Bulldog Explained

See also: French Bulldog, American Bulldog and Old English Bulldog.

Bulldog
Also Known As:English Bulldog,
British Bulldog
Country:England[1]
Collapse Standards And Traits:no
Maleweight:50-
Femaleweight:40-
Height:1-
Colour:Brindle; solid white, red, fawn or yellow; piebald
Life Span:7.49.8 years
Kc Name:The Kennel Club
Kc Std:https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/utility/bulldog/
Fcistd:http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/149g02-en.pdf
Note:National animal of United Kingdom

The Bulldog is a British breed of dog of mastiff type. It may also be known as the English Bulldog or British Bulldog. It is a medium-sized, muscular dog of around 40-. They have large heads with thick folds of skin around the face and shoulders and a relatively flat face with a protruding lower jaw. The breed has significant health issues as a consequence of breeding for its distinctive appearance, including brachycephaly, hip dysplasia, heat sensitivity, and skin infections. Due to concerns about their quality of life, breeding Bulldogs is illegal in Norway and the Netherlands.

The modern Bulldog was bred as a companion dog from the Old English Bulldog, a now-extinct breed used for bull-baiting, when the sport was outlawed in England under the Cruelty to Animals Act. The Bulldog Club (in England) was formed in 1878, and the Bulldog Club of America was formed in 1890. While often used as a symbol of ferocity and courage, modern Bulldogs are generally friendly, amiable dogs. Bulldogs are now commonly kept as pets; in 2013, the Bulldog was the 12th most frequently registered breed worldwide.

History

The first reference to the word "Bulldog" is dated 1631 or 1632 in a letter by a man named Preswick Eaton where he writes: "procuer mee two good Bulldogs, and let them be sent by ye first shipp".[2] In 1666, English scientist Christopher Merret applied: "Canis pugnax, a Butchers Bull or Bear Dog", as an entry in his Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum.[3]

The designation "bull" was applied because of the dog's use in the sport of bull-baiting. This entailed the setting of dogs (after placing wagers on each dog) onto a tethered bull. The dog that grabbed the bull by the nose and pinned it to the ground would be the victor. It was common for a bull to maim or kill several dogs at such an event, either by goring, tossing, or trampling over them.[4] Over the centuries, dogs used for bull-baiting developed the stocky bodies and massive heads and jaws that typify the breed, as well as a ferocious and savage temperament.[5] Bull-baiting was made illegal in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835.[6] Therefore, the Old English Bulldog had outlived its usefulness in England as a sporting animal and its "working" days were numbered. However, emigrants did have a use for such dogs in the New World. In mid-17th century New York, Bulldogs were used as a part of a citywide roundup effort led by Governor Richard Nicolls. Because cornering and leading wild bulls was dangerous, Bulldogs were trained to seize a bull by its nose long enough for a rope to be secured around its neck.[7]

Bulldogs as pets were continually promoted by dog dealer Bill George.[8]

In 1864, a group of Bulldog breeders under R. S. Rockstro founded the first Bulldog Club. Three years after its opening the Club ceased to exist, not having organized a single show. The main achievement of the Rockstro Bulldog Club was a detailed description of the Bulldog, known as the Philo-Kuan Standard. Samuel Wickens, treasurer of the club, published this description in 1865 under the pseudonym Philo-Kuan.[9]

On 4 April 1873, The Kennel Club was founded, the first dog breeding club dealing with the registration of purebred dogs and dog breeds.[10] Bulldogs were included in the first volume of the Kennel Club Stud Book, which was presented at the Birmingham Show on 1 December 1874. The first English Bulldog entered into the register was a male dog named Adam, born in 1864.In March 1875, the third Bulldog Club was founded, which still exists today.[11] [12] Members of this club met frequently at the Blue Post pub on Oxford Street in London. The founders of the club collected all available information about the breed and its best representatives and developed a new standard for the English Bulldog, which was published on 27 May 1875, the same year they held the first breed show. Since 1878, exhibitions of the club were held annually, except during the Second World War. On 17 May 1894, the Bulldog Club was granted the status of a corporation and since then has carried the official name "The Bulldog Club, Inc.". It is the oldest mono-breed dog kennel club in the world.[13]

The Bulldog was officially recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1886.[14]

