Inedia Explained

Inedia (Latin for 'fasting') or breatharianism is the claimed ability for a person to live without consuming food, and in some cases water. It is a pseudoscientific practice, and several adherents of these practices have died from starvation or dehydration.[1] [2] [3]

Scientific assessment

Documented studies on the physiological effects of food restriction clearly show that fasting for extended periods leads to starvation, dehydration, and eventual death.[4] In the absence of food intake, the body normally burns its own reserves of glycogen, body fat, and muscle. Breatharians claim that their bodies do not consume these reserves while fasting.[5]

Some breatharians have submitted themselves to medical testing, including a hospital's observation of Indian mystic Prahlad Jani appearing to survive without food or water for 15 days. However, the hospital Jani attended has not published official documentation about the event.[6] [7] In other cases, people have attempted to survive on sunlight alone, only to abandon the effort after losing a large percentage of their body weight.[8]

In a handful of documented cases, individuals attempting breatharian fasting have died. Scientific societies such as the British Dietetic Association strongly disadvise the breatharian diet, qualifying it as "dangerous", and stating that "the basic fact is we all need food and liquid in our diet to live."[9]

Alleged practitioners

Rosicrucianism

The 1670 Rosicrucian text Comte de Gabalis attributed the practice to the physician and occultist Paracelsus (1493–1541) who was described as having lived "several years by taking only one-half scrupule of Solar Quintessence". In this book, it is also stated that "Paracelsus affirms that He has seen many of the Sages fast twenty years without eating anything whatsoever."[10]

Ram Bahadur Bomjon ("Bakji")

Ram Bahadur Bomjon is a Nepalese Buddhist monk who lives as an ascetic in a remote area of Nepal. Bomjon appears to go for long periods of time without ingesting either food or water.[11] [12] One such period was chronicled in a 2006 Discovery Channel documentary titled The Boy With Divine Powers, which reported that Bomjon neither moved, ate, nor drank anything during 96 hours of filming.[13] The documentary makers were, however, prevented from filming Bomjon continuously for that period of time.[14] His claims have never been objectively verified.[15]

Prahlad Jani ("Mataji")

Prahlad Jani was an Indian sadhu who claimed to have lived without food and water for more than 70 years. Doctors at Sterling Hospital investigated his claims in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, in 2003 and 2010.[16] The study concluded that Prahlad Jani was able to survive under observation for ten days without food and water, and had passed no urine or stool,[17] with no need for dialysis.[18] Interviews with the researchers speak of strict observation and relate that round-the-clock observation was ensured by multiple CCTV cameras. Jani was subjected to multiple medical tests.[19] The research team could not comment on his claim of having been able to survive in this way for decades.

The case has attracted criticism, both after the 2003 tests and the 2010 tests. Sanal Edamaruku, president of the Indian Rationalist Association, criticized the 2010 experiment for allowing Jani to move out of a certain CCTV camera's field of view, meet devotees, and leave the sealed test room to sunbathe. Edamaruku stated that the regular gargling and bathing activities were not sufficiently monitored and accused Jani of having had some "influential protectors" who denied Edamaruku permission to inspect the project during its operation.[20]

Jasmuheen

Jasmuheen (born Ellen Greve) was a prominent advocate of breatharianism in the 1990s. She said, "I can go for months and months without having anything at all other than a cup of tea. My body runs on a different kind of nourishment."[21] Interviewers found her house stocked with food; Jasmuheen claimed the food was for her husband and daughter. In 1999, she volunteered to be monitored closely by the Australian television program 60 Minutes for one week without eating to demonstrate her methods.[22] [23]

Jasmuheen stated that she found it difficult on the third day of the test because the hotel room in which she was confined was located near a busy road, causing stress and pollution that prevented absorption of required nutrients from the air. "I asked for fresh air. Seventy per cent of my nutrients come from fresh air. I couldn’t even breathe," she said. On the third day, the test was moved to a mountainside retreat, where her condition continued to deteriorate. After Jasmuheen had fasted for four days, Berris Wink, president of the Queensland branch of the Australian Medical Association, urged her to stop the test.[24]

