-03-19. 光明日报. zh-TW.
  82. Web site: 27 February 2013. 无教师代课学生喧哗被校长鞭手掌．一女生流鼻血母亲报案. Noisy without teacher present, class caned: Mother makes police report for daughter's nose-bleed. 18 March 2021. intimes.my. zh.
  83. Web site: 1 April 2015. Stripped, caned over RM100. 17 March 2021. The Star.
  84. Web site: 張. David. 28 June 2015. 生病3天没上课 女中生手掌挨鞭父报警. Sick and absent for 3 days, schoolgirl's palm caned: Father makes police report. 2021-03-19. 马来西亚诗华日报新闻网. zh-CN.
  85. Web site: 18 April 2015. 不满遭体罚‧网上骂师长 家长投诉校方威胁学生. Unhappy with caning, student insults teacher online. Her parents protest how the school threathened student afterwards. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20200407015403/https://www.enanyang.my/news/20150418/%e4%b8%8d%e6%bb%a1%e9%81%ad%e4%bd%93%e7%bd%9a%e2%80%a7%e7%bd%91%e4%b8%8a%e9%aa%82%e5%b8%88%e9%95%bf-%e5%ae%b6%e9%95%bf%e6%8a%95%e8%af%89%e6%a0%a1%e6%96%b9%e5%a8%81%e8%83%81%e5%ad%a6%e7%94%9f/. 7 April 2020. 29 December 2019. e南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau. zh.
  86. Web site: 18 April 2018. 【更新】学生受罚·讽老师像"狗". Student caned: Calls teacher a "dog". 17 March 2021. www.sinchew.com.my.
  87. News: Kili . Kathleen Ann . 21 July 2015 . Parents of caned pupil urge ministry to take action . 17 March 2021 . The Star . Kuala Lumpur.
  88. Web site: 19 July 2015. 课室喝水挨重鞭 女生臀部红肿. Harsh caning for drinking water in class causes girl's buttocks to swell. 2021-03-18. 東方網 馬來西亞東方日報. zh-Hans.
  89. Web site: 9 March 2016. 家长追究．老师登报 打7鞭道歉3天中国报. Parents question, teacher goes public: Apologise 3 days for 7 strokes. 18 March 2021. 中国报 China Press. zh.
  90. Web site: 13 October 2016. 单亲女童缺课未完成作业 老师乱鞭打嘲笑没爸爸. Girl misses class and homework: Teacher wildly canes and insults her. 2021-03-18. 東方網 馬來西亞東方日報. zh-Hans.
  91. News: Majid . Embun . 28 July 2016 . Religious school denies involvement in alleged student abuse . New Straits Times . Kuala Lumpur . 17 March 2021.
  92. Web site: 25 June 2017. 迟交杂费被老师鞭打？单亲妈妈：被"提醒"勿闹大. Caned by teacher for late fee submission? Single mother: No fuss, just a reminder. 29 December 2019. www.sinchew.com.my. zh.
  93. Web site: 6 July 2016. 没带课本挨打 校方指片面之词. Canes for not bringing textbook: Principal clarifies. 2021-03-18. 東方網 馬來西亞東方日報. zh-Hans.
  94. News: 13 February 2018. 弄湿作业簿 教师鞭打8岁女生9下. zh. Wetting an exercise book: Teacher canes 8-year-old girl 9 times. 柔佛人 - 中国报 Johor China Press. 13 September 2019.
  95. Web site: Tham. Jia Vern. 25 June 2019. JB Teacher Who Caned A 13-Year-Old For Calling Him "Ah Gua" To Be Probed. 17 March 2021. Says. en.
  96. News: Mohsen . Amar Shah . Student left with red marks after being caned by teacher . 17 March 2021 . The Sun Daily . 25 June 2019 . Kuala Lumpur.
  97. Web site: Tai. Roxanne. 6 July 2019. Puchong Mother Makes Police Report When 11yo Girl Caned For Not Bringing Homework to School . 13 September 2019. World of Buzz.
  98. Web site: Fun . Pui . 10 July 2019 . Puchong Mother Reports Teacher AGAIN After Punishment Changed From Caning to Writing Lines . 13 September 2019 . World of Buzz.
  99. Web site: 2 July 2019. 家长不满老师换节 学生未带课本被鞭打. Child caned for not bringing textbook when lesson changed: parents unhappy. 2021-03-18. 東方網 馬來西亞東方日報. zh-Hans.
  100. Web site: Caning in Malaysia . World Corporal Punishment Research . 17 April 2024 . October 2022.
  101. News: Court caning of minors may end . The Star . Kuala Lumpur . 26 January 2015 . 13 September 2019.
  102. News: Teen lodges report over alleged abuse by her father . The Star . Kuala Lumpur . 20 July 2020 . 31 July 2020.
  103. News: Canings in Malaysian prisons out of control, says Amnesty International . Herald Sun . Melbourne . 6 December 2010 . Associated Press . 30 January 2015.

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