In 1894, the two top Bulldogs, King Orry and Dock Leaf, competed in a contest to see which dog could walk 20miles. King Orry was reminiscent of the original Bulldogs, lighter-boned and very athletic. Dock Leaf was a smaller and heavier set, more like modern Bulldogs. King Orry was declared the winner that year, finishing the 20miles walk while Dock Leaf collapsed and expired.[15] Though today Bulldogs look tough, they cannot perform the job they were originally bred for, as they cannot withstand the rigours of running after and being thrown by a bull, and also cannot grip with such a short muzzle.[16]

Description

Appearance

Bulldogs have characteristically wide heads and shoulders along with a pronounced mandibular prognathism. There are generally thick folds of skin on the brow; round, black, wide-set eyes; a short muzzle with characteristic folds called a rope or nose roll above the nose; hanging skin under the neck; drooping lips and pointed teeth, and an underbite with an upturned jaw. The coat is short, flat, and sleek with colours of red, fawn, white, brindle, and piebald. They have short tails that can either hang down straight or be tucked in a coiled "corkscrew" into a tail pocket.

In the United Kingdom, the breed standards are 550NaN0 for a male and 500NaN0 for a female.[17] In the United States, the standard calls for a smaller dog — a typical mature male weighs 500NaN0, while mature females weigh about 400NaN0.[18]

Temperament

According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), a Bulldog's disposition should be "equable and kind, resolute, and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanour should be pacifist and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by the expression and behaviour".[19]

Bulldogs are known for getting along well with children, other dogs, and other pets.[20] [21]

Health

Lifespan

A 2022 study in the UK of veterinary data found a life expectancy of 7.39 years, the second lowest of all breeds in the study.[22] A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 9.8 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[23]

A 2004 UK survey found the leading cause of death of Bulldogs to be cardiac-related (20%), cancer (18%), and old age (9%).[24]

Brachycephaly

The shortened snout and pushed in face of the Bulldog is known as brachycephaly.[25] [26] Brachycephaly results in deformation of the upper airway tract and leads to obstruction of breathing.[27] Effects of brachycephaly are stridor, stertorous breathing, emesis, skin fold dermatitis, brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome, exophthalmos, pharyngeal gag reflex, cyanosis, and laryngeal collapse.[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications whilst under anaesthesia,[35] and hyperthermia — with the latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting.[36] Many airlines ban the breed from flying in the cargo hold due to a high rate of deaths from air pressure interacting poorly with their breathing problems.[37]

Other conditions

Statistics from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals indicate that of the 467 Bulldogs tested between 1979 and 2009 (30 years), 73.9% were affected by hip dysplasia, the highest amongst all breeds.[38] Similarly, the breed has the worst score in the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia scoring scheme, although only 22 Bulldogs were tested in the scheme.[39]

A study in England found the Bulldog to have a nearly three times greater risk of patellar luxation, with 2.9% of all Bulldogs having the condition.[40]

In a 1963 UK study, 17% of Bulldogs surveyed had skin fold dermatitis.[41] The breed is also predisposed to atopic dermatitis.[42]

A study by the Royal Veterinary College found that Bulldogs are a much less healthy breed than average, with over twice the odds of being diagnosed with at least one of the common dog disorders investigated in the study.[43]

Over 80% of Bulldog litters are delivered by Caesarean section because their characteristically large heads can become lodged in the mother's birth canal and to avoid potential breathing problems for the mother during labour.[44] [45]

A British study found demodicosis to be more prevalent in the Bulldog than other breeds. The overall prevalence was 1.5% in the breed compared to the 0.17% rate for all dogs. For dogs aged under 2 years, the prevalence was 3.6% compared to 0.48%.[46]

The Bulldog is one of the two most commonly affected breeds for hiatal hernia.[47]

Controversies and legal status

In January 2009, after the BBC documentary Pedigree Dogs Exposed, The Kennel Club introduced revised breed standards for the British Bulldog, along with 209 other breeds, to address health concerns. Opposed by the British Bulldog Breed Council, it was speculated by the press that the changes would lead to a smaller head, fewer skin folds, a longer muzzle, and a taller thinner posture, to combat problems with respiration and breeding due to head size and width of shoulders.[48] In 2019 the Dutch Kennel Club implemented some breeding rules to improve the health of the Bulldog. Among these is a fitness test where the dog has to walk 1 km (0.62 miles) in 12 minutes. Its temperature and heart rate have to recover after 15 minutes.[49]

