Brand blunder explained

A brand blunder is an error associated with the branding of a product, especially a new product in a new market. Reasons for such slips include the lack of understanding of the language, culture and consumer attitudes in the new market.

There are numerous examples of brand blunders in marketing history; there are also numerous urban legends surrounding brand blunders, where there is little evidence of an actual blunder.

International branding issues

Problems with international product branding are often associated with the process of language localisation, in which the product brand name or advertising slogan carries a different meaning in the language of the target market.^[1] In addition to linguistic aspects, issues of cultural sensitivity can affect the success of a brand.^[2]

This is a risk faced by companies entering a new market. In international marketing, a brand name must be distinctive and easy to pronounce across multiple markets, but it must not have unintended negative or obscene connotations. This risk is usually mitigated by factoring cultural research into a branding strategy.^[3]

True cases

Examples of brand names which have proved unsuitable for use in most English-speaking countries have included:

• Alu-Fanny, a French aluminium foil
• Barfy, a brand of frozen hamburgers in Argentina
• Bimbo, a Mexican brand of bread
• Calpis, a Japanese soft drink
• Crapsy Fruit, a French breakfast cereal
• Atum Bom, a Portuguese brand of tinned tuna
• Spunk, Danish confectionery
• Kräpp, Swedish toilet paper (Swedish language pronunciation of crepe)
• Kum Onit, a German make of pencil sharpeners
• Plopp, a Swedish chocolate bar
• Pocari Sweat, a Japanese sports drink
• Poo, type of curry powder in Argentina
• Pschitt, a French fizzy soft drink
• A number of Belgian beer brands, such as Silly, Prik, Slag, La Plope, Pee Klak and Witte Dikke^[4]

Brand names and advertising campaigns which have proved controversial throughout their existence have included the following instances:

• In the 1970s, hair product company Clairol created a curling iron called the Mist Stick. While the product sold well internationally, it did not sell well in Germany because the word "mist" is German slang for "manure" or "feces", causing customers to turn away from the product.^[5] A similar situation was done with the Silver Shadow, where Rolls-Royce was forced to rename the car because it was originally called the "Silver Mist."^[6]
• When Kentucky Fried Chicken first entered the Chinese market in the 1980s, its slogan "It's finger lickin' good!" was mistranslated as "Eat your fingers off."^[7] The error was later corrected.
• In 1997, the sportswear company Reebok introduced a women's running shoe called "Incubus"; the company was forced to recall the product when it was called to their attention that an incubus is a mythical male demon that rapes women in their sleep.^[8]
• A 1997 direct mailer from Weight Watchers featuring Sarah Ferguson, with a caption stating that losing weight was "harder than outrunning the paparazzi", appeared in mailboxes in the days before and following the death of Ferguson's former sister-in-law Princess Diana, an incident in which paparazzi were at the time suspected to have played a role. The company quickly pulled the ads.^{[9] [10]}
• An April 2002 Starbucks ad featured twin cups of their Tazo drinks with the caption "Collapse into cool" and an airborne dragonfly, imagery and wording which reminded many of the recent 9/11 attacks. Though the ads were created before the attacks and the resemblance was coincidental, the company apologized and pulled the posters.^[11]
• In 2005 the electronics company Nintendo brought to market in South Korea an electronic dictionary for children named Touch Dic; it was subsequently renamed Touch Dictionary as the name sounded too similar to the slang term "dick".^{[12] [13]}
• In 2006, Sony had a limited Dutch billboard campaign promoting the then-upcoming arrival of the white PlayStation Portable by featuring a black woman and white woman with respectively colored clothing and hair in confrontational poses. After accusations of racism, Sony pulled the ads.^{[14] [15]}
• In 2008, Greyhound Canada hastily pulled the slogan "There's a reason you've never heard of 'bus rage'" after Tim McLean was murdered and beheaded by fellow passenger Vince Weiguang Li aboard a bus in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba.^[16]
• A Nike ad on Oscar Pistorius' website used the caption "I am the bullet in the chamber" and was pulled in 2013 after his arrest in connection with the shooting death of his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp.^[17]