According to Wink, Jasmuheen's pupils were dilated, her speech was slow, and she was "quite dehydrated, probably over 10%, getting up to 11%". Towards the end of the test, she said, "Her pulse is about double what it was when she started. The risks if she goes any further are kidney failure. 60 Minutes would be culpable if they encouraged her to continue. She should stop now." The test was stopped. Wink said, "Unfortunately there are a few people who may believe what she says, and I'm sure it's only a few, but I think it's quite irresponsible for somebody to be trying to encourage others to do something that is so detrimental to their health." Jasmuheen challenged the results of the program, saying, "Look, 6,000 people have done this around the world without any problem."[25] [26] [27]

Jasmuheen was awarded the Bent Spoon Award by Australian Skeptics in 2000 ("presented to the perpetrator of the most preposterous piece of paranormal or pseudoscientific piffle").[28] She also won the 2000 Ig Nobel Prize for Literature for Living on Light.[29] Jasmuheen claims that their beliefs are based on the writings and "more recent channelled material" from St. Germain.[30] She stated that some people's DNA has expanded from 2 to 12 strands, to "absorb more hydrogen". When offered $30,000 to prove her claim with a blood test, she said that she didn't understand the relevance as she was not referring to herself.[31]

, five deaths had been directly linked to breatharianism as a result of Jasmuheen's publications.[32] [33] [34] [35] Jasmuheen has denied any responsibility for three of the deaths.[36]

Wiley Brooks

Wiley Brooks (1936–2016)[37] [38] was the founder of the Breatharian Institute of America. He was first introduced to the public in 1980 when he appeared on the TV show That's Incredible![39] Brooks stopped teaching shortly before his death in 2016 to "devote 100% of his time on solving the problem as to why he needed to eat some type of food to keep his physical body alive and allow his light body to manifest completely".[40] Brooks claims to have found "four major deterrents" which prevented him from living without food: "people pollution", "food pollution", "air pollution", and "electro pollution".

In 1983, he was reportedly observed leaving a Santa Cruz 7-Eleven with a Slurpee, a hot dog, and Twinkies.[41] He told Colors magazine in 2003 that he periodically breaks his fasting with a cheeseburger and a cola, explaining that when he's surrounded by junk culture and junk food, consuming them adds balance.[42]

Brooks later claimed that "All McDonalds are constructed on properties that are protected by 5th Dimensional high energy/spiritual portals", encouraging the consumption of Diet Coke and McDonald's Double-Quarter-Pounder/with cheese meal ("It is also acceptable to combine 2 quarter-pounder with cheese burgers to make one double-quarter pounder if you can't get the double-quarter-pounder with cheese where you live"), and discouraging the consumption of "water of any kind".[43] The idea of separate but interconnected 5D and 3D worlds was a major part of Brooks' ideology, and Brooks encouraged his followers to only eat these special 5D foods, as well as to meditate on a set of magical 5D words.[44]

Brooks's institute has set various prices for prospective clients wishing to learn how to live without food, ranging from US$100,000 with an initial deposit of $10,000,[45] to fifty billion dollars, to be paid via bank wire transfer with a preliminary deposit of $100,000, for a session called an "Immortality workshop".[46] A payment plan was also offered.[47] These charges were typically presented as limited time offers exclusively for billionaires.[48] [49]

Hira Ratan Manek

Hira Ratan Manek (1937–2022)[50] claimed that since 18 June 1995, he lived on water and occasionally tea, coffee, and buttermilk. Manek stated that sungazing was the key to his health,[51] citing yogis, ancient Egyptians, Aztecs, Mayas, and Native Americans as practitioners of the art.[52] While he and his proponents stated that medical experts confirmed his ability to draw sustenance by gazing at the Sun,[53] a method which came to be known as "HRM phenomenon" (by his initials), he was caught on camera eating a big meal in a San Francisco restaurant in the 2011 documentary Eat the Sun.[54] [55] Manek died in March 2022, less than a month after his wife Vimala died.[56]