In 2014, the Dutch government forbade the breeding of dogs with a snout shorter than a third of the skull, including Bulldogs, a law that it began enforcing in 2019.[50] In 2022, the Oslo District Court made a ruling that banned the breeding of Bulldogs in Norway due to their propensity for developing health problems. In its verdict the court judged that no dog of this breed could be considered healthy, therefore using them for breeding would be a violation of Norway's Animal Welfare Act.[51] [52]

Cultural significance

Bulldogs are often associated with determination, strength, and courage due to their historical occupation, though the modern-day dog is bred for appearance and friendliness and not suited for significant physical exertion. They are often used as mascots by universities, sports teams, and other organizations. Some of the better-known Bulldog mascots include Georgetown's Jack, Butler's Blue IV, Yale's Handsome Dan, the University of Georgia's Uga, Mississippi State's Bully, and the United States Marine Corps' Chesty.[53] [54]

The Bulldog originated in England and has a longstanding association with British culture; the BBC wrote: "To many the Bulldog is a national icon, symbolising pluck and determination".[55] During the Second World War, the Prime Minister Winston Churchill was likened to a Bulldog for his defiance of Nazi Germany.[56]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Wilcox, Charlotte. The Bulldog. 978-0-7368-0004-4. 5. 1999. Capstone Press. registration.
  2. Book: Jesse, George R.. Researches into the history of the British Dog, from ancient laws, charters, and historical records: With original anecdotes, and illustrations of the nature and attributes of the dog, from the poets and prose writers of ancient, mediaeval, and modern times. With engravings designed and etched by the author. 1866. Rob. Hardwicke. 306. 17 November 2015. 21 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=7oo-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA306. live.
  3. Book: Merret. Christopher. Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia, et Fossilia. 1666. 169. 9 November 2020. 21 January 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=7JC-IpBPhsoC&q=canis+pugnax&pg=PA169. live.
  4. Web site: Bulldog origin . 2024-02-20 . NEBKC . en.
  5. Web site: Bulldog origin . 2024-02-20 . NEBKC . en.
  6. Book: Curnutt . Jordan . Animals and the Law: A Sourcebook . 2001 . ABC-CLIO . 284 . 978-1-57607-147-2 . 13 September 2020 . 21 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=p2p0MptGeBkC . live .
  7. Ellis, Edward Robb (2005). The Epic of New York City – A Narrative History. Basic Books, New York.
  8. Oliff, D. B. (1988) The Mastiff and Bullmastiff Handbook, The Boswell Press .
  9. Web site: The Origin of the English Bulldog Standard. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20040312110236/http://bulldoginformation.com:80/standardorigin.html . 12 March 2004 . 2021-02-02. Bulldog Information. en.
  10. Web site: History of the Kennel Club. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200918110844/https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/about-us/about-the-kennel-club/history-of-the-kennel-club/ . 18 September 2020 . 2021-02-02. The Kennel Club.
  11. Web site: History of the English Bulldog. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20051029080137/http://www.bulldoginformation.com:80/english-bulldog-history.html . 29 October 2005 . 2021-02-02. Bulldog Information.
  12. Web site: Origins of the English Bulldog. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20020112205717/http://www.bulldogclubdobrasil.com:80/english/bulldog.asp . 12 January 2002 . 2021-02-02. Bulldog Club do Brasil.
  13. Web site: The first Bulldog breed Clubs and first Bulldog Champions. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20060104144040/http://www.bulldoginformation.com:80/first-bulldog-breed-clubs.html . 4 January 2006 . 2021-02-02. Bulldog Information.
  14. http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/bulldog/#standard "Get to Know the Bulldog"
  15. The sun., 11 September 1894, Page 4, Image 4
  16. Thomson . K.S. . 1996 . The Fall and Rise of the English Bulldog . live . American Scientist . 84 . 3 . 220 . 1996AmSci..84..220T . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213819/https://essentials.ebsco.com/search/eds/details/the-fall-and-rise-of-the-english-bulldog?query=%22The%20fall%20and%20rise%20of%20the%20English%20bulldog%22&requestCount=2&db=asx&an=8949157 . 21 January 2023 . May 30, 2022.
  17. Web site: Bulldog breed standard . 29 October 2016 . The Kennel Club . 23 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200823105128/https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=4084 . live .
  18. Web site: Home of the Official AKC Bulldog Breed Club . 2021-09-25 . The Bulldog Club of America . en-US . 25 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210925093841/https://bulldogclubofamerica.org/ . live .