• The Honda Jazz was initially named the Honda Fitta. However, when marketing collateral reached the Swedish office of the company, it was pointed out that fitta is a vulgar slang term for "vagina" in Swedish and Norwegian. The model was renamed "Jazz" for most markets, with the name "Fit" being used in Japan, China, and the Americas.^{[18] [19]} Similarly, Mitsubishi found that the name of its Pajero model was the same as the Spanish term for "wanker"; and the name of the Toyota MR2, when spoken in French, bore an uncomfortable phonetic similarity to the French word French: merde, meaning "shit".^[20] German manufacturer Audi launched the e-tron electric car sub-brand in concept cars in 2009 and in production models in 2018, despite the French word "étron" meaning "crap". Hyundai Kona, a compact SUV made by Hyundai, which means "Hyundai is facing agonizing death" or "Hyundai is dying" in Polish, and "Kona" itself sounds like "konak" (erection) in Indonesian expletives or "cona" (vagina) in Portuguese, although Hyundai Kona was phased out in Indonesia and replaced by Hyundai Creta instead and Hyundai sold Hyundai Kona as Hyundai Kauai in several countries.^{[21] [22] [23]} Also, in 2020, the Renault Arkana SUV was renamed Renault Mégane Conquest in Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia, after the local Renault subsidiary objected to the similarity with the nickname of Serbian mobster and warlord Željko Ražnatović "Arkan". Earlier unfortunate car model name choices that were not rectified include Alfa Romeo MiTo (mito means "bribe" in several South Slavic languages) and Ford Kuga ("bubonic plague").^[24]
• A name given by IKEA's Chinese website for its stuffed wolf toy Lufsig, Lo Mo Sai (路姆西), contained a homophone of Hai (閪), a profane Cantonese word meaning "vagina"; the name itself could be written as Lo Mo Hai (老母閪), meaning "mother's vagina".^{[25] [26] [27]}
• Swiss beverage brand Schweppes were quick to pull a campaign in Italy promoting its Indian tonic water under the name "Il water", which means "the toilet" in Italian. The name "Tonica" was chosen instead.
• Ayds diet suppressant candy, which had existed for decades prior, continued to use this phonetically identical brand name through the 1980s, as the HIV/AIDS epidemic continued to grow. In 1985–1986, use of the name was in fact defended by executives of the company that manufactured it, as a boon to sales. Sales eventually plummeted, and the product name was changed in 1988–1989.
• In 2011, an internal leak of the Dell Latitude ST tablet (codenamed Peju) spread virally on the internet and received some attention in Indonesia, since Indonesian: peju means sperm in Indonesian expletives.^{[28] [29] [30] [31]}
• In 2012, a clothing store named "Hitler" opened in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The store immediately became embroiled in an international controversy over its association with the German Nazi-era leader, Adolf Hitler.^[32]
• Kiri cheese, produced by Bel Group, was rebranded as "Kibi" in Iran because of the derogatory meaning of Persian: kiri in Persian for male genitalia and rotten or rank.^[33]
• Microsoft's Lumia brand translates to prostitute in Spanish but is an uncommon word with Romani roots.^[34]
• Apple's Siri personal assistant pronunciation in Japan as "shiri" translates to buttocks,^[35] and in Indonesia, siri translates to "de facto (unregistered) marriage".^[36]
• The World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view event Elimination Chamber carries a different name in Germany, "No Escape", in order to avoid associations with the Holocaust.^[37]
• In 2019, Mushkegowuk Council Grand Chief told the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation that Heinz's latest 'Mayochup' product (a portmanteau of mayonnaise and ketchup) means "shit-face" in Cree. The incident went viral on Twitter.^[38]
• In 2019, Kontool, a BI software based in Germany, decided to use another name in Indonesia since Kontool sounds like kontol (penis) in Indonesian slang.^{[39] [40]}
• In 2020, Bank Artos renamed itself unto Bank Jago, however it went viral in Indonesia, since pronunciation of Bank Jago is similar to bang jago (an ad hominem rhetorical tactic in Indonesian slang to end any argument in a passive-aggressive way).^{[41] [42]}
• After the 2017 Boston Marathon, participants received an email from Adidas. The subject line read, "Congrats, you survived the Boston Marathon!", wording which reminded many of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. A public apology soon followed.^[43]
• Telaso, a brand for various products,^{[44] [45] [46]} is an expletive on Southern and Western Celebes language which means smegma.
• Phanteks, a Dutch PC chassis manufacturer. Although Phanteks should be pronounced as "fan-techs". Indonesian people pronounce it as "Panteks" (pronounced as "pun-techs") in which Pantek is an expletive in Sumatran Malay (Minangkabau, Ocu, Palembang, Pasisi, etc.) and Maduranese language meaning "fuck you".^[47]
• Sangean, a Taiwanese consumer electronic brand which means too easy to sexually aroused in Indonesian expletives.^[48]
• ITIL, an IT activities, and Itel Mobile, a mobile phone manufacturer which means vulva in Indonesian expletive.^[48]
• BEGO, a dental health industry, GoBlog, a Content Management System written in Golang, and Daihatsu Be‣go, crossover made by Daihatsu which means retarded in Indonesian expletives.^{[48] [49]}
• MeMeX, a darknet search engine which sounds similar with memek (vagina) in Indonesian expletives.^{[50] [51]}
• In 2008, Esia, an Indonesian fixed-wireless CDMA carrier launches Esia Bispak, a service when Esia users can try various GSM carrier tariff to make informed decisions and benchmarks against Esia's tariff. However, the service itself received backlashes for two reasons: first, it worsens carrier tariff war,^[52] since it implies that GSM's tariff are more expensive than Esia's;^{[53] [54]} second, the name of the service has a misogynistic nature, since bispak itself means slut/female prostitute in Indonesian pejoratives.^{[55] [56] [57]}