Ray Maor

In a television documentary produced by the Israeli television investigative show The Real Face (פנים אמיתיות), hosted by Amnon Levy, Israeli practitioner of inedia Ray Maor (ריי מאור) appeared to survive without food or water for eight days and eight nights. According to the documentary, he was restricted to a small villa and placed under constant video surveillance, with medical supervision that included daily blood testing. The documentary claimed Maor was in good spirits throughout the experiment; that he lost 17order=flipNaNorder=flip after eight days; that blood tests showed no change before, during or after the experiment; and that cardiologist Ilan Kitsis from Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center was "baffled".[57] [58] [59]

Mythology and religion

Hinduism

Some Hindu religious texts contain accounts of saints and hermits practising what would be called inedia, breatharianism or Sustenance through Light in modern terms. In Valmiki's Ramayana, Book III, Canto VI, an account of anchorites and holy men is given, who flocked around Rama when he came to Śarabhanga's hermitage. These included, among others, the "...saints who live on rays which moon and daystar give" and "those ... whose food the wave of air supplies". In Canto XI of the same book, a hermit named Māṇḍakarṇi is mentioned: "For he, great votarist, intent – On strictest rule his stern life spent – ... – Ten thousand years on air he fed..." (English quotations are from Ralph T. H. Griffith's translation).

Paramahansa Yogananda's 1946 book Autobiography of a Yogi details two alleged historical examples of breatharianism, Hari Giri Bala and Therese Neumann.

There are claims that Devraha Baba lived without food.

Some breatharians claim that humans can be sustained solely by prana, the vital life force in Hinduism. According to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana, and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a person to survive on sunlight alone.

Taoism

Bigu (grain avoidance) is a fasting technique with various different interpretations, from simply avoiding eating specific grains, to avoiding all grains, to eating no food at all, and drawing sustenance from gulps of air.[60]

Jainism

See main article: Fasting in Jainism. There are varying types of fasts practised by followers of Jainism. Some Jain monks and laities continuously fast for months. These fasts last six months or even longer. A Jain monk, Sahaj Muni Maharaj, is said to have completed his 365-day fast on 1 May 1998.[61] Another Jain monk Hansaratna Vijayji was said to have completed 423-day fast in 494 days in 2015. He had previously claimed to have fasted for 108 days in 2013 and for 180 days in 2014.[62] Several others have claimed to have fasted for six months.[63] [64] [65]