  19. http://www.akc.org/breeds/bulldog/ American Kennel Club – Bulldog
  20. Book: Ewing, Susan . Bulldogs for dummies . Wiley Publishing . 2006 . 978-0-7645-9979-8 . Indiana . 9 November 2020 . 21 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121213807/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuwzTHW-n3cC&q=Bulldogs+are+known+for+getting+along+well+with+children,+other+dogs,+and+pets&pg=PA1 . live .
  21. Web site: 2021-05-12 . Bulldog - Did You Know? . 2023-01-28 . Animal On Planet . en . 1 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231201163643/http://animalonplanet.com/bulldog-information-did-you-know/ .
  22. Teng . Kendy Tzu-yun . Brodbelt . Dave C. . Pegram . Camilla . Church . David B. . O'Neill . Dan G. . Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom . Scientific Reports . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 12 . 1 . 2022-04-28 . 2045-2322 . 10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6 . 6415. 35484374 . 9050668 . 2022NatSR..12.6415T .
  23. McMillan . Kirsten M. . Bielby . Jon . Williams . Carys L. . Upjohn . Melissa M. . Casey . Rachel A. . Christley . Robert M. . Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death . Scientific Reports . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 14 . 1 . 2024-02-01 . 2045-2322 . 10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w . 10834484 .
  24. Adams . V. J. . Evans . K. M. . Sampson . J. . Wood . J. L. N. . Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK . Journal of Small Animal Practice . 51 . 10 . 2010-10-01 . 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x . 512–524.
  25. Knecht, C. D. (1979). Upper airway obstruction in brachycephalic dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 1, 25-31.
  26. Pedersen . Niels C. . Pooch . Ashley S. . Liu . Hongwei . 2016-07-29 . A genetic assessment of the English bulldog . Canine Genetics and Epidemiology . 3 . 1 . 6 . 10.1186/s40575-016-0036-y . 2052-6687 . 4965900 . 27478618 . free .
  27. Hendricks . Joan C. . Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome . Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice . Elsevier BV . 22 . 5 . 1992 . 0195-5616 . 10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0 . 1145–1153. free . 1523786 .
  28. TC . Amis . C . Kurpershoek . Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs . American Journal of Veterinary Research . 1986 . Am J Vet Res . 47 . 10 . 2200–2204 . 0002-9645 . 3777646.
  29. Hendricks . J. C. . Kline . L. R. . Kovalski . R. J. . O'Brien . J. A. . Morrison . A. R. . Pack . A. I. . The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing . Journal of Applied Physiology . American Physiological Society . 63 . 4 . 1987-10-01 . 8750-7587 . 10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344 . 1344–1350. 3693167 .
  30. Hendricks . Joan C. . Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome . Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice . Elsevier BV . 22 . 5 . 1992 . 0195-5616 . 10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0 . 1145–1153. free . 1523786 .
  31. Meola . Stacy D. . Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome . Topics in Companion Animal Medicine . Elsevier BV . 28 . 3 . 2013 . 1938-9736 . 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004 . 91–96. 24182996 .
  32. Web site: Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex) . Lundgrun . Becky . 26 June 2006 . VeterinaryPartner.com . 26 December 2009.
  33. Sebbag . Lionel . Sanchez . Rick F. . The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome . Veterinary Ophthalmology . 26 . S1 . 2023 . 1463-5216 . 10.1111/vop.13054 . 31–46. free . 36585820 .
  34. Hobi . Stefan . Barrs . Vanessa R. . Bęczkowski . Paweł M. . Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs . Animals . MDPI AG . 13 . 12 . 2023-06-16 . 2076-2615 . 10.3390/ani13122016 . free . 2016. 37370526 . 10294810 .
  35. Gruenheid . Michaela . Aarnes . Turi K. . McLoughlin . Mary A. . Simpson . Elaine M. . Mathys . Dimitria A. . Mollenkopf . Dixie F. . Wittum . Thomas E. . Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) . 253 . 3 . 2018-08-01 . 0003-1488 . 10.2460/javma.253.3.301 . 301–306. 30020004 . 51676839 .
  36. Ewers Clark . Anna . Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs – is there an increased risk? . Veterinary Evidence . 7 . 4 . 2022-12-22 . 2396-9776 . 10.18849/ve.v7i4.534 . free .
  37. News: Haughney . Christine . 2011-10-07 . Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-01-19 . 0362-4331 . 7 October 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111007124248/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html . live .