The internet

The rise of the internet has provided new ways for marketers to interact with the public. The resultant seemingly trial-and-error attempts to capitalize on new technologies have resulted in some of the most public brand blunders in recent memory.

• A 2012 internet promotion for Mountain Dew titled "Dub the Dew" was cancelled after the website dubthedew.com was compromised by trolls. Participants were supposed to submit and vote on potential names for an apple-flavored variant of Mountain Dew. Instead, the contest, upon discovery by 4chan, was bombarded with unusable and offensive names. The site was taken down quickly and the promotion cancelled, but not before the name "Hitler did nothing wrong" reached the No. 1 position and the top of the page was hacked to show a satirical message falsely claiming that the Mossad were responsible for the September 11 attacks.^{[58] [59]}
• Nestlé committing blunders twice: In 2012, Nestlé announced the Kit Kat's official Instagram account by posting their first picture on Instagram, a KitKat bear mascot. However, Nestlé took the picture down after backlash due to the Kit Kat bear's resemblance to Pedobear.^{[60] [61]} And in 2014, a DiGiorno tweet using a trending hashtag accidentally injected pizza marketing into an otherwise serious conversation about domestic violence. The reply "You had pizza" to the hashtag #WhyIStayed was not well received by the online public and the marketing account made dozens of apology tweets following the incident.^[62]
• In February 2020, the official Peanuts account on Twitter posted a graphic featuring Charlie Brown and African-American character Franklin with text reading "You’re one of the good ones". The tweet was quickly pulled and an apology was issued after users pointed out the graphic's accidental racism, where "one of the good ones" is often used as a backhanded compliment towards minorities which implies most are bad people.^[63]

Urban legends

Urban legends about brand blunders are popular, because they use familiar urban legend motifs such as the incompetent corporation or the ignorant foreigner. Often the reality is far less dramatic, and the stories, which are even retold in marketing textbooks as cautionary tales, are rarely backed up by researched data about sales.

• Gerber

It was once believed that Africans were horrified over Gerber baby food. Since food containers in Africa often contain what is pictured on their label, popular lore maintained that Africans thought that jars of Gerber baby food contained ground-up infants.^[64]

• Electrolux

Swedish vacuum manufacturer Electrolux sold products successfully in the United Kingdom using a slogan produced by the English agency Cogent Elliot: "Nothing sucks like an Electrolux". Although many Americans think this is an example of a blunder,^[65] in fact the slang disparagement "sucks", originating in American English, was not current in British English at that time.

• Pepsi

Pepsi allegedly introduced their slogan "Come alive with the Pepsi Generation" into the Chinese market. Translated into Chinese, it read "Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the grave".^[66] A similar claim has been made for the "Coke adds life" slogan, with the target market listed as anything from Taiwan to Thailand^[67] to Japan.^[68]

• Coca-Cola

The name Coca-Cola rendered phonetically in Chinese can sound like the words for "bite the wax tadpole" or "mare stuffed with wax" (骒马口蠟). Before marketing in China, the company found a close phonetic equivalent, kěkǒukělè (可口可乐), which roughly means "let your mouth rejoice" or "tasty and enjoyable". It was never marketed by the company using the other phrases, though individual merchants may have made such signs.^[69]