Works

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: 21 September 1999 . UK: Scotland Woman 'starved herself to death' . BBC . 10 March 2008 . 23 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111123151809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/453661.stm . live .
  2. News: Walker . Tom . O'Reilly . Judith . 26 September 1999 . Three deaths linked to 'living on air' cult . Sunday Times (London).
  3. Web site: 25 April 2012 . Swiss woman dies after attempting to live on sunlight; Woman gave up food and water on spiritual journey . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120428052455/http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/swiss-women-dies-giving-water-food-thought-live-sunlight-article-1.1067359 . 28 April 2012 . Associated Press.
  4. Johnstone . A. M. . 2007 . Fasting – the ultimate diet? . Obesity Reviews . en . 8 . 3 . 211–222 . 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00266.x . 1467-789X . 17444963 . 675246.
  5. Web site: Lambert . Katie . Can humans survive on air alone? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130226084504/http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/breatharian1.htm . 26 February 2013 . 30 July 2009 . HowStuffWorks, Inc..
  6. News: 16 May 2010 . Rationalists doubt claims made for 'Mataji' Prahalad Jani . DNA India . Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. . live . 19 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100520060516/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rationalists-doubt-claims-made-for-mataji-prahalad-jani_1383648 . 20 May 2010.
  7. News: 29 April 2010 . Hermit Claims 70 Years Survival Without Food . WUSA 9 . dead . 4 August 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100505053322/http://www.wusa9.com/news/watercooler/story.aspx?storyid=100671&catid=148 . 5 May 2010.
  8. News: Lacitis . Erik . 17 June 2013 . Fasting woman to end attempt to 'live on light' . Seattle Times . 18 June 2013 . 18 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130618222438/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021211809_experimentendsxml.html . live .
  9. Web site: 22 March 2014 . Top 5 Worst Celebrity Diets to Avoid in 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140322130340/https://www.bda.uk.com/news/131125BadDiets.html . 22 March 2014 . bda.uk.com.
  10. Book: abbé de Nicolas-Pierre-Henri, Villars . Comte de Gabalis . The Brothers . 1914 . 1914 . 63–64.
  11. News: 20 March 2006 . Nepalese Buddha Boy 'reappears' . BBC News.
  12. Web site: paldendorje.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140917203905/http://paldendorje.com/en/ . 17 September 2014.
  13. Web site: The Boy With Divine Powers .
  14. Web site: August 2008 . The Boy With Divine Powers (3/5) . 21 May 2021 . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419123745/https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6bcxi . live .
  15. Web site: 11 January 2019 . Police raid 'Buddha boy' ashram in Nepal . . 21 May 2021 . 21 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210521154800/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/10/asia/buddha-boy-ashram-intl . live .
  16. News: Dasgupta . Manas . 9 May 2010 . The Hindu – DIPAS concludes observational study on 'Mataji' . live . 15 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151231214130/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article425184.ece . 31 December 2015.
  17. News: Rajeev Khanna . 25 November 2003 . Fasting fakir flummoxes physicians . BBC News . live . 7 June 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160328154126/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3236118.stm . 28 March 2016.
  18. Web site: Scientists Baffled by Prahlad Jani, Man Who Doesn't Eat or Drink . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173223/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/International/man-eat-drink/story?id=10787036 . 3 March 2016 . ABC News.
  19. Web site: 7 May 2010 . Experts baffled as Mataji's medical reports are normal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130128132105/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_experts-baffled-as-mataji-s-medical-reports-are-normal_1380169 . 28 January 2013.
  20. Web site: Edamaruku . Sanal . 18 May 2010 . Prahlad Jani and his powerful protectors . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165946/http://www.rationalistinternational.net/article/2010/20100518/en_1.html . 3 March 2016 . 14 June 2010 . Rationalistinternational.net.
  21. Book: Keith, L. . The Vegetarian Myth: Food, Justice, and Sustainability . PM Press . 2009 . 9781604861822.
  22. Web site: Living on air: Breatharian put to the test . https://web.archive.org/web/20051102085047/http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/60/stories/1999_10_24/story_57.asp . 2 November 2005.
  23. Web site: Jasmuheen . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001044/http://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/comment/jasmuheen.htm . 4 March 2016 . 7 June 2008.