  38. Web site: Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed. Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. 10 February 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101019034631/http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html. 19 October 2010.
  39. Web site: British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia Scheme – Breed Mean Scores at 01/11/2009. British Veterinary Association. 27 February 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20130727145831/http://www.bva.co.uk/public/documents/bms_hip_2010.pdf. 27 July 2013.
  40. O'Neill . Dan G. . Meeson . Richard L. . Sheridan . Adam . Church . David B. . Brodbelt . Dave C. . The epidemiology of patellar luxation in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England . Canine Genetics and Epidemiology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 3 . 1 . 2016-06-08 . 2052-6687 . 10.1186/s40575-016-0034-0 . free . 4. 27280025 . 4898461 .
  41. Hodgman . S. . Abnormalities and Defects in Pedigree Dogs–I. An Investigation into the Existence of Abnormalities in Pedigree Dogs in the British Isles . Journal of Small Animal Practice . 1963 . 4 . 6 . 447–456 . 10.1111/J.1748-5827.1963.TB01301.X . 73404440 .
  42. Book: Rhodes, Karen Helton . Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion . Werner . Alexander H. . 2011-01-25 . Wiley-Blackwell . 978-0-8138-1596-1 . Ames, Iowa . 94.
  43. O'Neill . Dan G. . Skipper . Alison . Packer . Rowena M. A. . Lacey . Caitriona . Brodbelt . Dave C. . Church . David B. . Pegram . Camilla . 2022-06-15 . English Bulldogs in the UK: a VetCompass study of their disorder predispositions and protections . Canine Medicine and Genetics . 9 . 1 . 5 . 10.1186/s40575-022-00118-5 . 2662-9380 . 9199211 . 35701824 . free .
  44. Web site: English Bulldog - Dystocia . 2023-01-30 . www.ufaw.org.uk . english.
  45. Evans . K. . Adams . V. . 2010 . Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section . The Journal of Small Animal Practice . 51 . 2 . 113–118 . 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x . 20136998 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160406144345/http://www.bakalo.com/C-Section-rates-purebreed-dogs.pdf . 6 April 2016 . dmy-all.
  46. O'Neill . D. G. . Turgoose . E. . Church . D. B. . Brodbelt . D. C. . Hendricks . A. . Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations . Journal of Small Animal Practice . 61 . 1 . 2020 . 0022-4510 . 31584708 . 7003809 . 10.1111/jsap.13067 . 32–41.
  47. Book: Monnet, Eric . Ronald . Bright. Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery . John Wiley & Sons . Hoboken, NJ . 2023-05-31 . 978-1-119-69368-0 . 29-36 . Hiatal hernia.
  48. News: Elliott, Valerie . 14 January 2009 . Healthier new Bulldog will lose its Churchillian jowl . The Times . London . 14 January 2009 . 16 January 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090116003604/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5512620.ece . live .
  49. Web site: Convenant Bulldog, breeding rules. Raad van Beheer (Dutch Kennel Club). 30 June 2014. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083847/http://www.raadvanbeheer.nl/uploads/media/Convenant_Bulldog-breeding_rules.pdf. live.
  50. Web site: Dutch to crack down on breeding of dogs with too short snouts Vet Times. vettimes.co.uk. 31 May 2019. 29 April 2020. 27 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200727064050/https://www.vettimes.co.uk/news/dutch-to-crack-down-on-breeding-of-dogs-with-too-short-snouts/. live.
  51. Web site: 2022-02-02. Norway bans breeding of British Bulldogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels. 2022-02-11. The Independent. en. 10 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220210180849/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/norway-british-bulldogs-cavalier-spaniels-b2006120.html. live.
  52. Web site: 2022-02-22 . Breeding ban for bulldogs and cavaliers in Norway . 2022-03-28 . France 24 . en . 28 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220328132411/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220222-breeding-ban-for-bulldogs-and-cavaliers-in-norway . live .
  53. Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (22 November 2011) Can the Bulldog be Saved? The New York Times.
  54. Web site: Anna . Burke . May 25, 2018 . The Legacy of Chesty: How a Bulldog Became the United States Marine Corps Mascot . 2023-01-18 . American Kennel Club . en . 18 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230118230714/https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/marine-corps-bulldog-chesty/ . live .
  55. News: 12 December 2016 . English Bulldog health problems prompt cross-breeding call . BBC . 21 June 2018 . 8 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108171111/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36916431 . live .
  56. Baker, Steve (2001). Picturing the Beast. University of Illinois Press. p. 52. .

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