• An urban legend holds that the Chevrolet Nova automobile sold poorly in Latin America, as "no va" means "doesn't go" in Spanish. In truth, the car sold well.^[70] The same has been said of the Vauxhall Nova, which had to be sold as an Opel Corsa in Spain. This too is a myth, as the car was built in Spain and known there as a Corsa from the outset. The stress of "Nova" is quite different from "no va", and Spanish speakers would be familiar with Nova as the Latin word for "new." The legend is the equivalent of claiming a furniture set called Notable didn't sell well in America because of the name's similarity to "no table".
• Claims that the Buick LaCrosse name in translation becomes the equivalent of "to cross oneself", a Quebec French slang term for masturbation, are overstated. Buick initially used the nameplate Allure in Canada in an overabundance of caution when introducing the model in 2005, but abandoned this dual branding early in the 2010 model year. The vehicle now uses the LaCrosse branding in all countries.^[71]
• Fake ads, often with sexually explicit content such as one for Puma^{[72] [73]} and an even less plausible pedophilia-themed one for Breyers,^{[74] [75]} have attracted attention and even official responses from the company denying affiliation.^[76]

External links

• Marketing 101 and Mistranslations - urban legends about marketing blunders (real and false) from Snopes

Notes and References

1. Web site: Five big brand translation and localization mistakes that every business can learn from . Digital Doughnut . Communitize Ltd . 28 May 2021 . 18 October 2018.
2. Web site: Fromowitz . Mike . Hall of shame: More multicultural brand blunders . www.campaignlive.com . 28 May 2021 . 10 February 2017.
3. Melin. Tracy L.. Ray. Nina M.. Emphasizing Foreign Language Use to International Marketing Students: A Situational Exercise That Mimics Real-World Challenges. Global Business Languages. 1 December 2007. 10. New Initiaitves, Article 3. 19. 21 March 2017.
4. Book: Elliott . Mark . CultureShock! Belgium: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette . 2010 . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd . 978-981-4484-25-1 . 139–140 . en.
5. Web site: Ad campaigns that go wrong . SFGATE . 10 December 2023.
6. Web site: What Forced Rolls-Royce to Rethink The Name "Silver Mist"?. The Sunday Times Driving. 6 June 2014 . 10 December 2023.
7. Web site: Beach . Hannah . The Hilarious Translation Mistake KFC China Made With Its Slogan . Mashed . 10 December 2023.
8. Web site: Incubus Shoe . Snopes.com . 16 January 2020 . 26 July 2014.
9. https://archive.today/20130407211426/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1997-09-21/weight-watchers-rethinks-its-duchess-of-york-campaign Weight Watchers Rethinks Its Duchess Of York Campaign
10. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-03-fi-28325-story.html Fergie Ads Pulled by Weight Watchers
11. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081216214240/http://www.snopes.com/rumors/cool.asp Starbucks' 'Collapse into Cool' Campaign
12. Web site: Ransom-Wiley . James . Potentially offensive DS dictionary set for release . joystiq.com . 16 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071221114520/http://www.joystiq.com/2005/08/18/potentially-offensive-ds-dictionary-set-for-release/ . 21 December 2007 . 18 August 2005 . dead.
13. Web site: 15 Video Games With The Dumbest Names Imaginable . www.ebaumsworld.com . 16 January 2020 . en.
14. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2006/jul/05/sonyadcasues Sony ad provokes race accusations
15. https://archive.today/20130403062234/http://blogs.cofc.edu/thelilitheffect/2011/02/15/is-this-offensive-to-you Is this offensive to you? The Lilith Effect
16. News: Gillies . Rob . Greyhound scraps ad campaign after Canada bus beheading . USA Today . 6 August 2008 . 29 July 2014.
17. http://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-nike-oscar-pistorius-i-am-a-bullet-in-the-chamber-ad-20130214,0,5828008.story 'Bullet in the chamber' Nike ad pulled from Oscar Pistorius' website
18. Web site: Why Honda Didn’t Call The Fit – Jazz By Its Intended Name…. Carscoops. 2023-02-02.