  24. News: 25 October 1999 . Fresh-air dietician fails TV show's challenge . . 7 April 2015 . 13 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013712/http://www.caic.org.au/miscult/breatharians/Fresh-air%20dietician%20fails%20TV%20show%27s%20challenge.htm . live .
  25. Book: Bergman, Gregory . Isms: From Autoeroticism to Zoroastrianism – an Irreverent Reference . Adams Media . 2006 . 1440517886 . 32.
  26. News: Harris . Gillian . 6 April 2000 . Starvation guru given hostile reception . The Times.
  27. Web site: Mysticism . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120209101343/http://liberatapublishers.com/mysticism.htm . 9 February 2012 . 7 June 2008.
  28. Web site: Bent Spoon 2000 – Winner (Jasmuheen) . https://web.archive.org/web/20050616014356/http://skeptics.com.au/spoon/2000winners.htm . 16 June 2005 . 7 June 2008.
  29. Web site: 5 October 2000 . The 2000 Ig Nobel Prize Winners . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110225074430/http://improb.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2000 . 25 February 2011 . 28 October 2019 . improbable.com.
  30. Web site: 22 September 1999 . All they need is the air . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092336/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/454313.stm . 5 March 2016 . 11 January 2010 . BBC News.
  31. Web site: 1997 . Correx Archives – Jasmuheen . live . https://web.archive.org/web/19980423153006/http://www.abc.net.au/science/correx/archives/jasmuheen.htm . 23 April 1998 . 7 June 2008 . Corex . Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  32. News: Walker . Tom . Judith O'Reilly . 26 September 1999 . Three deaths linked to 'living on air' cult . . (London).
  33. News: 26 April 2012 . Swiss woman starves to death on daylight diet . . 26 April 2012. "This was the fourth known death linked to breatharianism and Jasmuheen's books since the practice emerged in the early 90s."
  34. Web site: Contact & Muziek: Lichtvoeding . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170612223030/http://www.contactmuziek.nl/lichtvoeding.html . 12 June 2017 . 13 June 2017.
  35. News: van der Veen . Casper . 12 June 2017 . OM onderzoekt sterfgeval in woongroep die voeding afzweert . NRC Handelsblad . Amsterdam . 13 June 2017 . 22 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210422165119/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/06/12/om-onderzoekt-sterfgeval-in-woongroep-die-voeding-afzweert-a1562695 . live .
  36. Web site: Collie . Jason . No-food guru in deaths inquiry . NZ Herald . 29 June 2000 . 20 June 2023 . 20 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230620092859/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/no-food-guru-in-deaths-inquiry/LIGZDWYQBAGJPB2T3A2CAKRL4M/ . live .
  37. Book: Tucker, S.D. . Quacks!: Dodgy Doctors and Foolish Fads Throughout History . 2018 . Amberley Publishing Limited . 9781445671826.
  38. Web site: Bote . Joshua . 2022-03-09 . The strange, sad Bay Area cult that fell apart over a pot pie . 2022-03-10 . SFGATE . en-US . 10 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220310055611/https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/breatharianism-diet-cult-has-bay-area-roots-16986511.php . live .
  39. News: Broom . Jack . 5 October 1993 . Living on Light, Air – 'Breatharian' Says Food Is Poison But Pops An Occasional Twinkie . Seattle Times . live . 12 February 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181311/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19931005&slug=1724507 . 3 March 2016.
  40. Web site: 11 February 2006 . Wiley Brooks website through Internet Archive . https://web.archive.org/web/20060211031744/http://www.breatharian.com/WileyBrooks-altinate.htm . 11 February 2006 . 30 July 2009.
  41. Web site: Yewell . A Year of Nüz . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20001003042829/http://metroactive.com/papers/cruz/01.05.00/nuzjunkies-0001.html . 3 October 2000 . 7 June 2008 . MetroActive News & Issues . John.
  42. Web site: sonoma papers . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20030306103945/http://www.metroactive.com/papers/sonoma/02.13.03/diets-0307.html . 6 March 2003 . 30 July 2009 . Metroactive.com.
  43. Web site: The Five Sacred Names . 31 July 2023 . www.breatharian.com . 31 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731051446/https://www.breatharian.com/fivemagicnames/ . live .
  44. Web site: Breatharian Institute of America . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195834/http://www.breatharian.com/5wordsqa.html . 22 May 2014 . 11 January 2022 . www.breatharian.com.
  45. Web site: Wiley Brooks website: Initiation workshops . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151107030359/http://www.breatharian.com/initiationworkshops.html . 7 November 2015 . 30 July 2009 . Breatharian.com.
  46. Web site: Immortality workshop . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062436/http://www.breatharian.com/immortalityworkshop.html . 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2010
  47. Web site: 13 February 2008 . Initiation workshops from the Internet Archive . https://web.archive.org/web/20080213070205/http://www.breatharian.com/initiationworkshops.html . 13 February 2008 . 30 July 2009.
  48. Web site: Fees via Internet archive . https://web.archive.org/web/20060718084609/http://www.breatharian.com/WileyBrooks-altinate.htm . 18 July 2006 . 30 July 2009.
  49. Web site: Initiation workshops through Internet Archive . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080213070205/http://www.breatharian.com/initiationworkshops.html . 13 February 2008. . Retrieved January 2008.
  50. News: Hira ratan manek: Hira Ratan Manek Who Lived on Water and Sunlight No More | Ahmedabad News . . 20 March 2022 . 22 April 2024 . 28 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231128034821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/hira-ratan-manek-who-lived-on-water-and-sunlight-no-more/articleshow/90328855.cms . live .
  51. Web site: Solar Healing Center . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070142/http://solarhealing.com/ . 5 March 2016 . 6 February 2012.
  52. News: Timoshik . Alexander . 28 August 2006 . Man lives for 11 years eating only sunlight . 24 February 2015 . 24 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150224171023/http://english.pravda.ru/science/mysteries/28-08-2006/84110-sunlight-0/ . live .
  53. News: Santhosh . K. . 2005-12-10 . Sharing their love for food, water, sunlight . . dead . 24 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213334/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/10/stories/2005121011610400.htm . 3 September 2015.
  54. Web site: 11 May 2011 . Eat the Sun . 24 February 2015 . IMDb . 17 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150117052056/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1424769/ . live .
  55. News: Storr . Will . 6 May 2013 . The man who lives without food . dead . 24 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130508202818/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/active/10032594/The-man-who-lives-without-food.html . 8 May 2013.
  56. News: The man who consumed the sun is no more . . 13 March 2022 . 8 January 2023.
  57. News: 11 October 2013 . הפנים האמיתיות של משחקי הרעב – חלק א' [The true face of The Hunger Games – Part I |language=he |work=Real Faces – Full Episodes |publisher=Nana10 Ltd. |format=[[Adobe Flash|Flash]] required |url=http://panim.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1012415 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193411/http://panim.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1012415 |archive-date=29 October 2013.
  58. News: 11 October 2013 . הפנים האמיתיות של משחקי הרעב – חלק א' [The true face of The Hunger Games – Part II |language=he |work=Real Faces – Full Episodes |publisher=Nana10 Ltd. |format=[[Adobe Flash|Flash]] required |url=http://panim.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1013939&sid=267 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194402/http://panim.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1013939&sid=267 |archive-date=29 October 2013.
  59. News: 20 October 2013 . האדם שלא אכל ולא שתה במשך 8 ימים [Man did not eat or drink for 8 days] ]. he . IDF Radio . Israel Defense Forces . 27 October 2013 . 29 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190624/http://glz.co.il/1363-28288-HE/Galatz.aspx . live .
  60. Book: Maspero, Henri . Taoism and Chinese Religion . 1981 . . 9780870233081 . Kierman Jr. . Frank A. . registration.
  61. Web site: Jainism: Fasting . 2020-05-29 . www.bbc.co.uk – BBC – Religions . en-GB . 7 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150707200636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/customs/fasting_1.shtml . live .
  62. Web site: Jain . Bhavika . 2015-11-01 . Jain monk completes 423 days of fasting . 2020-05-29 . The Times of India – Mumbai . 8 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108104823/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Jain-monk-completes-423-days-of-fasting/articleshow/49616061.cms . live .
  63. Web site: Shukla . Ashutosh M. . 2014-02-22 . Jain Sadhu's 180-day fasting to be celebrated . 2020-05-29 . DNA India . en . 6 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190506212920/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-jain-sadhu-s-180-day-fasting-to-be-celebrated-1964119 . live .
  64. Web site: 2019-09-04 . Bhavnagar woman fasts for 180 days, CM attends parna . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200926193018/https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/bhavnagar-woman-fasts-for-180-days-cm-attends-parna/articleshow/70967777.cms . 2020-09-26 . 2020-05-29 . Ahmedabad Mirror.
  65. Web site: Shukla . Ashutosh M. . 2014-03-02 . Family pours Rs 21 crore on water used to break Jain muni's fast . 2020-05-29 . DNA India . en . 11 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202926/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-family-pours-rs-21-crore-on-water-used-to-break-jain-muni-s-fast-1966099 . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Inedia".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.