19. https://web.archive.org/web/20100821143529/http://www.automotorsport.se/nyhetsmall.asp?version=3996 Fitta blev dyr affär för Honda
20. Book: Sánchez . Dr Yvette . Brühwiler . Dr Claudia Franziska . Transculturalism and Business in the BRIC States: A Handbook . 28 August 2015 . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. . 9781472444011 . 21 March 2017 . en.
21. Web site: Karkafiris . Michael . Grab It By The Kona: Why Hyundai Might Want To Change Their New SUV’s Name . CarScoop . CarScoop . 2023-08-04.
22. Web site: Arti kata Konak - Glosarium Ilmu Pengetahuan Terlengkap . www.serbatahu.com.
23. Web site: Roberts . Tanya . 2019-07-01 . Five brand globalization blunders to learn from . 2023-08-04 . Red Lorry Yellow Lorry . en-US.
24. Web site: Miličić . Mladen . Jesi li pokupio kugu ili predao mito? . Have you caught the plague or paid a bribe? . . Zagreb . 6 June 2022 . hr . 26 October 2021.
25. Web site: How this cute Ikea doll became a symbol of protest in Hong Kong. that's Online. 5 January 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131213052439/http://online.thatsmags.com/post/why-this-cute-ikea-doll-became-a-symbol-of-protest-in-hong-kong. 13 December 2013.
26. Web site: Chan. Yuen. IKEA Toy Wolf Becomes Unlikely Anti-Government Symbol in Hong Kong. Huffington Post. 9 December 2013. 11 December 2013.
27. McBain, Sophie (10 December 2013). "How Lufsig the cuddly wolf became a Hong Kong protest symbol – A short lesson in the art of mistranslating names into Chinese." The New Statesman.
28. Web site: Dell 'Peju' Windows tablet breaks cover. Weir. Andy. Neowin. en. 5 March 2019.
29. Web site: Dell's 10-inch Sperm Tablet Will Run Windows 7. Opam. Kwame. Gizmodo. 11 July 2011 . en-US. 5 March 2019.
30. Web site: Ini Dia Asal Usul Nama Dell Peju. detikinet. id. 5 March 2019.
31. Web site: Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem. www.techinasia.com. en-US. 5 March 2019.
32. News: Nelson, Dean . India's Jewish community condemn 'Hitler' clothes shop . . 29 August 2012 . 30 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120830222520/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/9505660/Indias-Jewish-community-condemn-Hitler-clothes-shop.html . 30 August 2012 . dead .
33. Web site: The French cheese that means "rotten" in Farsi. The France 24 Observers. 26 April 2010 . en. 13 October 2019.
34. Web site: Nokia's Lumia means, um, 'prostitute' in Spanish. Matyszczyk. Chris. CNET. en. 13 October 2019.
35. Web site: Apple's Siri is Apple's buttocks in Japan. Matyszczyk. Chris. CNET. en. 13 October 2019.
36. Web site: Definition of "Nikah" in KBBI. id. 1 December 2019.
37. News: Darum hat eine WWE-Show zwei Namen. This is why a WWE show has two names. Sport1. Martin. Hoffmann. 20 February 2018. 24 February 2018. de.
38. News: 22 May 2019. Heinz calls Mayochup meaning in Cree an 'unfortunate translation'. CBC. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 July 2020.
39. Web site: Kini... Kontool Tahu Mengapa Perusahaan Startup Harus 'Berpikir Besar'. Ekawati. Arti. Deutsche Welle. id. 4 April 2022.
40. Web site: Perusahaan Asal Jerman 'Kontool' Bakal Ganti Nama Jika Masuk Pasar Indonesia. Untari. Pernita Hestin. OkeZone. 3 September 2019 . id. 4 April 2022.
41. Web site: Bang Jago Ternyata Bukan Cuma Meme, Tapi Beneran Ada Bank Bernama Bank Jago di Indonesia. Salsabila. Annisa Putri. HAI Online Magazine. id. 4 April 2022.
42. Web site: Siap Bang Jago: Dikenal Sebagai Meme, "Bank Jago" Ternyata Betulan Ada!. Andreas. Kevin. USS Feed. 5 October 2020 . id. 5 April 2022.
43. News: Adidas apologises for 'you survived Boston Marathon' email . BBC News . 19 April 2017.
44. Web site: TELASO - Vitamore R&D Ltd. Trademark Registration . USPTO. 11 April 2022.
45. Web site: Telaso 30W LED Flood Light, 2 Packs IP66 Waterproof, 2700Lm Outdoor Super Bright Security Lights, 6000K Daylight White, 240W Equivalent,120 Beam Angle Backyard Lights for Party, Garden, Lawn, Yard . Amazon. 11 April 2022.
46. Web site: Telaso iPhone SE 2020 Case 8 Bling depot 7 . www.emplavisudoeste.com.br . 11 April 2022 .
47. Web site: Arti Pantek dalam Bahasa Gaul yang Viral di TikTok, Begini Makna Pantek Sebenarnya . Jatengnews.id . 11 April 2022 . 6 March 2022.
48. Web site: 3 September 2019. Selain Kontool, Nama 6 Perusahaan Dunia Ini Bikin Geleng-Geleng. liputan6.com. id. 12 October 2021.
49. Web site: Wuthrich . Stefan . GoBlog's Pull Request #40: Issue With Project Name in Indonesia . . Jan-Lukas Else . 24 April 2024.
50. Web site: 20 February 2015. Memex - iTempo - koran.tempo.co. Tempo. id. 18 October 2020.
51. Web site: 1 August 2019. Memex Diklaim Bisa Kalahkan Google, Bukan Jorok Ya!. hitekno.com. id. 18 October 2020.
52. Web site: Suhartadi . Imam . Perang Tarif Telekomunikasi akan Rugikan Operator . Beritasatu.com . Beritasatu . 25 June 2024.
53. Web site: Writer . Anonymous . Esia Tantang Buktikan Tarif GSM Mahal . inilah.com . Inilah Media . 25 June 2024.
54. Web site: Writer . Anonymous . Esia 'Bispak' Tak Mau Dikalahkan Tarif GSM . Kompas.com . Kompas . 25 June 2024.
55. Web site: Writers . Anonymous . 'Bispak' Esia Menuai Kontroversi . detikinet . 25 June 2024 . id.
56. Lionardi. Rico. 2010. Aspek - Aspek Etika Iklan Esia Bispak (Analisa Aspek - Aspek Etika Dalam Iklan Esia Bisa Pake Tarif Manapun (BisPak) Versi Ringgo Agus Rahman). B. Comm. Universitas Mercu Buana. 25 June 2024.
57. Web site: Kemendikbudristek . Badan Bahasa . Keniscayaan Kamus Urban - Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa - Kemendikbudristek . Badan Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi . Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi . 25 June 2024 . id.
58. Web site: 14 August 2012 . Mountain Dew's 'Dub the Dew' Online Poll Goes Horribly Wrong . 12 April 2022 . Time Newsfeed.
59. Dub The Dew . 12 April 2022 . Time. 14 August 2012 . Rosenfeld . Everett .
60. Web site: 19 July 2012 . Nestle Pulled A New Kit Kat Mascot Because It Looked Too Much Like Pedobear . 12 March 2023 . Business Insider.
61. News: Pedobear comparison prompts Nestle to pull Instagram photo for Kit Kat. Jul 20, 2012. Los Angeles Times. Oct 8, 2022.
62. Web site: 9 September 2014 . DiGiorno Accidentally Tried To Advertise Their Pizza In A Hashtag About Domestic Violence . 12 April 2022 . BuzzFeed News.
63. Web site: 21 February 2020 . 'Snoopy' Trends On Twitter After "Racist" Franklin Armstrong Tweet Angers Charlie Brown Fans . Newsweek.
64. Web site: Did Baby Food Jars Horrify African Consumers? . snopes.com . 18 October 2023.
65. Web site: Game over, here are the Ad Trivia Quiz answers . adland.tv . 8 April 2005 . 29 July 2014.
66. Web site: Pepsi Brings Back Ancestors . 13 May 2011 . snopes.com . 29 July 2014.
67. Web site: Fast Facts: Slogans That Have Been Lost in Translation | Fox News . . 8 November 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141217095252/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/05/12/fast-facts-slogans-that-have-been-lost-in-translation/ . 17 December 2014 .
68. Web site: The International Environment . 8 November 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150510163711/http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/principles-of-management/management-in-a-global-environment/the-international-environment . 10 May 2015 .
69. Web site: Bite the Wax Tadpole . 19 May 2011 . snopes.com . 29 July 2014.
70. Web site: Nova Don't Go . 3 April 1999 . snopes.com . 29 July 2014.
71. Web site: La Buick LaCrosse ? Un nom pas d'Allure... | Denis Arcand | Actualités . 14 September 2009 . 6 January 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161219194600/http://auto.lapresse.ca/actualites/201109/12/01-4442047-la-buick-lacrosse-un-nom-pas-dallure.php . 19 December 2016 .
72. Web site: The racy photo that's got Puma steamed . 15 April 2003 . 19 February 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160326020938/http://www.slate.com/articles/business/ad_report_card/2003/04/pumas_problem.html . 26 March 2016 . Puma's ProblemThe racy photo that's got a sneaker company steamed
73. http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/weblog/permalink/fake_puma_ad_mystery_solved Fake Puma Ad Mystery Solved
74. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-krassner/the-ice-cream-for-pedophi_b_19715.html The Ice Cream For Pedophiles
75. http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/weblog/comments/lickable_breyers_ad 'Lickable' Breyers Ad
76. http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/bl-an031203.htm Sexually Explicit PUMA Ads Are Fake, Company Says